Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:04:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_tm_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 444010 bytes, checksum: c1849f380080443d0dab0cbcb119af68 (MD5) / Foi utilizada uma análise de segregação com o uso da inferência Bayesiana para se verificar a presença de genes de efeito principal (GEP) afetando duas características de carcaça: gordura intramuscular em % (GIM) e espessura de toucinho em mm (ET); e uma de crescimento, ganho de peso (g/dia) no período entre 25 a 90 kg de peso vivo (GP). Para este estudo foram usadas informações de 1.257 animais provenientes de um experimento de cruzamento de suínos machos da raça Meishan (raça chinesa) e fêmeas de linhagens holandesas de Large White e Landrace. No melhoramento genético animal, Modelos Poligênicos Finitos (MPF) podem ser uma alternativa a Modelos Poligênicos Infinitesimais (MPI) para avaliação genética de características quantitativas usando pedigris complexos. MPI, MPF e MPI combinado com MPF, foram empiricamente testados para estimar componentes de variâncias e número de genes no MPF. Para a estimação de médias marginais a posteriori de componentes de variância e parâmetros foi usado uma metodologia Bayesiana, através do uso da Cadeia de Markov, algoritmos de Monte Carlo (MCMC), via Amostrador de Gibbs e “Reversible Jump Sampler (Metropolis-Hastings)”. Em função dos resultados obtidos, pode-se evidenciar quatro GEP, isto é, dois para GIM e dois para ET. Para ET, o GEP explicou a maior parte da variação genética, enquanto para GIM, o GEP reduziu significativamente a variação poligênica. Para a variação do GP não foi possível determinar a influência do GEP. As herdabilidades estimadas para GIM, ET e GP foram de 0,37, 0,24 e 0,37 respectivamente. A metodologia Bayesiana foi implementada satisfatoriamente usando o pacote computacional FlexQTLTM. Estudos futuros baseados neste experimento que usem marcadores moleculares para mapear os genes de efeito principal que afetem, principalmente GIM e ET, poderão lograr êxito. / A Bayesian marker-free segregation analysis was applied to search for evidence of segregation genes affecting two carcass traits: Intramuscular Fat in % (IMF) and Backfat Thickness in mm (BF), and one growth trait: Liveweight Gain from approximately 25 to 90 kg liveweight, in g/day (LG). For this study 1257 animals from an experimental cross between pigs Meishan (male) and Dutch Large White and Landrace lines (female) were used. In animal breeding, Finite Polygenic Models (FPM) may be an alternative to the Infinitesimal Polygenic Model (IPM) for genetic evaluation of pedigree multiple-generations populations for multiple quantitative traits. FPM, IPM and FPM combined with IPM were empirically tested for estimation of variance components and number of genes in the FPM. Estimation of marginal posteriori means of variance components and parameters was performed by use Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques by use of the Gibbs sampler and the reversible Jump sampler (Metropolis-Hastings). The results showed evidence for four Major Genes (MG), i.e., two for IMF and two BF. For BF, the MG explained almost all of the genetic variance while for IMF, the MG reduced the polygenic variance significantly. For LG was not found to be likely influenced by MG. The polygenic heritability estimates for IMF, BF and LG were 0.37, 0.24 and 0.37 respectively. The Bayesian methodology was satisfactorily implemented in the software package FlexQTLTM. Further molecular genetic research, based on the same experimental data, effort to map single genes affecting, mainly IMF and BF, has a high probability of success.

