Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:39:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 457563.pdf: 3617693 bytes, checksum: 7e4164fa0832cba15cad0800f8f2925c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Pesquisas sobre Bilinguismo e Multilinguismo encontraram evid?ncia de que diferentes l?nguas competem entre si por ativa??o na mente de bil?ngues e multil?ngues (Dijkstra, Van Heuven, 2002; Dijkstra, 2003, Green, 1998). O presente estudo busca investigar a intera??o crosslingu?stica na produ??o oral de Portugu?s por bil?ngues Ingl?s-Espanhol e Espanhol-Ingl?s todos alunos de Portugu?s como terceira l?ngua (L3). Para o estudo, doze participantes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a sua primeira l?ngua. Para a coleta de dados, os participantes narraram a hist?ria em imagens "Frog, where are you?" de Mercer Mayer (1969). Os participantes tamb?m preencheram o Question?rio de Experi?ncia Lingu?stica e Profici?ncia (LEAP-Q na sigla em ingl?s) (Marian, Blumenfeld e Kaushanskaya, 2007.) As intera??es crosslingu?sticas foram codificadas de acordo com os n?veis lingu?sticos em: sint?ticas, morfol?gicas e de vocabul?rio. Testes estat?sticos foram realizados para se determinar os n?veis lingu?sticos mais transferidos e de qual l?ngua fonte partiram: se do Ingl?s ou do Espanhol. De acordo com Hammarberg (2001), fatores como a tipologia, o status de l?ngua estrangeira da segunda l?ngua (L2), a profici?ncia e o modo de linguagem podem prever as intera??es entre os diferentes idiomas em multil?ngues. Com base nos fatores para intera??o lingu?stica, duas quest?es de pesquisa foram feitas: 1) Quais os fatores que exercem maior influ?ncia na produ??o oral de uma terceira l?ngua: a dist?ncia tipol?gica ou o status de l?ngua estrangeira da L2?; 2) Quais n?veis lingu?sticos da l?ngua-alvo (Portugu?s) ser?o mais influenciados pelas duas l?nguas previamente adquiridas (o Ingl?s e o Espanhol): o vocabul?rio, a morfologia ou a sintaxe? Baseando-se nessas quest?es te?ricas, duas hip?teses mutuamente excludentes foram feitas: 1) Haver? maior intera??o crosslingu?stica partindo do Espanhol do que do Ingl?s devido ? menor dist?ncia tipol?gica do Espanhol em rela??o ao Portugu?s, se comparado ao Ingl?s (Carvalho e Silva, 2006; Rothman, 2010); 2) Quando o Ingl?s for a segunda l?ngua dos falantes, ele gerar? mais intera??o com o Portugu?s como L3 devido ao status de l?ngua estrangeira compartilhado entre a L2 e a L3 (Hammarberg, 2001.) Os resultados mostram que o fator tipologia parece desempenhar um papel mais importante no tipo de intera??o encontrada na amostra pesquisada. Quando o Espanhol como L2 revelou-se fonte mais recorrente de intera??es, isso coincidiu com a sua dist?ncia tipol?gica ser mais pr?xima ao Portugu?s do que o Ingl?s. A transfer?ncia de vocabul?rio ocorreu com maior frequ?ncia do que a gramatical (morfol?gica e sint?tica). O Ingl?s como L2 n?o mostrou taxa significativa de intera??o com o Portugu?s. / Extensive research on Bilingualism and Multilingualism has found evidence that different languages compete for activation in the bilinguals and multilinguals‟ mind (Dijkstra, Van Heuven, 2002; Dijkstra, 2003, Green, 1998.) The present study investigates crosslinguistic interaction in the oral productions of Portuguese by English-Spanish and Spanish-English bilinguals. For the study, twelve participants all learners of Portuguese as a third language were divided in two groups according to their first language (either English or Spanish). For the data collection, participants narrated the picture story Frog, where are you? by Mercer Mayer (1969). Participants also filled out the Language Experience And Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q) (Marian, Blumenfeld, and Kaushanskaya, 2007.) The instances of language interaction were coded as syntactic‟, morphological‟, and vocabulary‟. Statistics tests were run in order to determine which of the linguistic levels were highly present in the tokens and from which source language: English or Spanish. According to Hammarberg (2001), factors such as typology, second language (L2) status, proficiency, and language mode can predict the interactions among different languages in multilinguals. Based on the factors for interaction, two research questions were asked: 1) Which factors exert more influence in third language oral production: the typological distance or the L2 status?; 2) Which linguistic features in the target language (Portuguese) will be more influenced by the two previously acquired languages (English and Spanish): vocabulary, morphology or syntax? Based on these questions, two mutually exclusive hypotheses were formulated: 1) There will be more language interaction from Spanish than English due to the closest typological distance of Spanish in relation to Portuguese, if compared to English (Carvalho and Silva, 2006; Rothman, 2010;) 2) When English is the speakers‟ second language, it will generate more language interaction to Portuguese as L3 due to the foreign language status shared by the L2 and the L3 (Hammarberg, 2001.) The results show that the typology factor seems to play a more important role in the types of interaction found in the sample researched. When Spanish as L2 was a more recurrent source of language interaction, it coincided with its closest typological distance in relation to Portuguese. Vocabulary interaction occurred more frequently than syntactic or morphological interaction. English as L2 did not show significance in the interaction of items with Portuguese.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:39:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 464982.pdf: 8274967 bytes, checksum: 7fe1c43afe5b997bbbfdd868b57b44ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-14 / This dissertation deals with the use of hedging strategies, which are considered a linguistic act to intensify or reduce the illocutionary force of scientific statements in academic writing, from the perspective of Third Language Acquisition (TLA). The study aims to analyze what the main factors are that influence these strategies in Chinese bachelor degree theses. Based on the hypothesis that multilinguals have a different pragmatic competence from bilinguals, which may influence the use of hedging strategies in academic writing, this study has been developed in three stages. In the first stage, the theoretical framework is discussed, focusing on TLA and hedging concepts and classifications in academic research articles. In the second stage, we present how the corpus was compiled and tagged, which consists of 60 texts in Chinese (L1), English (L2) and Portuguese (L3), written by Chinese bilingual and multilingual students with different English proficiencies. The third stage is to establish and analyze the associations of text moves, L2 status, speaker types and writing languages to the different hedging categories and effects, based on the data mining. The result shows that Chinese bilinguals apply hedging strategies with more frequency than multilinguals. Moreover, the texts written in English present more use of hedging with the effect of attenuation than in the other two languages. The study also shows that both text moves and second language proficiency may influence hedging strategies. However, each of them presents a different cross-linguistic influence for a given hedging category. / Este trabalho trata do uso das estrat?gias de hedging, que s?o consideradas como uma a??o de intensificar ou atenuar a for?a ilocucion?ria das afirma??es cient?ficas na produ??o acad?mica, sob uma perspectiva de Aquisi??o de Terceira L?ngua (AL3). O objetivo ? analisar quais s?o os principais fatores que podem influenciar essas estrat?gias nos trabalhos de conclus?o de curso de gradua??o, produzidos por alunos chineses. Partindo-se da hip?tese de que os multil?ngues possuem uma compet?ncia pragm?tica diferente dos bil?ngues e que isso pode influenciar no uso das estrat?gias de hedging na produ??o cient?fica, o estudo ? realizado em tr?s etapas. Na primeira etapa, s?o discutidas as principais teorias sobre a AL3 e os conceitos e classifica??es de hedging na produ??o acad?mica. Na segunda etapa, s?o realizadas a compila??o e a anota??o do nosso corpus de estudo, que ? composto por 60 textos de mandarim (L1), ingl?s (L2) e portugu?s (L3), escritos por alunos chineses bil?ngues e multil?ngues, com diferentes profici?ncias em ingl?s. A terceira etapa visa estabelecer e discutir as principais associa??es dos fatores, quais s?o os movimentos textuais, profici?ncias em L2, tipos de falantes e l?nguas na escrita com as diferentes categorias e efeitos de hedging, a partir dos resultados fornecidos com base na minera??o de dados. O resultado mostra que os chineses bil?ngues possuem uma tend?ncia a produzir mais hedging do que os multil?ngues e que o ingl?s na escrita condiciona mais hedging de atenua??o do que as outras duas l?nguas. Tanto os movimentos textuais, quanto as profici?ncias de L2 podem influenciar a produ??o de hedging, por?m de maneira diferente para cada tipo de hedging.