Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2015-12-11T11:23:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Hamanda Garcia da Silva.pdf: 1092873 bytes, checksum: 54c45ec0d110fbe62868a74078f260d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-11T11:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hamanda Garcia da Silva.pdf: 1092873 bytes, checksum: 54c45ec0d110fbe62868a74078f260d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Mestrado Profissional em Enfermagem Assistencial / A pneumonia hospitalar é a segunda causa mais comum de infecção nosocomial e apresenta elevada letalidade. Nas unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) ela está associada à ventilação mecânica (VM) que é a infecção mais comum neste ambiente. A pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAVM) é uma infecção pulmonar que surge 48 a 72 horas após a intubação endotraqueal e instituição da ventilação mecânica invasiva. A equipe multidisciplinar envolvida no cuidado com os pacientes em terapia intensiva possui relação direta com os equipamentos utilizados, nos cuidados com as vias aéreas e procedimentos, o que pode indicar que haja relação da PAVM com o tipo de cuidado que esta equipe multiprofissional oferece, principalmente com relação aos cuidados prestados pela enfermagem, que são em maior número. A manutenção da permeabilidade das vias aéreas tem sido o maior desafio e o principal objetivo na assistência de enfermagem aos pacientes intubados e em ventilação artificial. Inúmeros são os fatores que podem contribuir para que o paciente tenha PAVM, como destaca a literatura, por exemplo: a instalação da ventilação mecânica e sedação prolongada, a forma como é realizada a técnica da aspiração endotraqueal, manutenção da cabeceira do paciente baixa, higiene oral ineficaz. Porém, mesmo não podendo afirmar que a pneumonia decorre da inobservância de medidas preventivas e procedimentos técnicos durante a realização dos cuidados aos pacientes em VM, a falta de diretrizes e educação permanente são fatores que sinalizam riscos para que esses pacientes desenvolvam PAVM, mesmo para aqueles que por outras razões não tiveram pneumonia. Logo, este estudo teve como objetivo testar os efeitos da aplicação de um protocolo com intervenção de enfermagem aos clientes ventilados mecanicamente, em resposta à implantação da sistematização da prevenção de PAVM, através de protocolo assistencial de enfermagem. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem quantitativa do tipo quase experimental na qual um grupo foi submetido ao controle (Grupo teste), representado pela aplicação de um protocolo de enfermagem elaborado através das melhores práticas estabelecidas, a pacientes ventilados mecanicamente; outro grupo foi constituído de maneira retrospectiva pela análise de resultados, adquiridos em prontuários antigos (grupo controle). Como resultados, foi identificado que o risco dos pacientes contraírem PAVM sem aplicação do protocolo foi de 20% e o risco dos pacientes contraírem PAVM com a aplicação do protocolo foi de 6%. Portanto, a redução absoluta do risco de se contrair PAVM, através da aplicação do protocolo foi de 14%. Concluiu-se que a intervenção do enfermeiro realizada diretamente na assistência ao paciente e na educação da equipe de enfermagem contribui para prevenir que os pacientes ventilados mecanicamente desenvolvessem a pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica o que demonstra a efetividade da sua utilização, tendo em vista a incidência dessa patologia entre pacientes na terapia intensiva / Pneumonia is the second most common cause of nosocomial infection and has high mortality rates. In intensive care units (ICU) it is associated with mechanical ventilation (MV) is the most common infection in this environment. The ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a lung infection that appears 48-72 hours after endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation. The team involved in caring for patients in intensive care has a direct relationship with the equipment used, care of the airways and procedures, which may indicate that there is a relation of VAP with the type of care that provides multidisciplinary team. Particularly in relation to the care provided by nursing, which are larger. Maintaining the patency of the airways has been the greatest challenge and primary goal in nursing care to patients intubated and artificial ventilation. There are many factors that can contribute to the patient has VAP, as highlighted by the literature, for example: the installation of mechanical ventilation and prolonged sedation, the way it is, the technique of endotracheal aspiration, maintenance of the patient's bedside low, hygiene orally ineffective. However, although we can not say that pneumonia results from the failure of preventive measures and technical procedures during the course of care to patients in mechanical ventilation, the lack of guidelines and continuing education are factors that signal risk for these patients develop VAP, even for those for other reasons did not have pneumonia. Soon this study was to test the effects of a nursing intervention protocol with customers on mechanical ventilation in response to implementation of systematic prevention of VAP, using a protocol of nursing care. This is a quantitative research approach of the type in which a quasi-experimental group was subjected to the control (test group), represented by the implementation of a nursing protocol developed through best practices established for patients on mechanical ventilation and the other group consisted retrospectively by the analysis of results obtained in ancient records (control group). As a result, we identified that the risk of patients contracting VAP without application of the protocol was 20% and the risk of patients contracting VAP with the implementation of the protocol was 6%. Therefore, the absolute risk reduction of contracting VAP by implementing the protocol was 14%. Conclude that the intervention of the nurse performed directly in patient care and education of the nursing staff contributes to prevent mechanically ventilated patients develop pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation which demonstrates the effectiveness of their use in view of the incidence of this disease among patients in intensive care