The study was performed in order to evaluate, through meta-analysis, the relationship of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket or sequencing batch reactors on the removal efficiency ofpollutant loadin swine waste treatment. The database totaled 76 articles published between 1987 and 2011. The meta-analysis followed three sequential analyses: graphical, correlation and variance-covariance. Field work methodologies were used in 49% of the studies included in the databaseand bench-level experiments were used in 51% of the database papers. The share of papers with field work was 42% of studies with SBR reactor and 58% of studies with UASB reactors. The SBR reactor showed higher efficiency than the UASB reactor for removal of total solids 26% (P<0.001), total suspended solids 12%(P<0.001) and fixed suspended solids 54% (P<0.05). The removal efficiency of volatile suspended solids volatile suspended solids did not differ (P>0.05) between SBR and UASB reactors. The removal efficiency of total chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 21%higher (P<0.001) in the SBR reactors in relation to the UASB reactors. For removal of dissolved COD, the SBR reactor showed efficiency 6% higher (P<0.05) compared to the UASB reactor. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) was also more efficiently eliminated (P<0.001) by SBR reactor. The difference between reactor types for the removal efficiency of this variable was 44%. The variation in pH between the influent and effluent was 45% higher (P<0.05) in the USBA in relation to the SBR. The SBR reactor showed higher efficiency 74% (P<0.001) than the UASB reactor for the removal of total nitrogen. Likewise, the SBR reactors were 71% more efficient (P<0.01) for the total P removal. SBR reactor present higher N and P removal efficiencies in the swine waste treatment. In addition, the removal of BOD and COD is more efficient in sequential batch reactors, both in laboratory or real scale trials. / O estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar, através de meta-análise, a relação entre reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente e manta de lodo e reator sequencial em batelada sobre a eficiência de remoção da carga poluidora no tratamento de dejetos suínos. Foram selecionados 76 artigos publicados entre 1987 e 2011. A meta-análise foi realizada através de três análises sequenciais: estudos gráficos, de correlação e de variância-covariância. Dos dados tabulados, 49% são oriundos de trabalhos em escala real e 51% em escala laboratorial. A parcela de trabalhos em escala real foi de 42% entre os trabalhos com reatores SBR e de 58% nos estudos com reatores UASB. Os reatores do tipo SBR apresentaram eficiência 26% mais elevada que os reatores UASB para a remoção de sólidos totais (P<0,001), 12% para sólidos suspensos totais (P<0,001) e 54% para sólidos suspensos fixos (P<0,05). A eficiência de eliminação de sólidos suspensos voláteis não diferiu (P>0,05) entre os reatores SBR e UASB. A eficiência de eliminação da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) total foi 21% maior (P<0,001) nos reatores do tipo SBR em relação aos reatores UASB. Para a remoção da DQO dissolvida, os reatores SBR apresentaram eficiência 6% maiores (P<0,05) em comparação com os reatores UASB. A demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO) foi eliminada com eficiência de 44% maior pelos reatores do tipo SBR. A variação do pH no afluente e efluente foi 45%superior (P<0,05) nos reatores do tipo UASB em relação aos reatores SBR. Os reatores do tipo SBR apresentaram uma eficiência de 74% maior (P<0,001) que os reatores UASB para a remoção do N total. Da mesma forma, os reatores SBR foram 71% mais eficientes (P<0,01) para a remoção de P total dos dejetos. Reatores do tipo SBR são mais eficientes na remoção de N, P, DBO e DQO dos efluentes; tanto em escala real como em escala laboratorial.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 amorim_ab_me_jabo.pdf: 515910 bytes, checksum: 044e3c58c59103a58488689e7221eefb (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Foram conduzidos dois ensaios para avaliar a utilização de polpa cítrica, com ou sem a adição do complexo enzimático, nas dietas de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação. 0 primeiro ensaio teve o objetivo de determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade da polpa cítrica e foram utilizados 16 suínos, com peso inicial de 30,42 ± 2,44kg, os quais foram alojados em gaiolas de estudos metabólicos. Por apresentar 1677 kcal de EM/kg, 23,09% de FDN e 18,47% de FDA, a polpa cítrica mostrou-se um ingrediente viável de ser utilizado nas rações de suínos. No segundo ensaio, foram utilizados 72 suínos, com peso inicial de 25,71 ± 7,51 kg e final de 98,81 ± 10,64kg, que receberam rações contendo diferentes níveis de polpa cítrica (0, 5, 10 e 15%), com ou sem a adição do complexo enzimático, sendo avaliados quanto ao desempenho, digestibilidade das dietas, características das carcaças e avaliação econômica do uso das dietas. Conclui-se que a inclusão de até 15% de polpa cítrica com ou sem a adição do complexo enzimático nas dietas para suínos, dos 70 aos 130 dias de idade, diminui o CDR e melhora a CA, porém, os animais apresentam respostas adaptativas no período total do experimento, não sendo observadas diferenças no desempenho. