Silent aspiration is associated with pneumonia and mortality, and is poorly identified by traditional clinical swallowing evaluation (CSE). Currently, there is no reliable test for detecting silent aspiration during CSE. There is, however, increasing evidence for the validity of cough reflex testing (CRT) for identifying silent aspiration. This test has the potential to significantly improve clinical assessment of dysphagia. The aim of this research programme was to further investigate the validity, reliability and clinical utility of CRT for identifying patients at risk of silently aspirating. Several aspects of CRT were explored during this research programme. Two correlational studies were conducted to validate CRT for identifying silent aspiration against videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) and flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). Cough reflex threshold testing was completed on 181 patients using inhaled, nebulised citric acid. Within one hour, 80 patients underwent VFSS and 101 patients underwent FEES. All tests were recorded and analysed by two researchers blind to the result of the alternate test. Significant associations between CRT result and cough response to aspiration on VFSS (p = .003) and FEES (p < .001) were identified. Sensitivity and specificity were optimised at 0.6mol/L in patients undergoing VFSS (71%, 60% respectively) and at 0.4mol/L in patients undergoing FEES (69%, 71% respectively). A concentration of 0.8mol/L had the highest odds ratio (OR) for detecting silent aspiration (8 based on VFSS, 7 based on FEES). Coughing on lower concentrations of citric acid (0.4mol/L compared with 1.2mol/L) was a better predictive measure of silent aspiration. Diminished cough strength has also been associated with aspiration and increased risk of pneumonia. Reflexive cough is our primary defensive mechanism against aspiration and a measure of reflexive cough strength therefore holds greater relevance than one of voluntary cough strength. Despite common use and clinical applicability, the reliability of subjective cough judgements has received little attention. The inter- and intra-rater reliability of subjective judgements of cough in patients following inhalation of citric acid was assessed. Forty-five speech-language therapists (SLTs) were recruited to the first study. Of these, 11 SLTs were currently using CRT in their clinical practice (experienced raters) and 34 SLTs reported no experience with CRT (inexperienced raters). Participants provided a rating of strong, weak or absent to ten video segments of cough responses elicited by inhalation of nebulised citric acid. The same video segments presented in a different sequence were re- evaluated by the same clinicians following a 15-minute break. Inter-rater reliability for experienced raters was calculated with a Fleiss’ generalised kappa of .49; intra-rater reliability was higher with a kappa of .70. Inexperienced raters showed similar reliability with kappa values for inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of .36 and .62, respectively. SLTs demonstrated only fair to moderate reliability in subjectively judging a patient’s cough response to citric acid. Experience in making cough judgements did not improve reliability significantly. In a second study, specific training in cough physiology and cough judgement was provided to 58 trained SLTs. Inter-rater reliability of subjective judgements of cough in patients following inhalation of citric acid was assessed. Participants provided a rating of present or absent, and if present then a rating of strong or weak, to ten video segments of cough responses. Inter-rater reliability for cough presence was calculated with a Fleiss’ generalised kappa of .71 and cough strength was calculated at .61. Years of clinical experience did not improve inter-rater reliability significantly. Experience in using CRT did improve inter-rater reliability. Further validity and reliability research would be beneficial for guiding clinical guidelines and training programmes. By identifying patients at risk of silent aspiration, more informed management decisions can be made that consequently lead to a reduction in preventable secondary complications such as pneumonia. The clinical utility of CRT for reducing pneumonia in acute stroke patients was assessed through a randomised, controlled trial. Three hundred and eleven patients referred for swallowing evaluation were assigned to either 1) a control group receiving standard evaluation or 2) an experimental group receiving standard evaluation with CRT. Participants in the experimental group were administered nebulised citric acid with test results contributing to clinical decisions. Outcomes for both groups were measured by pneumonia rates at three months post stroke and other clinical indices of swallowing management. Analysis of the data identified no significant differences between groups in pneumonia rate (p = .38) or mortality (p = .15). Results of CRT were shown to influence diet recommendations (p < .0001) and referrals for instrumental assessment (p <.0001). Despite differences in clinical management between groups, the end goal of reducing pneumonia in post stroke dysphagia was not achieved. Through this research, the characteristics and outcomes associated with dysphagia secondary to stroke in New Zealand were identified. Baseline characteristics of 311 patients with dysphagia following acute stroke were collected during their hospital stay and outcomes were measured at three months post stroke. Mortality rates were 16% and pneumonia rates 27%. Mean length of stay was 24 days and only 45% of patients were in their own home at three months post stroke. Pneumonia was significantly associated with mortality and increased length of stay. Only 13% of patients received referral for instrumental assessment of swallowing. These data are discussed in reference to the National Acute Stroke Services Audit 2009 and internationally published data. The outcomes for stroke patients with dysphagia in New Zealand are poor with a high risk of pneumonia and long hospital stays when compared internationally. In summary, this research programme has contributed to our understanding of the use of CRT in patients with dysphagia. The addition of a measure of reflexive cough strength may add to clinical assessment but specific training is required to reach adequate reliability. CRT results are significantly associated with aspiration response on instrumental assessment and lower concentrations of citric acid provide a better predictive measure of silent aspiration. CRT can be standardised and therefore is not as susceptible to interpretative variance that plagues much of CSE. Sensitivity and specificity values using this CRT methodology are adequate for CRT to be incorporated into clinical protocols. Inclusion of CRT alone was not shown to be sufficient to change clinical outcomes however integration of CRT into clinical pathways may prove more successful. Further research evaluating the addition of CRT to a comprehensive CSE would add greatly to the field of dysphagia assessment.

