In this thesis, a two node nonlinear elastic-plastic beam finite element is developed to analyze large deformations. The system of equations are derived from virtual work principle, and the updated Lagrangian formulation is used. Material is assumed to be isotropic and rate insensitive obeying J2-flow rule. Work hardening characteristics of material is considered and all nonlinear terms are included. For the two node iso-parametric beam element a layered model is used to analyze through-the-thickness distribution of elastic and plastic zones. A finite element program is developed and the numerical outcomes are compared with the experimental results. A good agreement is achieved between numerical and experimental results.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SergioBS_DISSERT.pdf: 2441407 bytes, checksum: dc40986905dcf52b4a6c2c3e2499b479 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-30 / In this paper we developed a prototype for dynamic and quantitative analysis of the hardness of metal surfaces by penetration tests. It consists of a micro-indenter which is driven by a gear system driven by three-rectified. The sample to be tested is placed on a table that contains a load cell that measures the deformation in the sample during the penetration of micro-indenter. With this prototype it is possible to measure the elastic deformation of the material obtained by calculating the depth of penetration in the sample from the difference of turns between the start of load application to the application of the load test and return the indenter until the complete termination of load application. To determine the hardness was used to measure the depth of plastic deformation. We used 7 types of steel trade to test the apparatus. There was a dispersion of less than 10% for five measurements made on each sample and a good agreement with the values of firmness provided by the manufacturers. / Nesse trabalho ? desenvolvido um prot?tipo para an?lise din?mica e quantitativa da dureza de superf?cies met?licas atrav?s de ensaios de penetra??o. Ele consiste de um micro-penetrador que ? movimentado por um sistema de engrenagens guiado por tr?s pinos retificados. A amostra a ser ensaiada ? colocada sobre uma mesa que cont?m uma c?lula de carga que mede a deforma??o na amostra durante a penetra??o do micro-penetrador. Com esse prot?tipo ? poss?vel medir a deforma??o el?stica do material obtida pelo c?lculo, atrav?s de software, da profundidade da penetra??o na amostra a partir da diferen?a de voltas entre o in?cio de aplica??o de carga at? a aplica??o total da carga de teste e o retorno do indentador at? a completa finaliza??o da aplica??o de carga. Para determina??o da dureza foi utilizada a medida da profundidade de deforma??o pl?stica. Foram utilizados 07 tipos de a?os comerciais para teste do aparato. Verificou-se uma dispers?o inferior a 10% para cinco medi??es efetuadas em cada amostra e uma boa concord?ncia com os valores de dureza fornecidos pelos fabricantes.

L'objectif initial de la thèse était de proposer une nouvelle modélisation simplifiée du laminage permettant un calcul rapide, si possible en temps réel, afin que le modèle soit éventuellement intégré à un outil de pilotage des machines de production. Ce modèle ne doit pas négliger les déformations élastiques afin de pouvoir être éventuellement appliqué à l'étude de phénomènes associés à la variation de largeur de la bande ou à des phénomènes de planéité. Il doit par ailleurs être assez ouvert pour que l'on puisse y intégrer éventuellement une description de la microstructure du matériau polycristallin et prendre en compte la déformation des cylindres de laminage. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons proposé de tenter de construire un modèle simplifié semi-analytique du laminage. Dans ce type de modèle, le gradient de la transformation globale peut alors être décomposé multiplicativement en un produit d'une première transformation locale « plastique » , qui transforme le voisinage local initial de dans la configuration relâchée, par une seconde transformation locale « élastique » qui transforme la configuration relâchée dans la configuration actuelle . Cette décomposition est à la base de l'analyse thermodynamique de l'évolution mécanique lorsque le matériau subit de grandes transformations élastoplastiques, laquelle analyse fournit les concepts d'efforts intérieurs et de variables d'état nécessaires à l'écriture de ce comportement. Nous avons montré deux approches permettant le calcul analytique de ces champs lorsque l'histoire de est connue au voisinage d'une particule .Nous avons ensuite proposé l'étude d'une classe particulière d'évolutions élastoplastiques que nous avons appelées « simples radiales » et nous avons montré que les évolutions