Zugl.: Siegen, Univ., Diss., 2007

This thesis project aims to develop an embedded system that can measure real-time power consumption of a house and provide information for the user. System consists of a microcontroller unit, a light sensor, RS232 serial interface, battery and an LED. An 18F series 8bit PIC microcontroller was used for this project because PIC is known to be versatile and very low power-consuming. The goal was to get periodic signal from the sensor mounted on the power meter of a house, calculate the power usage and send this data to serial port for communication purposes. The system is connected to PC through RS232 interface as the first step of the project. The power usage information and a simple user interface sent from the PIC are displayed on the HyperTerminal of the PC. The second step was to communicate with a wireless module which is connected to the central unit of the alarm system in a house. This part of the project requires modification of the communication protocol to suit the one that the company uses in the wireless module. As the power source we chose a 9V battery since the system needs 5V to operate. However it is just the prototype. Therefore the power source choice can be changed in future due to company needs. The LED used in the prototype is for testing purposes and it is also due to changes if not needed. As the result of the project, the first step is finished with minimum requirements. The external hardware is built with all the components and the software is implemented successfully. The system can get signals from the photo sensor; the result is calculated according to the duration between two signals; it is sent to the PC via RS232 serial port and displayed on the PC terminal.

L'évolution de la transmission des données par fibre optique s'est accélérée ces dernières années. Le besoin de transmettre des débits plus élevés (aujourd'hui supérieurs ou égaux à 40 Gb/s) sur des longueurs de transmission de plus en plus grandes ne cesse de croître. Malheureusement la sensibilité aux défauts de propagation augmente avec le débit, que ce soit pour les effets linéaires dus à la dispersion chromatique (CD) et à la dispersion de mode de polarisation (PMD - polarization- mode dispersion) de la fibre, ou les effets non linéaires essentiellement induits par l'effet Kerr (variation de l'indice de réfraction en fonction de l'intensité lumineuse). Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse rapporte l'étude des effets de la CD et de la PMD sur les transmissions hauts débits. En outre, la PMD est identifiée aujourd'hui comme la principale source de limitation de la bande passante et de la capacité de transmission autorisées sur une fibre. Par ailleurs, la biréfringence dans les fibres optiques représente la cause principale de la dispersion de mode de polarisation (PMD).Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes focalisés plus particulièrement sur l'étude des effets de la température sur la PMD dans les fibres monomodes standards (SMF) correspondant à la spécification ITU-G.652 utilisées dans les réseaux de transmission longues distances. En tenant compte de l'ellipticité du cœur de la fibre, la variation de la PMD en fonction de la température est étudiée à travers l'évolution de la biréfringence en fonction du paramètre V de la fibre pour différentes températures. Ce travail de thèse ouvre la voie pour développer une architecture permettant de compenser la PMD par traitement numérique du signal. L'idée sous jacente est de remplacer une technologie coûteuse (composants optiques) par une architecture numérique à faible coût, et plus universelle. Les travaux en cours sur la compensation de la PMD par voie électronique sont encourageants et semblent très prometteurs à court terme / The evolution of optical fibre transmissions accelerated these last years. The need to transmit high bit rates (today equal to or higher than 40 Gb/s) over increasingly large lengths of transmission is constantly growing. Unfortunately, the sensitivity of propagation to defects increases with the bit rate. These effects are related to chromatic dispersion CD, polarization mode dispersion PMD, or to nonlinear effects primarily induced by the effect Kerr (dependence of the index of refraction of fibre of the light intensity). In this context, this work focuses on the study of the effects of CD and the PMD on the optical transmissions. Moreover, the PMD is identified today as the principal source of limitation in high bit rate transmissions. In addition to that, birefringence in optical fibres represents the principal cause of PMD. In this work, we particularly focused on the study of the effects of the temperature on the PMD in monomode standards fibres (SMF) corresponding to specification ITU-G.652 used in the optical networks. By taking into account of the ellipticity of the fibre, the variation of the PMD according to the temperature is studied through the evolution of birefringence according to the parameter V of fibre for various temperatures. This work of thesis opens the way to develop an architecture making it possible to compensate for the PMD by digital signal processing. The main idea is to replace an expensive technology (optical components) by a numerical architecture at low cost, and more universal. The works in progress on the compensation of the PMD by electronic way are encouraging and seem very promising at short-term

Zugl.: Siegen, Univ., Diss., 2007

Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2009

Polarization mode dispersion PMD becomes the most limiting factors for achieving high-speed optical transmission. The size of the dierencial group delay between the polarization plane is influenced by many different factors and therefore accurate measurement of PMD should be done in all phases of building and operating optical path.

