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No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Joaquim Maciel da Costa Craveiro.pdf: 1439988 bytes, checksum: 0ed299b7f2efe0f3e501c8cf12f01c55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / This study aimed, raising the question of what weight mix for the market, is the maximization of production for the cultivation of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) in semiescavad tank. It is a productive aquaculture systems widely used in semi-intensive fish farming in the north of the Amazon. Management strategies can be established to manipulate and control your production process as other cultivated species, assessing best result. In our case, two assumptions were made, HO1: Considering the density and physical-chemical parameters controlled, the product mix has no effect on the profit achieved in the final fish removal in fish production. The second, Ho2: The exit time in nursery phase does not influence the profit. On the farm, the current business volume was intended to meet the demand for refrigerators, preferring despescados fish weighing 0.5 kg. Based on the actual situation, in response to the first hypothesis, mathematical algorithm generated, were simulated with scenarios layouts to 5:10 tanks (representing small and large fish farmer), and the ability of biomass to both equal to 2400 kg, set by dissolved oxygen (OD) to the fish in the tank, the mortality rate was 1% in each stage. With premise fish removal mix weight 0.5 kg, 1 kg and 0.5 kg, 1 kg, 2 kg. And with prices for sale as follows: R $ 4.00 / kg; R $ 5.00 / kg; R $ 6.50 / kg for fish with 0.5 kg; 1 kg and 2 kg, respectively, and feed conversion ratio of 1:1, 1.2:1, 1.6:1 and the ration price R $ 1.44 / kg. Obtained for planning fish removal, the higher profitability of R $ 32,379.10 and R $ 51,846.90 respectively to the mix, to layout 10 tanks. In response to the second and following the same premise conditions for the first, but over time the pre-set nursery on "30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 days" in phase I- obtained for fish removal planning in order to maximize net income values ranging from R $ 46,930.20 to R $ 92,165.40 was for that weight mix with the nursery time of 80 and 90 days. Some limitations must be observed, since these results were not considering the continuous time horizon in phase - I nurseries, as well as gaps (time gap) between the identified successive stages being feasible for further studies / Esta tese teve como proposta, levantar a questão sobre qual mix de peso para o mercado, representa a maximização da produção para o cultivo de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) em tanque semiescavado. Sendo um dos sistemas produtivos da aquicultura amplamente utilizada na piscicultura semi-intensiva na Região Norte do Amazonas. E estratégias de gestão podem ser estabelecidas com uso da teoria das filas e pesquisa operacional, para manipular e controlar seu processo de produção, aferindo melhor resultado. Em nosso caso, duas hipóteses foram feitas, a primeira Ho1: que considerando a densidade e parâmetros físicos-químicos controlados, o mix de produto não influencia no lucro obtido com a despesca de peixe. No qual foi avaliado um cenário real de layout de tanques semiescavados para o cultivo de tambaqui, visando obter um algoritmo matemático para simular as combinações de mix de peso e demanda de mercado que maximizem a produção de biomassa por tanque. A segunda Ho2: sob mesma condição, o tempo de saída na fase de alevinagem não influencia no lucro obtido com a despesca de peixe. Em que foram avaliados cenários com tempos discretos prefixados na alevinagem, que resultasse uma maior lucratividade na despesca com mix de peso. Na fazenda, o volume de negócio atual visava atender a demanda para frigoríficos, que preferem peixes despescados com peso de 0,5 kg. Com base na situação real, em resposta a primeira hipótese, o algoritmo matemático gerados, foram simulados com cenários layouts para 5 e 10 tanques (representando pequeno e grande piscicultor). E obteve para o planejamento de despesca, a maior rentabilidade de R$ 32.379,10 e R$ 51.846,90 para mix de pesos 0,5 kg; 1 kg e 0,5 kg, 1 kg, 2 kg respectivamente, para layout com 10 tanques. Em resposta à segunda, seguindo a mesma premissa e condições da primeira, mas com tempo na alevinagem préfixados em “30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 dias” na fase – I. Obteve para o planejamento de despesca, valores variando entre R$ 46.930,20 a R$ 92.165,40 para o referido mix de peso, com o tempo discreto para alevinagem de 80 e 90 dias. A capacidade de biomassa em ambos foi definida pelo oxigênio dissolvido (OD) para o peixe no tanque, com taxa de mortalidade 1% em cada fase. Os dados: preço de venda R$ 4,00/kg, R$ 5,00/kg, e R$ 6,50/kg para peixes com 0,5 kg; 1 kg e 2 kg; e conversão alimentar de 1:1, 1,2:1, 1,6:1 respectivamente. O preço da ração no período foi R$ 1,44/kg. Algumas limitações devem ser observadas, uma vez que estes resultados não foram considerando o horizonte de tempo contínuo na fase – I alevinagem, e gaps (lacunas de tempo) foram identificados entre as sucessivas fases, e podem ser alvo de novos estudos que melhorem ainda mais a rentabilidade na piscicultura