obéissaient à un principe de minimum énergétique. Nous avons enfin conjecturé que ce principe pouvait être étendu en régime permanant pour permettre de construire une modélisation simplifiée des processus de laminage / The initial aim of the thesis was to propose a new simplified model for rolling allowing a rapid calculation, if possible, in real time, so that the model would eventually integrate into a management tool production machines. This model should not neglect the elastic deformations in order to be applied to the study of phenomena associated with the change in bandwidth or flatness phenomena. It must also be open enough that we can integrate the description of microstructure of polycrystalline material and possibly take into account the deformation of rolling rolls. To achieve this goal, we proposed to build a simplified semi-analytical model of rolling. In this type of model, the gradient of global transformation can be multiplicatively decomposed of the first local transformation "plastic" which transforms the initial local neighborhood of in the relaxed configuration, and the second local transformation "elastic" which transforms the relaxed configuration in the current configuration. This decomposition is the basis of thermodynamic analysis of the mechanical evolution when the material undergoes large elastoplastic transformations, which provides the concepts of internal forces and necessary variable state to write this behavior. We showed two approaches to the analytical calculation of the mechanical fields when the history of was known in the neighborhood of particle .We then proposed to study a particular class of elastoplastic evolution that we called "simple radial" and we showed that the evolutions followed the principle of minimum energy. Finally, we conjectured that this principle can be extended in steady state, which allowed to build a simplified model of the rolling process

Este trabalho estuda a aplicação de um Ensaio Não-Destrutivo de Inspeção (ENDI), baseado na técnica Ruído Magnético de Barkhausen (RMB), na detecção de regiões não homogêneas em chapas de aços carbono. Apresentando os avanços no desenvolvimento de uma nova variante de ensaio não-destrutivo magnético, denominada Escaneamento Contínuo de Ruído Magnético de Barkhausen (ECRMB). O RMB é gerado por abruptas mudanças na magnetização de materiais magnéticos quando são submetidos a campos magnéticos variáveis. Essas mudanças são afetadas pela micro-estrutura e a presença e distribuição de tensões elásticas (compressão e tração), deformação plástica e alteração da micro-estrutura. Neste trabalho analisou-se a sensibilidade dos sinais de RMB na detecção de deformações plásticas em parâmetros tais como, frequência de campo magnético de excitação e a velocidade de movimentação da sonda. O comportamento do parâmetro RMSRMB dos sinais de RMB se correlacionou com a posição das regiões não homogêneas detectadas nas amostras. Sendo, contudo ainda feita uma avaliação da técnica aplicada para a medição, fazendo uma comparação dos resultados obtidos com a técnica de Ruído Magnético de Barkhausen Estático (RMBE) que é uma técnica já estabelecida na literatura. Os resultados mostraram, que para cada um dos casos estudados, é possível detectar a posição do dano produzido. Essa nova técnica aumenta o espectro de soluções de ENDI para problemas não contemplados pelas técnicas existentes. / This work the application of a technique of Non-Destructive Inspection Test (NDIT) based on the technical Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN), the detection of non-homogeneous regions in sheets of carbon steels. It presents advances in the development of a new technique of magnetic non-destructive testing. Particularly a variant nominated Scanning Continuous Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (SCRMB). The MBN are generated by abrupt changes in the magnetization of materials when subjected to varying magnetic fields. These changes are affected by the microstructure and the presence and distribution of elastic stresses (compression and tension). We analyzed the sensitivity of the signal MBN detection plastic deformation on parameters such as magnetic field excitation frequency and the probe movement speed. The RMSMBN parameter behavior of MBN signals correlated with the position of non-homogeneous regions detected in the samples. An evaluation of the technique applied to the measurement was performed by making a comparison of the results obtained with MBNE technique, is a technique already established in the literature. The results showed that for each of the studied cases, it is possible to detect the position of the damage produced. This new technique increases the spectrum of NDIT solutions for problems not covered by existing techniques.