[pt] Este trabalho propõe um estudo da PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion) para um sistema com múltiplos comprimentos de onda. Para tanto, apresenta uma ferramenta computacional que permite simulações do comportamento do DGD (Dispersion Group Delay) em função da variação contínua temporal. Estes dados são validados através da comparação com simulações convencionais, em função do comprimento de onda. Também são apresentados métodos de controle de polarização e compensação de PMD utilizando o simulador temporal desenvolvido. Foram realizadas medidas experimentais analisando o sinal de potência de RF de saída e a polarização de saída do sinal para diferentes canais WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplex). / [en] This work proposes a PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion) study in WDM communications systems. A simulation tool for the calculation of the statistics and correlations of PMD-related variables in time domain is presented here. Calculations are performed in time domain, allowing the simulation of the temporal evolution of differential group delay (DGD), principal states of polarization (PSP) among others. Results are validated with predictions from spectral calculations. A polarization control and a PMD mitigation scheme are also presented.

The work deals with dispersive effects of single mode fibers. We learn about the chromatic dispersion, the main attention is paid to the Polarization Mode Dispersion. We clarify the root cause origin of the Polarization Mode Dispersion describing parameters and its effect on transmitted data. Further on, the works dedicates to measure methods of the Polarization Mode Dispersion which is the interferometric method or the POTDR method. We explain the ways of the PMD removal at contemporary optic routes and options of PMD compensation by using compensators of various types. There is also mentioned the possibility of profiting from the soliton transmission. The last chapter deals with measuring of a real optic route. It includes measured data and its evaluation due to the ITU-T demands.

Novel theoretical formulations and efficient simulation methods for polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization-dependent loss (PDL) that are directly applicable to optical network design are developed. In particular, a formalism based upon the Magnus expansion is advanced for the determination of the frequency evolution of the Mueller matrix in terms of increasing orders of PMD and PDL. Several previous models of polarization evolution are shown to be specializations of this more general formalism. A least-squares algorithm that extracts PMD and PDL coefficients from repeated measurements of the output Stokes vector of an optical system for a random set of input polarization states is introduced and subsequently applied to the rapid experimental determination of the probability density of the differential group delay of a fiber-squeezer based PMD emulator. The applicability of Clifford algebra and Pade-approximant techniques to the efficient simulation of the wavelength dependence of PMD and PDL is also discussed.

[pt] Neste trabalho é desenvolvido um modelamento matemático para os elementos que compõem um sistema de compensação de PMD de primeira ordem, visando obter alternativas de solução para a metodologia de controle do sistema de compensação. Um algoritmo de controle utilizando uma lógica simplificada, diferente das encontradas em outros sistemas de compensação, é desenvolvido. Os resultados das simulações matemáticas, das diferentes partes do sistema de compensação e do algoritmo de controle desenvolvido, são comparados com resultados experimentais, obtendo-se uma excelente concordância. Um protótipo de um compensador de PMD de primeira ordem, utilizando diferentes topologias de compensação, é implementado e os resultados experimentais apresentados. Os resultados experimentais obtidos demonstram que a performance do protótipo desenvolvido é melhor que à obtida com outros sistemas de compensação desenvolvidos por outros grupos de pesquisa [22, 60]. / [en] In this work a mathematical model for the elements of the first order compensation system is developed to obtain alternative solutions of control methodology of the compensator. A control algorithm, using a simplified logic, different from the ones found in other compensation systems, is developed. The mathematical simulations results of the implemented model for different parts of the compensation system and of the control algorithm are compared to the experimental results showing good agreement. A first order PMD compensation prototype is implemented, using different compensation topologies. The experimental results are presented, proving a better performance when compared to the experimental results obtained by other research groups [22, 60].