Fisheries are complex systems, in which the process of assessment and management should explicitly consider the ecological, social and economic attributes of the system. For a responsible and sustainable management of marine resources and their interaction with the fishing activity, both, managers and scientists, are necessary. The multidimensional view of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM:) provides the most suitable context for managing small-scale fisheries, promoting-the participation of all members of society linked to the fishing activity, as co-management is a key factor in their development. In Catalonia, the fishermen guild of the port of Palam6s is one of the most important in the region of Baix Emporda and holds ample historical record of local fishing activity information. This PhD dissertation applies the information from the fishermen guild of the port of Palam6s, through a vision of EAFM:, considering fisheries as a socio-economic unit (systemic approach), but also as different ecosystem components representing different levels of the hierarchy on the biological organization (communities and individual species). From a systemic context, the use of the Living Planet Index (LPI) is proposed to describe the fishe:r:y dynamics in order to assess the performance of the fishery targeted by the fishermen guild of Palam6s, analyzing simultaneously the degree of compliance with the objectives of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The LPI index is suitable for multi-specific fisheries using different fishing strategies as the small­scale fisheries of the Palam6s port. At the level of the biological communities and through a network approach, potential management units were identified based on the analysis of by-catch, thus incorporating non-target species. According to the characteristics of each module, at least some of these could be considered management units not evident using a different approach. Finally, the effects of SSF were evaluated on a commercial interest species, Pagellus erythrinus. In that sense, it has been re-evaluated the reproductive cycle by means of an histological approach, various population parameters were estimated and the vulnerability of this species in relation to the activities of SSF was evaluated, in an attempt to show a practical application of the third hierarchical management level, that must be considered in an ecosystem approach to fisheries on the biological strategy of the species, since species individually, respond differently to different types of fishing pressure and any management carried out considering all the species as a whole, would probably fail. / Les pesqueres constitueixen sistemes complexos, en el quals el procés d'avaluació i gestió hauria de considerar explícitament els atributs ecològics, socials i econòmics del sistema. Per aconseguir una gestió responsable i sostenible del recursos marins és necessària la interacció de pescadors, gestors i científics. La visió multi-dimensional de l'Enfocament Ecosistémic de la Pesca (EEP) proporciona el context general més adequat per a la gestió de pesqueres a petita escala. El EEP promou la participació de tots els membres de la sacietat relacionats amb l'activitat pesquera, i per tant la cogestió és un element clau per al seu desenvolupament. A Catalunya, la Confraria del port de Palamós és una de les més importants de la regió del Baix Empordà i compta amb un ampli registre històric d' informació pesquera local. En aquesta tesi s'avalua com maximitzar l'ús de la informació provinent de la Confraria del part de Palamós, a través d'una visió d' EEP considerant a la pesquera com una unitat socioeconòmica (enfocament sistèmic) però també considerant els diferents components de l'ecosistema, representant diferents nivells de la jerarquia de l'organització biològica (com u ni ta ts i espècies individuals). En un context sistèmic, es proposa l'ús de l'Índex Planeta Viu (LPI per les seves sigles en anglès) per descriure la dinàmica pesquera, de Palamós, simultàniament analitzant el grau d'acompliment dels objectius d'Aichi Biodiversitat. Aquest índex, és adequat per pesqueres multi-específiques que fan servir diverses estratègies de pesca, com és el cas la pesca artesanal de Palamós. A nivell de comunitats biològiques, i través d'un enfocament de xarxes es van identificar possibles unitats de gestió, partint de l'anàlisi del descart, i incorporant d'aquesta manera les espècies no objectiu. D'acord a les característiques de cada mòdul, alguns podrien ser considerats com a unitats de gestió, fins ara no evidents com a tals eines de gestió. Finalment es van avaluar els efectes de la pesca a petita escala sobre una espècie d'interès comercial, Pagellus erythrinus. En aquest sentit, es va revaluar el cicle reproductiu a través d'una anàlisi histològica, es van estimar diversos paràmetres poblacionals i es va avaluar la vulnerabilitat d'aquesta espècie en relació a les activitats de la pesca artesanal. Aquest exemple pretén demostrar que l'estratègia biològica de l'espècie, és el tercer nivell jeràrquic que cal tenir present en un enfoc ecosistèmic de la pesca, atès que les espècies, individualment, responen de manera diferent als diferents tipus de pesca i a la pressió, i qualsevol gestió que es van estimar diversos paràmetres poblacionals i es va avaluar la vulnerabilitat d'aquesta espècie en relació a les activitats de la pesca artesanal. Aquest exemple pretén demostrar que l'estratègia biològica de l'espècie, és el tercer nivell jeràrquic que cal tenir present en un enfoc ecosistèmic de la pesca, atès que les espècies, individualment, responen de manera diferent als diferents tipus de pesca i a la pressió, i qualsevol gestió que es dugui a terme considerant les espècies com un conjunt, fracassarà.