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes não é modificada, na ausência do complexo enzimático, sendo que na presença do produto, há melhora na digestibilidade de todos os nutrientes. As caracteristicas de carcaça não são influenciadas pelos níveis de polpa cítrica, exceto o rendimento de carcaça, que diminui linearmente. A relação gordura/carne também diminui linearmente, a medida em que aumentam os níveis de polpa cítrica, na ausência do complexo enzimático. Na presença do produto, a relação gordura/carne, apresenta... / Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of citrus pulp, with or without the addition of an enzyme complex, in the diets growing and finishing pigs. The first trial was to determine the digestibility coefficients of citrus pulp and 16 pigs were used, with initial weight of 30.42 ± 2.44 kg, which were housed in cages for metabolic studies. To present 1677 kcal / kg, 23.09% neutral detergent fiber and 18.47% acid detergent fiber, the citrus pulp was a viable ingredient to be used in the feed for pigs. In the second trial, 72 barrows, were used with initial weight of 25.71 ± 7.51 kg and final weight of 98.81 ± 10.64kg, which received diets containing different levels of citrus pulp (0, 5, 10 and 15%), with or without the addition of an enzyme complex, and were assessed for performance, digestibility of diets, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation about the use of diets. Conclude that inclusion of up to 15% of citrus pulp with or without the addition of the enzyme complex in diets for pigs from 70 to 130 days of age, decrease the CDR, and improves the CA, however, the animals showed adaptive responses in the total experiment, no differences being observed in performance, being what the digestibility of nutrients was not modified in the absence of the enzyme complex. In the presence of the product, there is improvement in the digestibility of all nutrients. The carcass characteristics are not influenced by levels of citrus pulp, except the carcass yield, which decreases linearly. The fat/meat relationship also decreases linearly, as they increase the levels of citrus pulp in the absence of the enzyme complex. In the presence of the product the fat/meat relationship has a quadratic behaviour and the level of 7.78% citrus pulp, provides the better relation. The use of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The aim of the work was determined impact of microclimatic parameters of stabling environment at percentage of pregnant sows, and at health of sucking and young growing pigs. In sucking and young growing pigs were founded weak positive correlation between stabling temperature and mortality of weaning pigs, and weak positive correlation in comparison to humidity. There were founded strong negative correlation between grow up temperature of the environment and percentage of success pregnant sows, and strong positive correlatin in relation to relative humidity. Influence of the cooling ability of the environment and air flow speed were lower than the impact of the temperature.

The cryptosporidia and microsporidia are worldwide spread opportunistic parasites. With regard to their wide host spectra and zoonotic potential there is a significant risk for immunocompromised humans, especially AIDS patients. Natural Cryptosporidium infections in pigs are widespread but generally apathogenic. A total of 411 faecal samples, 39 of sows, 127 of pre-weaned, 122 of post-weaned piglets and 123 of pre-growers from three farms were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. infection using the aniline-carbol-methyl violet staining method and positive molecular characterized (direct sequencing of partial SSU rRNA partial genes and PCR-RFLP at the SSU rRNA). Overall, infections were detected in 84 out of 411 animals (20 %), with highest infection rates among post-weaners (27 %). All positive samples were genotyped based on SSU rRNA sequence analysis. C. suis, Cryptosporidium pig genotype II, and C. muris were detected. The microsporidial infections are very frequent in breeds of pigs. Pigs have been frequently reported to be infected with E. bieneusi. Spores were detected in 258 samples of 342 (75 %). The high prevalence was determined in pre-growers (86 %). Genotyping based on the ITS regions of the rRNA gene identified that most pigs were infected with the species-specific genotype F, while two animals had the zoonotic genotype D and two had genotype Peru 9.