Darbo tema: „Veršelių plaučių ligų patomorfologinių tyrimų analizė“. Tyrimai atlikti LSMU VA Patologijos centre ir UAB „Jaujupis“, UAB „Tomeva“. Darbo apimtis 50 puslapių, jame pateiktos 4 lentelės ir 33 paveikslai. Darbo tikslas: išanalizuoti plaučių patologijų pasireiškimą veršeliams, įvertinant veršelių gaišenų patomorfologinių tyrimų rezultatus. to perform a statistical data analysis of calf carrion assay results that was carried out in LHSU VA Pathology center by evaluating manifestations of lung disease; Darbo uždaviniai: 1. atlikus veršelių patologinį anatominį ir plaučių mėginių histopatologinį tyrimus, įvertinti plaučių patologijas; 2. atlikti LSMU VA Patologijos centre atliktų veršelių gaišenų tyrimų rezultatų statistinių duomenų analizę, įvertintant plaučių ligų pasireiškimą; 3. išanalizuoti veršelių plaučių patologijų priežastis, jų priklausomybę nuo amžiaus, veislės ir lyties. Buvo atliktas 38 nugaišusių veršelių patologinis anatominis tyrimas. Makroskopiškai įvertinti plaučiai ir paimti mėginiai histopatologiniam bei bakteriologiniam tyrimui. Nustatyta veršelių lytis, veislė ir amžius. Analizuoti 2005 – 2012 metų LSMU Veterinarijos akademijos Patologijos centre atliktų 136 veršelių patologinių anatominių tyrimų rezultatai. Išanalizavus Patologijos centre atliktų tyrimų (makroskopinių) duomenis, plaučių patologijos diagnozuotos 35 proc. visų tirtų veršelių, kai tuo tarpu savų (makroskopinio ir mikroskopinio) tyrimo duomenimis – 52,6 proc. veršelių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Thesis: Pathomorphological analysis of lungs diseases in calves. Study was carried out at LUHS VA Pathology Center and JSC Jaujupis, JSC Tomeva. Work consists of 49 pages, it includes 4 tables an 33 figures. Aim: To analyze the occurrence of lung pathology in calves, by evaluating the pathomorphological research results of the carrions. Tasks: 1) to identify lung pathology of calves by carrying out post-mortem and histopathological examinations. 2) to perform an analysis of statistical data from the calf carrion assay results that was carried out in LHSU VA Pathology center by evaluating manifestations of lung disease; 3) to analyze cause of lung pathologies and their dependence on age, breed and sex. A post-mortem examination of 38 dead calves has been carried out. The lungs were macroscopically evaluated, samples were collected for histopathological and bakteriologinaim examination. Also calf sex, breed and age were determined. Post-mortem results of 136 calves were analysed by using data from 2005 – 2012 year LUHS Veterinary Academy of Pathology center. Analysis of examination of microscopical data showed that lung pathology was diagnosed to 35 percent of all tested calves, while my own study showed – 52,6 percent of calves. Fibrinous pneumonia was found in most of the cases of lung pathology (45 %), purulent pneumonia (40 %), less – hyperemia and edema (15 %) and emphysema – 5 (%). It was found that lung pathalogies were most frequently diagnosed to certain breeds of... [to full text]

Although there are well-documented benefits from influenza vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vPPV) against invasive pneumococcal disease and laboratory confirmed influenza, their effectiveness against pneumonia remains controversial for community-based persons aged >=65years. At the time of this research, within Australia, only the government of Victoria publicly funded these vaccines for elderly persons. With continued growth of the elderly population, the subsequent adoption of an Australia-wide program, and increasing uptake of similar programs in other countries, there is a need for data clarifying the impact of vaccination on pneumonia. This research estimates incremental vaccine effectiveness of 23vPPV over and above influenza vaccine against hospitalisation with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the elderly.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of South Florida, 2007. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 36 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Sc. Vet. Sc.)--Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 2005. / Bibliography: leaves 165-172.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Medicine, 2005. / "December 2004" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 342-379).

Thesis (M. Sc. Vet. Sc.)--University of Sydney, 2005. / Title from title screen (viewed 27 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Veterinary Science to the Faculty of Veterinary Science. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

Thesis (M.A.)--Northern Kentucky University, 2008. / Made available through ProQuest. Publication number: AAT 1450362. ProQuest document ID: 1490085351. Includes bibliographical references (p. 27-28)

Thesis (M.A.)--Northern Kentucky University, 2007. / Made available through ProQuest. Publication number: AAT 1441241. ProQuest document ID: 1283973731. Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-33)