Tesi realitzada a l'Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC) / Fisheries management has definitively embraced the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) philosophy and new management policies are incorporating integrative measures that take into account not only target species but also other ecosystem and socioeconomic elements involved in the fisheries system. In this context, the main aim of this thesis is to assess benthic community (infauna and epifauna) response to commercial trawling in the Mediterranean continental shelf in order to increase the scientific knowledge necessary for an EAF implementation. This aim is addressed within an integrated framework, considering different fisheries’ aspects discussed in each chapter, which constitute the specific objectives of this thesis. As a first objective, the trawling fleet activity was described and the level of fleet disturbance, which depends on fishing effort, was assessed at the benthic community level. Fishing effort was estimated using different approaches: fisheries data, Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data and Side Scan Sonar (SSS) data. From this study we obtained an accurate estimation of trawl fishing effort in our communities of interest, which is the basis for the following studies. Then, as a second objective, the effects of trawling on soft bottom habitats’ functionality was assessed by evaluating trawling impact on ecological units called Ecosystem Service Providers (ESP) and on benthic communities’ functional redundancy. ESPs were described as a group of species that perform an ecosystem function that will ultimately deliver ecosystem services and that are linked to key functions of soft-bottom habitats (e.g., nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, production, benthopelagic coupling and habitat provision). The study revealed that these ESPs were favored by particular sediment types, and trawling effects overlapped this natural variability. On the other hand, functional redundancy on these communities was also assessed using two complementary approaches: redundancy achieved through trait abundance (i.e. large amounts of a trait), that was called “common traits”, and redundancy achieved through trait richness (i.e. large numbers of distinct taxa exhibiting the same trait), that was called “widespread traits”. Both measures were found to be affected by trawling, although the former differentiated more clearly between heavily fished and moderately fished areas. The role of rare species in both measures was also analyzed and it was found that generally they exhibited the same traits as the most abundant species. The subsequent objective was to assess the potential effects of the observed benthic communities’ functional changes on target species. As a case study, red mullet (Mullus barbatus) was chosen because of its commercial importance in Mediterranean fisheries and its close relationship with benthic communities. The study highlighted that functional changes caused by trawling on benthic habitats might result in an overall negative effect on the red mullets’ stock. A second part of this thesis focuses on the importance of communication among fisheries’ stakeholders and provides tools to share scientific knowledge in an understandable way. In this context, a DPSIR (Drivers–Pressures–State Change–Impact–Response) framework was adapted to the trawling fisheries system in the study area in order to integrate the complex relationships between human uses, ecosystem components and the demand for ecosystem services in trawling grounds. In line with the philosophy of making scientific knowledge understandable, this thesis developed a platform with a user-friendly interface that represents trawl impacts on the seabed in our study sites and includes the possibility of adding new study sites. The platform also includes a simulation model that allows the user to change fishing effort on the study sites and visualize the potential changes in the benthic community structure caused by this change. This platform is meant to be a deliberation support tool for fisheries’ decision actors. Finally, by integrating all the acquired knowledge on trawl driven changes on benthic communities as well as literature information, this thesis recommends several management measures, indicators and tools to be used in an EAF management plan for the Catalan trawl fleet, which might be also applied to other Mediterranean trawl fisheries. / L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi és estudiar de manera integrada la resposta de la comunitat bentònica (infauna i epifauna) a la pesca d’arrossegament en els fons tous de la plataforma continental del Mediterrani per tal d’incrementar el coneixement necessari per a implementar una gestió de les pesqueries basada en