O Brasil ocupa uma posição de destaque mundial em relação à produção agropecuária, sendo necessário fornecer segurança microbiológica aos consumidores. Salmonella é um agente causador de infecções alimentares em seres humanos, de forma que os produtos de origem suína são responsáveis por cerca de 5-10% dos surtos em humanos. O controle depende do conhecimento da distribuição da bactéria desde o rebanho até o frigorífico. Em regiões com altas prevalências no campo, esforços direcionados primeiramente em reduzir a prevalência nos rebanhos visam minimizar os riscos de contaminação dos produtos. Neste sentido, medidas de biossegurança, seguindo boas práticas de produção agropecuária, são fundamentais. Além disso, a aplicação de intervenções complementares são, possivelmente, formas de reduzir a prevalência em um período de tempo mais curto. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi validar três estratégias: 1) utilização de um prebiótico Actigen®™ na ração dos animais, (PRE); 2) uma vacina viva Enterisol SC 54®, (VAC) e 3) o sistema de wean-to-finish, (WTF). Estes grupos foram comparados entre si e com o sistema tradicional em três sítios, o grupo controle (GC), frente à soroprevalência e contaminação em carcaças. Cada estratégia foi realizada em três repetições, sendo colhidas amostras de sangue de 55 animais de cada lote no dia do alojamento na terminação e quatro dias antes do abate. Suabe de 40 carcaças de cada lote foram colhidas antes do resfriamento. As soroprevalências e frequências de isolamento foram comparadas entre os grupos por meio de teste de qui-quadrado. A soroprevalência pré-abate foi estatisticamente menor no grupo PRE 50,3% em relação ao WTF, VAC e GC, com 99%, 96,9% e 98,8% respectivamente. As frequências de isolamentos em superfície de carcaça variaram de 0% a 29,1% nos grupos PRE e VAC respectivamente, sendo que ambas diferem significativamente entre si e dos grupos CG 18,33% e WTF 15% (p<0,05). Pode-se comprovar a eficácia do prebiótico em prevenir a infecção a campo frente às demais estratégias. Em relação às contaminações de carcaças, os resultados corroboram com os conhecimentos acerca do papel da pressão de infecção do campo nas contaminações na planta frigorífica. / Brazil has been increasing its worldwide position in relation to agricultural production, and is necessary providing food safety to consumers. Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen for humans and pork products play an important role in the amount of outbreaks. The control depends on the knowledge of the distribution of the bacteria occurrence from the herd to the slaughterhouse. In regions with high on farm prevalence, efforts are primarily directed to reduce the prevalence in the swine population in order to minimize the risks of products contamination. In this sense, biosecurity measures and good production practices are useful. Moreover, increase the knowledge about additional interventions, to reduce on farms prevalence in a shorter period of time, also is important. Therefore, the objective of this work was to validate three strategies: 1) use of Actigen ® ™ prebiotic in animal feed, (PRE); 2) a live vaccine Enterisol SC54® (VAC); and 3) the system of wean- to-finish, (WTF). Seroprevalence and contamination on carcasses surface in these groups were compared with the traditional system in three sites (the control group-CG). Each strategy was performed in three replicates, and blood samples were collected from 55 animals of each batch at the first day of finishing phase and four days before slaughter. Swabs of 40 carcasses were taken from each batch before chilling. The seroprevalence and isolation frequencies were compared between groups using logistic regression. The seroprevalence before slaughter was lower in PRE (50.3%) compared with the WTF, VAC and GC groups, with 99%, 96.9% and 98.79%, respectively. The frequency of Salmonella isolation was lower in PRE group 0%, when compared with the other groups (p<0.05). The results prove that prebiotic is able to prevent infection in the field compared to the other strategies. Regarding the carcass contamination, these finds are consistent with the knowledge on the role of infection pressure in the field contamination in the plant.

Orientadores: Pedro Eduardo de Felicio, Expedito Tadeu Facco Silveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T20:01:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_CarolinaLugnani_M.pdf: 12587746 bytes, checksum: decd1485e670c2f0e740de9d76122236 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Odor sexual é um cheiro que está presente na carne de suínos machos não castrados, considerado repugnante e inaceitável por muitos consumidores, que é causado pelos compostos androstenona e escatol. A técnica mais comum para evitar o odor sexual é a castração cirúrgica realizada em leitões de 3 a 5 dias de idade. A vacinação contra o fator de liberação de gonadotrofinas, mais conhecida como imunocastração, é uma alternativa à castração cirúrgica, para reduzir os compostos androstenona e escatol e, ainda, aproveitar os efeitos anabolizantes naturais produzidos pelos testículos dos machos não castrados. O objetivo da pesquisa foi comparar amostras de costela suína de machos castrados imunologicamente com as de castrados cirurgicamente, por meio da avaliação sensorial da intensidade de odor e sabor de androstenona e escatol, com provadores treinados, e de aceitação e preferência com consumidores, no município de Campinas, SP. Foram usadas amostras de costela desossada de um total de 50 animais, entre eles suínos castrados cirurgicamente (realizada em leitões de 3 a 5 