Nesta Dissertação são apresentados os resultados do estudo da evolução microestrutural de um aço inoxidável dúplex UNS S32205 durante o processo de laminação a frio e posterior recozimento em 1080ºC. Amostras do aço na condição como-recebida, laminadas a frio e recozidas isotermicamente foram caracterizadas utilizando as técnicas de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, dilatometria, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), microdureza Vickers, difração de raios X, magnetização de amostra vibrante, macrotextura e difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD). No material na condição como-recebido foi possível observar uma microestrutura com a austenita parcialmente recristalizada (53%) apresentando maclas de recozimento e a ferrita recuperada. Uma fração volumétrica de cerca de 50% de cada fase foi encontrada. Cálculos termodinâmicos e análises químicas via EDS mostram boa concordância quanto à partição de soluto existente entre a ferrita e a austenita. Análises de magnetização mostraram que não houve variação considerável na fração de fase magnética nas amostras laminadas a frio até 79% de redução em espessura, ou seja, não foi possível observar a formação de martensita induzida por deformação nas condições de laminação utilizadas. Medidas do campo coercivo (Hc) e magnetização remanente (MR) mostram, porém, um comportamento quase linear em relação ao grau de deformação. Por meio de medidas de difração de raios X, utilizando uma análise qualitativa do alargamento de picos difratados, observou-se maior encruamento da austenita durante a laminação a frio. O mesmo comportamento foi encontrado em medidas de dureza individual de fases, assim como em análises de desorientação média de kernel (KAM) obtidos via EBSD. Análises de macrotextura e microtextura mostraram que o material na condição como-recebido possui uma textura forte, principalmente a ferrita, apesar de ser proveniente de um processo de laminação a quente. Durante a laminação a frio não foram observadas grandes mudanças nas componentes de textura em ambas as fases, porém, observou-se a intensificação da componente Goss-Latão na austenita, devido à deformação plástica e à formação de bandas de cisalhamento. Na ferrita observou-se uma típica intensificação da fibra ??com o aumento da deformação plástica. As amostras deformadas 43% e 64% recozidas em 1080 ºC apresentaram uma microestrutura totalmente recristalizada após 3 min de tratamento, caracterizada pela formação de uma estrutura tipo \"bambu\". Com 1 min de tratamento, através de análises de espalhamento da orientação de grão (GOS), observou-se a ocorrência de recristalização primária na ferrita (42% de grãos recristalizados) na amostra laminada 43%. Por outro lado, a austenita manteve uma microestrutura levemente recuperada. Com uma deformação de 64%, a fração recristalizada da ferrita não foi alterada significativamente enquanto que a austenita apresentou uma fração recristalizada de 43%. Análises de KAM mostraram uma maior diferença de energia armazenada na austenita do que na ferrita entre as amostras laminadas até 43% e 64%. Após o recozimento não foram observadas mudanças significativas na microtextura de ambas as fases. Porém, na ferrita observou-se um aumento considerável da fração dos contornos especiais (CSL) ?3, ?13b e ?29a (entre 11% e 12% no total) enquanto que na austenita somente um aumento na fração dos contornos tipo ?3 (cerca de 15%) associados aos contornos de macla foi identificado. / In this Dissertation, results of the study of the microstructural evolution of a duplex stainless steel UNS S32205 during the cold rolling process and further isothermal annealing at 1080ºC are reported. Samples of the steel in the as-received, cold-rolled and annealed conditions were characterized using light and scanning electron microscopy, dilatometry, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Vickers hardness, X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetization, macrotexture (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). In the as-received material it was possible to observe a microstructure with partially recrystallized austenite (53%) with the presence of annealing twins and recovered ferrite. A volume fraction of approximately 50% of each phase was found. Thermodynamic calculations and chemical analysis via EDS showed good agreement on solute partitioning between ferrite and austenite. Magnetization analysis showed that there was no considerable changes in the magnetic phase fraction in the samples cold rolled up to 79% in thickness reduction. Hence, it was not possible to observe the formation of deformation induced martensite with the rolling conditions used in this work. Measurements of the coercive field (Hc) and remnant magnetization (MR) show, however, an almost linear behavior in relation to the degree of deformation. Through X-ray diffraction measurements, using a qualitative analysis of the diffracted peaks broadening, a higher work hardening of austenite was observed during cold rolling. The same behavior was found in hardness measurements of individual phases, and in the average kernel misorientation analysis (KAM) obtained by EBSD. Analysis of macrotexture and microtexture showed a strong texture in the as-received material, especially in ferrite, although this material was obtained by a hot-rolling process. During cold-rolling, no significant changes were observed in the texture components of both phases. However, an increase of the Goss-to-Brass component in austenite was noticed, and it may be related to the work hardening and to the formation of shear bands. In ferrite, the strengthening of the ?-fiber was noticed with increasing strain. The samples deformed 43% and 64% and annealed at 1080ºC showed a fully recrystallized microstructure after 3 min of annealing, forming a \"bamboo\" like structure. After 1-min annealing, by using grain orientation spread (GOS) analyzes, it was possible to observe the occurrence of primary recrystallization in ferrite (42% of recrystallized grains) in the 43% cold-rolled sample. On the other hand, austenite kept a slightly recovered microstructure. With a strain of 64%, the recrystallized fraction of ferrite did not change significantly, whereas austenite presented a recrystallized fraction of 45%. KAM analyzes showed a higher stored energy difference in austenite than in ferrite between the 43% and 64% rolled samples. Nevertheless, after annealing, a considerable increase in the fraction of special boundaries (CSL) ?3, ?13b and ?29a (between 11% and 12% in total) was observed in ferrite, while in austenite only an increase in the ?3 boundaries (about 15%), associated with the twin coherent boundaries, was identified.