l’ecosistema. Així doncs, el primer pas fou estimar de manera acurada la dinàmica de la flota de les àrees d’estudi i l’esforç pesquer a què estaven sotmeses les comunitats bentòniques. A partir d’aquesta estimació es va avaluar l’impacte de la pesca en la funcionalitat d’aquestes comunitats, estudiant-ne els possibles efectes sobre els proveïdors de serveis ecosistèmics i sobre la redundància funcional. És a dir, els efectes es van estudiar sobre les unitats ecològiques que duen a terme funcions ecosistèmiques i que en última instància determinaran la provisió dels serveis ecosistèmics. També es van avaluar els efectes potencials d’aquests canvis a nivell de les comunitats bentòniques en una important espècie comercial en el Mediterrani com és el moll de fang (Mullus barbatus). Un segon bloc de la tesi se centra en la importància de la comunicació entre els diferents actors involucrats en les pesqueries i per això calen eines fàcilment comprensibles per a compartir informació entre tots els estaments involucrats. En aquest context, aquesta tesi inclou una representació del sistema pesquer seguint la filosofia del DPSIR (Drivers – Pressures – State Change – Impact– Response: Activadors – Pressions - Canvi d’estat – Impacte - Resposta) amb la finalitat de fer més comprensibles les relacions entre els diferents elements del sistema pesquer. En aquesta mateixa línia s’ha desenvolupat una plataforma de coneixement que recopila informació sobre l’impacte de la pesca d’arrossegament en les zones d’estudi així com un model de simulació que permet a l’usuari simular un canvi d’esforç en una d’aquestes comunitats i visualitzar l’impacte d’aquest canvi en l’estructura de la comunitat bentònica. Tenint en compte els resultats obtinguts, com a última finalitat de la tesi es presenten una sèrie de recomanacions per a la implementació d’un pla de gestió basat en l’ecosistema per a la flota d’arrossegament catalana, que podrien ser extensibles a qualsevol flota d’arrossegament mediterrània.

Tradicionalmente se han utilizado harinas y aceites de pescado en la elaboración de piensos para peces; pero actualmente, es necesario buscar fuentes alternativas. Las harinas y aceites vegetales son buenos candidatos por su elevada disponibilidad y bajo coste. En esta tesis se estudian los efectos de la inclusión en la dieta de ingredientes vegetales sobre los procesos digestivos y absortivos de dorada y lubina. En el capítulo I, se estudia la inclusión de almidón de trigo en dietas isoproteicas y isolipídicas y sustituyendo el lípido o la proteína de la dieta por almidón. Los animales alimentados con un 5 o un 14% de almidón versus los alimentados con un 22% presentaron menor actividad proteasa y modularon al alza la amilasa, la lipasa y la capacidad de absorción de L-Ala y D-Glc. Cuando se reemplazó el lípido por almidón, no se detectaron cambios en la proteasa, amilasa y lipasa, pero sí en la actividad de los enzimas de membrana y en la capacidad de absorción. Además, una disminución de la proteína dietaria provocó una bajada de la actividad digestiva y de la capacidad de absorción de D-Glc, un incremento de la actividad fosfatasa alcalina y un menor crecimiento. El capítulo II estudia el efecto de la relación proteína/lípido en alevines de lubina. En un primer experimento, los animales se alimentaron con dietas isoenergéticas de distinto nivel proteico (40 a 59%). Los peces sintetizaron menos enzimas digestivas cuando se alimentaron con dietas de menor contenido proteico y con la alimentación con las dietas extremas incrementaron su actividad digestiva anticipatoria proteasa y amilasa. Además, a menor ingestión de proteína, inferior absorción de L-Lys y D-Glc. Considerando los resultados obtenidos, se formularon dietas isoproteicas (52%) de distinto contenido lipídico (12 a 20%). Los animales alimentados con dietas de menor contenido energético regularon al alza la actividad digestiva y los alimentados con mayor contenido de lípidos incrementaron la capacidad de absorción de D-Glc y L-Met. Con la relación proteína/lípido 52:16 se obtuvo el mayor crecimiento. El capítulo III estudia el efecto de la relación proteína/energía en juveniles de dorada utilizando dietas isoenergéticas de diferente contenido proteico (35 a 53%). Los animales alimentados con dietas de menor contenido proteico mostraron una disminución de la actividad proteasa y un aumento de la capacidad de absorción de L-Lys y los alimentados con piensos de mayor contenido de proteína una disminución de la actividad proteasa. A excepción de los peces P35, el resto de grupos presentaron buenos crecimientos. El capítulo IV intenta establecer si es mejor administrar por la mañana (M) o por la tarde (A) una dieta con un 40% de carbohidratos digeribles (CH). Se establecieron tres regímenes dietarios: dieta comercial (C), CH-M y CH-A. Los animales