dias de idade) e imunocastrados (aplicação de duas doses de vacina da marca Pfizer, Vivax®, na 8ª e 4ª semanas antes do abate), obtidos de três matadouros-frigoríficos, de raças Large White, Landrace, e cruzados Danbred e Agroceres. Nas análises com provadores treinados, para o atributo odor de escatol, não foi encontrada diferença entre os tratamentos (P>0,05), enquanto que para os atributos odor e sabor de androstenona e sabor de escatol, foram observadas diferenças (P?0,05), com médias de maior intensidade destes compostos nas amostras de imunocastrados. No Teste Afetivo laboratorial realizado com 46 provadores para a avaliação de aroma, sabor e aceitação global houve diferença significante (P?0,05) entre os tratamentos. Entretanto no Teste Afetivo de localização central realizado com 135 provadores não foram encontradas diferenças (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos para a média de aceitação. Concluiuse que, do ponto de vista sensorial, a imunocastração produz resultados equivalentes em testes de localização central, podendo diferir em termos de intensidade dos compostos de odor, no teste com provadores treinados, e de aceitação no teste laboratorial / Abstract: Sexual odor is an objectionable off flavor that can be present in the meat of non-castrated male pigs, which is considered repugnant and unacceptable by many consumers. It is caused by the compounds androstenone and skatole. The most common method to control the taint is the surgical castration of the piglets from 3 to 5 days old. Vaccination against GnRF - gonadotropin releasing factor, known as immunocastration, is an alternative to surgical castration to reduce the mentioned compounds and still take advantage of the natural anabolic effects produced in by the testes of non-castrated male. The objective of this study was to compare the samples of pork rib from males submitted to immune or surgical castration through the sensory evaluation of the intensity of odour and flavour of androstenone and skatole, with trained sensory panel, and sensory evaluation of acceptability and preference, with consumers in Campinas, SP. Samples of boneless ribs from a total of 50 animals, including pigs surgically castrated (performed in piglets from 3 to 5 days old) and immunocastrated (two shots of Pfizer¿s Vivax ® vaccine at 8th and 4th weeks before harvesting), obtained in three hogs slaughterhouses, from breeds Large White, Landrace, and Danbred and Agroceres crossbreds. In the sensory analysis with the trained panel there was no difference between treatments (P> 0.05) for the odor of skatole, while for the odor and flavor of androstenone, and for flavor of skatole there were differences (P< 0. 05), with higher means or greater intensity (P<0.05) of the two compounds in samples of the imunocastrated pigs. In affective laboratory tests with 46 consumers, there were differences (P<0.05) between treatments for aroma, flavor and overall acceptability between treatments. However, in the affective tests of central location with 135 consumers, no significant differences (P>0.05) were detected between treatment means for acceptability. From the sensory viewpoint it was concluded that the immunocastration and the surgical method produce results in central location tests that are equivalent, although they may differ in terms of odor intensity of the compounds in the trained taste panel, and also in the laboratory acceptance tests / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

No description available.

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Jim L. Nelssen / Five-hundred and four barrows and gilts were used in four experiments to determine the influence of dietary ingredients on fat quality. Experiment 1 evaluated feeding duration of choice white grease (CWG) and soybean oil. Increasing feeding duration of pigs fed CWG or soybean oil increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) iodine value (IV) in jowl fat and backfat. Pigs fed soybean oil had increased (P < 0.01) IV in jowl and backfat compared with pigs fed CWG. In Exp. 2 dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), extruded expelled soybean meal (EESM), and CWG were used to evaluate diets with common iodine value product (IVP) from ingredients varying in unsaturated fat level and concentration. Pigs fed either diet with DDGS had increased (P = 0.02) backfat and jowl fat IV, compared with all other treatments. Pigs fed EESM had increased (P = 0.04) backfat and jowl fat IV compared with the control, low CWG, and high CWG. Pigs fed low CWG and high CWG had increased (P = 0.04) jowl fat IV compared to the control. Increasing dietary fat increased carcass fat IV, with unsaturated fats from DDGS and EESM having a greater affect than more saturated fats, such as CWG, even when formulated to the same IVP. Experiment 3 evaluated the effects of increasing CWG in corn- and sorghum-based diets on fat quality. There was a grain source X fat level interaction (P = 0.04) for IV in both backfat and jowl fat. Adding CWG increased IV in backfat and jowl fat for pigs fed corn- and sorghum-based diets; however, the greatest increase was between 0 and 2.5% CWG in sorghum-based diets and between 2.5 and 5% CWG in corn-based diets. Despite this interaction, pigs fed corn-based diets had increased (P < 0.01) backfat and jowl fat IV compared with pigs fed sorghum-based diets. Increasing CWG increased (linear, P < 0.01) IV in backfat and jowl fat. Experiment 4 examined the effects of DDGS on fat quality. Backfat, jowl fat, and belly fat IV increased (linear, P = 0.02) with increasing DDGS in both the pigs marketed on d 57 and 78.