Orientador: Maurice de Koning / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T15:22:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaJunior_DomingosLopesda_D.pdf: 17651517 bytes, checksum: 27cb54e210fe4d9dd8c11581abe57d01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Usando a abordagem da Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT), estudamos propriedades estruturais de falhas de empilhamento e discordâncias parciais na fase sólida mais comum da água, conhecida como gelo Ih. Uma das principais características do gelo Ih é o desordenamento protônico, que exerce forte influência nas estruturas destes defeitos extensos. O deslocamento relativo entre camadas para produzir as falhas de empilhamento no gelo Ih é responsável por criar uma série de violações nas regras do gelo conhecidas como defeitos Bjerrum. Nas otimizações de geometria por DFT observamos que as moléculas apresentaram uma forte tendência de reconstrução para eliminar os defeitos Bjerrum. Entretanto, a desordem protônica dificulta que todos os defeitos Bjerrum sejam corrigidos espontaneamente. Estes defeitos remanescentes são responsáveis por elevar consideravelmente a energia de formação da falha de empilhamento, contrariando as estimativas experimentais. Tal contradição sugere que não há concentrações significativas de defeitos Bjerrum em falhas de empilhamento no gelo Ih. De fato, os nossos resultados para as energias de formação de falhas de empilhamento sem defeitos Bjerrum são muito próximos de zero, concordando com as estimativas experimentais. Uma energia de formação de falha de empilhamento baixa indica que a dissociação de discordâncias perfeitas em discordâncias parciais é favorável. Nós investigamos propriedades estruturais de discordâncias parciais conhecidas como parciais 30° e 90°. Observamos uma semelhança muito grande entre as estruturas destas parciais no gelo Ih com o caso do silício. Assim como no silício, as moléculas de água presentes no caroço destas parciais apresentam uma ligação quebrada. Em ambas as parciais observamos uma forte tendência de reconstrução de caroço para restabelecimento desta ligação. Novamente, a desordem protônica dificulta o restabelecimento de todas as ligações quebradas espontaneamente criando defeitos de reconstrução conhecidos como defeitos de anti fase (APD) que também são observados no silício. Fizemos simulações que comparam as energias das parciais não-reconstruídas com as totalmente reconstruídas e os nossos resultados mostraram uma grande redução do excesso de energia com a reconstrução. Isto sugere que as discordâncias parciais no gelo Ih são reconstruídas. A discordância parcial 90° apresenta dois tipos de reconstrução um deles conhecido como período simples e o outro como período duplo. A diferença de energia entre estas reconstruções é tão pequena que é plausível que estas reconstruções coexistam em um mesmo caroço. Esta coexistência é mais uma das semelhanças entre o caso do gelo Ih e do silício. Os principais resultados desta Tese foram publicados em Physical Review B 85, 024119 (2012) / Abstract: Using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach, we studied the structural properties of stacking faults and partial dislocations in the most common solid phase of water, known as ice Ih. One of the main features of Ice Ih is the proton disorder, which has a strong influence on the structures of these defects. The relative displacement between layers to produce the stacking faults in ice Ih is responsible for creating violations of the ice rules known as Bjerrum defects. In DFT geometric optimizations we observed that molecules show a strong tendency to reconstruct to eliminate the Bjerrum defects. However, the proton disorder prevents the correction of all Bjerrum defects spontaneously. These remaining defects are responsible for higher stacking-fault energies, contradicting experimental estimates. This contradiction suggests that there is no significant concentration of Bjerrum defects in stacking faults in ice Ih. Indeed fact, our results for stacking fault energies without Bjerrum defects are almost zero, consistent with the experimental estimates. Low stacking fault energies suggest that dissociation of perfect dislocations into two partials is favorable. We investigated the structural properties of 30° and 90° partial dislocations. We observed that the structures of partial dislocations in ice Ih is very similar to the case of silicon. As in silicon, the water molecules in the partial dislocation core have one dangling bond. In both partials we observed a strong tendency of reconstruction to fix this dangling bond. Again, the proton disorder prevents the full correction of dangling bonds to occur spontaneously, creating reconstruction defects known as anti phase defects, that are also observed in silicon. We compare the nonreconstructed with fully reconstructed partial dislocations and observed a large reduction of excess energies associated with reconstruction. This suggests that partial dislocation in ice Ih are reconstructed. The 90° partial has two types of reconstruction. One is known as single period and another as double period. The energy difference between both is so small that it is plausible that these reconstructions coexist in the same core. This coexistence is yet another similarity between ice Ih and the silicon. The main results of this Thesis were published in Physical Review B 85, 024119 (2012) / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Antonio Celso Fonseca de Arruda / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T08:11:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tivelli_Erick_M.pdf: 5369905 bytes, checksum: b9254f481c50f8e409adfc4b024d1c79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O presente trabalho analisou experimentalmente a utilização de latas de alumínio como absorvedor de energia de impacto. Foram realizados ensaios de compressão estáticos e dinâmicos objetivando correlacionar as deformações das latas com a energia absorvida. Foram analisadas a influência de fatores como, preenchimento da lata (ar ou vermiculita expandida) e disposição do arranjo para receber o impacto nas condições de latas separadas ou agrupadas. O levantamento das características da deformação que estão vinculadas com a absorção do impacto permitem especificar o tipo ideal da estrutura a ser impactada para diferentes aplicações. Os resultados do estudo viabilizaram a utilização das latas de alumínio, na condição de absorvedores de energia com deformação controlada, em barreiras de trenó de impacto / Abstract: The present study examined experimentally the use of aluminum beverage cans as absorbing impact energy elements. Crushing tests were performed aiming to correlate static and dynamic deformations of the cans with the energy absorbed. The study evaluated several conditions for forming a barrier capable of absorbing impact energy during impact tests on the sled. Static and dynamic crushing tests were performed aiming a better understanding of the behavior of the cans in such situations, and also analyzed the influence of factors such as filling the can (air or expanded vermiculite) and arrangement of the impact barrier, this tested the can as a honeycomb and in separate conditions. The study of the characteristics of deformation that are linked to allow the absorption of impact specify the ideal type of structure to be impacted for different applications. The results obtained in this work enabled the use of aluminum cans as agents of energy absorbers for the sled test / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Ultrasonic Consolidation (UC) is a solid state additive manufacturing process which fabricates three-dimensional objects by ultrasonically joining metal foils together, layer-bylayer, to form a solid part. A wide range of materials can be used to fabricate parts by UC and products with complex internal geometry can be generated by shaping the crosssection throughout the build using Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) milling. As a result of its ability to embed various secondary materials and fibres in metal matrices, UC has emerged as a potential method of fabricating multi-functional materials and structures.

The goal of this work is to understand how the wear and deformation mechanisms of hardmetalinserts change when the cobalt binder phase is replaced with a dierent metal or analloy. The focus is on inserts for steel turning. The work presented in this licentiate thesisconsists of the rst steps.Cobalt is the most common binder phase in hardmetal tools based on tungsten carbide asthe hard phase. Metallic cobalt powder, present during the manufacturing, has been associatedwith lung diseases and an increased risk for lung cancer if inhaled. Therefore it is importantto investigate alternative binders as one possible solution.This work studies binder phase alloys from the iron-nickel-cobalt system. These alloyscan be either austenitic, martensitic or a mixture of the two phases. By changing the binderphase composition to change the crystal structure it is possible to tailor the macroscopic mechanicalproperties of the material. It is also possible to tailor the composition in such a waythat the binder is transformation toughening, forming martensite as a response to mechanicaldeformation.The majority of inserts for steel turning are coated, and it is important to investigate if thehardmetals with alternative binder can be coated and if the coating adhesion is sucient forsteel turning.Four dierent alternative binder alloys and one reference with cobalt binder coated bychemical vapour deposition were investigated by scratch testing to determine the adhesion.The scratch test adhesion was sucient on all samples, but signicant variations in coatingadhesion were found.One alternative binder with 86wt%Ni and 14wt%Fe and a reference with cobalt binder manufacturedto mimic state of the art turning inserts were tested in steel turning. The alternativebinder grades had a lower resistance to plastic deformation and this was attributed to earlyaking of the coating due to a lower coating adhesion. Focused ion beam and scanning electronmicroscopy were used to study the deformation of the hard metal in the used cuttinginserts.

TŘEŠTÍK Jakub: Metal forming production of spring bush by cold extrusion. The Master’s degrese project, 2nd form, summer semester, academic year 2009/2010, educational group 5O/60, Mechanical Engineering – Manufacturing Technology, Brno University of Technology, Fakulty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Dept. Of Metal Forming and Plastic, May 2010. This project sloves the manufacturing proces sof “Spring bush” part by technology of cold extrusion. Part is made of 12 122.3 steel. Semifinished product has a cylinder shape with dimensions O29-24 mm. This part is made during four bulk forming operations on the TPZK 25 Šmeral Brno, a.s.