CH-M mostraron mecanismos compensatorios en la absorción de nutrientes tras la ración matinal y de actividad enzimática digestiva tras la ración de la tarde, presentando un crecimiento similar a los animales C; en cambio los peces CH-A mostraron un menor crecimiento. Finalmente, en el capítulo V se estudió, en doradas alimentadas con dietas donde el lípido provenía del aceite de pescado (FO) o en un 75% tenía un origen vegetal (VO), el efecto de la edad y/o del cambio de una dieta por la otra. Los animales FO de menor tamaño presentaron mayor actividad lipasa y los VO proteasa, amilasa y capacidad de absorción de nutrientes. Además, los peces pequeños no fueron capaces de adaptarse a corto plazo a un cambio de dieta, los de mayor tamaño sí. A largo plazo los peces que acabaron su crecimiento con VO presentaron más mecanismos de compensación que los que lo acabaron con FO; aunque al final del periodo experimental, todas las doradas presentaron un peso final similar.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Propone el uso de prebióticos, que reforzaría la inmunidad de las truchas y mejoraría su producción. Para ello evalúa el efecto del alimento suplementado con la pared celular de una cepa nativa de Saccharomyces cerevisiae USM como prebiótico en juveniles II de O. mykiss. Realiza la evaluación de la actividad prebiótica en base a la histología intestinal, identificándose diferentes tipos celulares propios del tejido, como células eosinofílicas granulosas y linfocitos intraepiteliales. / Tesis

Piscicultura de água doce consiste na maior produção da aquicultura mundial e o cultivo de peixes tem crescido, devido a investimento, desenvolvimento de tecnologias e à contínua expansão de espécies cultivadas. Esse aumento gerou novas possibilidades de transmissão de vírus aquáticos, fatores limitantes à produção da aquicultura. Dentre as centenas de vírus conhecidos de peixes, um dos principais, que atualmente é de preocupação internacional, é o vírus da Viremia Primaveril da Carpa (SVCV), devido a sua importância socioeconômica considerando os países afetados e o comércio internacional de animais aquáticos e seus derivados, com base na saúde e medidas preventivas. SVC é uma doença aguda causada por um rhabdovírus do gênero Vesiculovirus, que é um vírus de ácido ribonucleico (RNA) fita simples linear de aproximadamente 11 quilobases (kb) com polaridade negativa e envelopado. Diversos ensaios diagnósticos podem ser utilizados para detectar SVCV, porém, consomem tempo e não são adaptados para diagnóstico a campo. A prevenção da disseminação do vírus é crucial; portanto, maior entendimento do vírus e de sua transmissão é necessário. No presente estudo, a padronização de uma RT-nestedPCR foi realizada, cujo limite de detecção foi de 8,62 × 10-2 cópias/reação, observado após o spiking de tecidos de peixes com diluições seriadas de um controle positivo sintético. O ensaio foi aplicado a 150 amostras teciduais provenientes de 146 peixes distintos. As amostras consistiam de fragmentos de fígado, rim e baço e foram submetidas à transcrição reversa (RT), seguida pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR), em configuração nested. Duas (2) amostras foram positivas para o gene G de SVCV pela RT-nestedPCR e a identidade dos produtos obtidos foi confirmada por sequenciamento direto utilizando-se o método de Sanger. Na reconstrução filogenética, as sequências obtidas formaram clado único, separado dos demais genogrupos e mesmo de sequências derivadas de outros vesiculovírus encontrados no Brasil. Esses resultados determinam a primeira detecção e caracterização moleculares de SVCV no Brasil por RT-nestedPCR e sequenciamento nucleotídico, indicando a necessidade de adoção de medidas de biosseguridade mais restritivas na produção pesqueira nacional. / Fresh-water fish farming forms the largest portion of the world aquaculture production, and the harvest of these warm-water fish is increasing, due to investment, improvement of technologies and continued expansion of cultivated species. This increase has rendered new possibilities for the transmission of aquatic viruses, which remain limiting factors for aquaculture production. Among the hundreds of known viruses of fish, one of the main viruses that are currently of international concern is the Spring Viremia of Carp virus (SVCV) due to its socio-economic importance regarding affected countries and international trade of aquatic animals and their products, on the basis of health control and preventive measures. SVC is an acute disease, caused by a rhabdovirus, belonging to the Vesiculovirus genus, and is an enveloped virus, with a linear single-strained negative-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) of approximately 11 kilobases (kb). Several diagnostic assays are available for the detection of SVCV, but they are time-consuming and not well adapted for field diagnosis. Prevention of spreading of the virus is crucial; therefore, more understanding of the virus and its transmission is required. In this study, standardization of a RT-nestedPCR was performed, and its detection limit was of 8.62 × 10-2 copies/reaction, observed after spiking fish tissue with serial dilutions of a synthetic positive control. The assay was applied to 150 tissue samples from 146 different fish. Samples consisted of liver, kidney and spleen fragments, and underwent reverse transcription (RT) followed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a nested configuration. Two (2) tissue samples were found positive for the G gene of SVCV by RT-nestedPCR and the identity of products was confirmed by direct sequencing using the Sanger method. By phylogenetic reconstruction, the obtained sequences formed a unique clade, separating them from the other known genogroups, and even from sequences derived from other vesiculoviruses found in Brazil. These results represent the first molecular detection and characterization of SVCV in Brazil by RT-nestedPCR and nucleotide sequencing, indicating the need to adopt more stringent biosecurity measures in national fish farming production.

El potencial truchίcola en Junín se debe a la existencia de recursos hídricos favorables, así como un clima adecuado para las diferentes etapas de crianza. Sin embargo, esta producción al depender en su gran mayoría de la intervención humana, es propensa a efectuarse ineficientemente debido a las siguientes dos razones: Primero, se crea una discontinuidad del proceso de monitoreo ya que es necesario realizar las mediciones, estanque por estanque, produciendo un retardo en la adquisición de datos. Segundo, los distintos parámetros que involucran este proceso (temperatura, oxigeno disuelto, Ph, etc.) se monitorean de forma manual, produciendo errores que luego son reflejados en el deterioro de la calidad del agua en los estanques. Ante esta ineficiencia, se busca usar una red de sensores que permita al usuario obtener información de los distintos parámetros involucrados. Logrando así, integrar funcionalidades que antes eran independientes unas de otras, con el fin de lograr la máxima eficiencia en el proceso. La Tesis se desarrolla en cuatro capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se realiza un análisis de los parámetros relacionados a la crianza de ovas y alevines. En el segundo capítulo, se define una red de sensores inalámbricos y se detalla los distintos aspectos que deben ser tomados en cuenta para su diseño. En el tercer capítulo, se describe a detalle el diseño y configuración de una red inalámbrica de sensores. En el cuarto capítulo, se explica las pruebas. / Tesis

Se plantea el desarrollo de un algoritmo que permita estimar el tamaño de los peces sin la necesidad de que haya contacto físico entre el hombre y los animales aplicando, para ello, técnicas de visión por computadora. Para realizar el planteamiento se realizó estudios de las diferentes técnicas empleadas en visión por computadora y la necesidad de contar con imágenes tomadas por cámaras seleccionadas para el posterior procesamiento con los métodos estudiados. / Tesis

Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-29T23:44:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-06-05 / This work aims to understand how the actors from the Castanhão fish farm cluster get knowledge and practices that influence the results in favor of the sustainable development. The discussion turned to a theoretical review that appropriates interorganizaional learning concepts, organization network, local productive arrangement and sustainable development. The assumption adopted in this work is that the adoption of behaviors linked to SD is urgent and that some skills have already been learned by the Castanhão cluster as well as the developed networks contributed to this. The methodology is eminently qualitative and used interviews, document analysis and observation for data collection and analysis of narratives to discuss the results. The results showed that the narrative analysis constitutes an appropriate methodology for the research aimed to discuss processes/histories learning, since his job made it possible to demonstrate how learning happens as the cluster evolves. The study also pointed out that changes occur in the way of learning, making the initial pass knowledge of an incipient structure for a more complex because of the arrival of new actors, notably the public sphere, and new connections with implication for governance. / O objetivo do presente trabalho é compreender como os atores da rede do APL da piscicultura do Castanhão aprendem conhecimentos e práticas que influenciam os resultados em prol do DS. A discussão recorreu a uma revisão teórica que se apropria dos conceitos de aprendizagem interorganizaional, redes interorganizacionais, arranjo produtivo local e desenvolvimento sustentável. Como pressuposto do trabalho, partiu-se da noção de que há disseminação da urgência da adoção de comportamentos ligados ao DS e que, portanto, alguns conhecimentos e práticas já foram aprendidos pelos atores do APL, bem como as redes formadas na sua configuração contribuíram para que isso tenha ocorrido. A metodologia é eminentemente qualitativa e utilizou-se de entrevistas, análise documental e observação para coleta de dados e da análise de narrativas para discussão dos resultados. Os resultados apontaram que a análise de narrativa se constitui em metodologia apropriada para as pesquisas que visam discutir processos/histórias de aprendizagem, uma vez seu emprego possibilitou demonstrar como a aprendizagem ocorre na medida em o APL evolui. O estudo também apontou que ocorrem mudanças na forma de aprender, fazendo com que os conhecimentos iniciais passem de uma estrutura incipiente, para outra mais complexa, devido a chegada de novos atores, notadamente da esfera pública, e novas ligações, com implicação para a governança do arranjo.

The technological revolution of the XX century led to big transformations in global culture, society and economy, but it did not reach equally to all. While science is today one of the main engines of industry, agriculture, and production of goods, billions of people in small communities still relay on local forms of knowledge, technologies and techniques to carry out their economic activities. This thesis aims to analyze the role of Local Knowledge and the Appropriate Technologies derived by said knowledge applied to the fish farms of peasants in the local Sustainable Development in the Vale do Jamari region, in the state of Rondônia, in Brazil. To achieve our goal, we initiate with a theoretical discussion that will provide tools for the analysis of the empirical data. Firstly, we discuss the concept of Sustainable Development, pointing its limitations and providing a perspective of an analysis of this type of development that favors the resources, interests and culture of a local community. Secondly, we bring the discussion over the accumulated knowledge of man over its environment and the conditions that it inhabits; the concept of Local Knowledge, its characteristics, its importance, limitations and its role in the contemporary world post-Green Revolution. The third moment of our theoretical discussion is dedicated to the movement of alternative technology and the concept of Appropriate Technology, its characteristics and the importance of the concept to the analysis of technologies that are apt to work in specific contexts in a way to be valid to its users. In the sequence, we present the method used for the empirical research, in which a case study was carried out. The case selected was of the peasant fish farms in the Vale do Jamari, region comprised of 9 municipalities in the center of the state of Rondônia, in the western amazon, in Brazil. Said region was colonized by rural workers migrating from other parts of the country between the 1960-1980s, resulting in great impact to the natural environment. The region presented in the last 8 years high rates of growth, partially due to small fish farmers acting with low technology and little access to technical assistance. Secondary data was selected through document research and primary data was collected from observation, photographs, field journals, technical visitations, participation in industry related events, open and semi-structured interviews carried out between mayjune, october-december 2016. The data gathered, upon careful analysis, pointed out that in the case of the peasant fish farmers of the Vale do Jamari: the existence of techniques and technologies developed through Local Knowledge and which are used in multiple situations in substitution, complementation or supplying the absence of technical/scientific knowledge and tools; that such local techniques and technologies can be said to be Appropriate Technologies; that there is disbelief on behalf of technical assistants of the validity of said technologies; that there is a lack of trust and there is a deficient communication between technical assistants and farmers; that such techniques and technologies developed by the fish farmers are compatible with a food production style of low environmental impact, coherent with the locally available resources and which create social and economic benefits to the local community; and, finally, that Local Knowledge, in the absence of conventional technologies appropriate to the found conditions, served as the base to the development of local technologies, appropriate and capable of guaranteeing the activity of fish farming for peasants in the Vale do Jamari.