It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. Infectious Diseases Society of America considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances. Coccidioidomycosis, also known as San Joaquin Valley fever, is a systemic infection endemic to parts of the southwestern United States and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere. Residence in and recent travel to these areas are critical elements for the accurate recognition of patients who develop this infection. In this practice guideline, we have organized our recommendations to address actionable questions concerning the entire spectrum of clinical syndromes. These can range from initial pulmonary infection, which eventually resolves whether or not antifungal therapy is administered, to a variety of pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications. Additional recommendations address management of coccidioidomycosis occurring for special at-risk populations. Finally, preemptive management strategies are outlined in certain at-risk populations and after unintentional laboratory exposure.

It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. Infectious Diseases Society of America considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances. Coccidioidomycosis, also known as San Joaquin Valley fever, is a systemic infection endemic to parts of the southwestern United States and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere. Residence in and recent travel to these areas are critical elements for the accurate recognition of patients who develop this infection. In this practice guideline, we have organized our recommendations to address actionable questions concerning the entire spectrum of clinical syndromes. These can range from initial pulmonary infection, which eventually resolves whether or not antifungal therapy is administered, to a variety of pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications. Additional recommendations address management of coccidioidomycosis occurring for special at-risk populations. Finally, preemptive management strategies are outlined in certain at-risk populations and after unintentional laboratory exposure.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a healthcare-associated infection (HAI), or more specifically, a healthcare-associated pneumonia (HAP) that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients that are being mechanically ventilated. There are established evidence-based guidelines in existence designed to reduce or eliminate VAP from occurring and when properly maintained have been shown to reduce the incidence of VAP. Nurses are at the frontline adhering to the VAP protocol through its integration into their workflow. It is yet unknown what elements of the protocol and workflow contribute to a successful VAP reduction in occurrence and increased patient safety. This program evaluation project, guided by an adapted Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model, takes a human-factors approach towards answering these questions. It specifically examines the VAP protocol in a large urban southwestern teaching hospital to evaluate program effectiveness using a human factors approach. Building on the work of Carayon, et al. (2006) and Jansson et al. (2013), I present the findings from this program evaluation project using an adapted SEIPS model that sought to evaluate the VAP prevention program from a human factors perspective addressing the following aims: Aim 1. Determine the effectiveness of using the adapted SEIPS model to evaluate a VAP quality improvement (QI) project; Aim 2. Evaluate a VAP QI program taking a human factors approach; and Aim 3. Using the adapted SEIPS model, identify elements of the VAP bundle that nurses perceive as strength and weaknesses. The project was completed with the following findings: Based on this work the adapted SEIPS model demonstrates usefulness for evaluating QI projects. It would be interesting to continue this work with QI projects to see how well it performs.

Master of Science / Department of Clinical Sciences / Daniel U. Thomson / Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP) is a costly issue that affects feedlot cattle, especially during hot and dry summers. Research has yet to elucidate the exact etiology of AIP; therefore this study was conducted to determine possible factors that contribute to AIP in feedlot cattle. During the summer of 2011 in a 55,000 head feedyard in southwest Kansas, animals exhibiting clinical signs of AIP were selected for ante-mortem examination and data collection. The animal population within the feedlot consisted of 75% heifers and 25% steers. Approximately 50% of the animal population was black hided animals. Ante-mortem data consisted of rumen gas cap measurement for NH3 and H2S, rumen pH, serum chemistry, rectal temperature, and body weight. Post-mortem cases with and without ante-mortem evaluations were also selected for an additional examination. Postmortem examination included similar data as ante-mortem examination with addition of visual and histological examination of lung tissue. There were 31 ante-mortem cases of clinical AIP with the following observations (mean ± SD): rectal temperature 105.3 ± 0.7 °F, weight 1098 ± 123 lbs., H2S 136 ± 133.3 ppm, and rumen pH 6.4 ± 0.5. Twenty-five healthy cohorts were selected from identical pens to serve as controls. Observations from control animals were: rectal temperature 103.7 ± 1.1 °F, weight 1113 ± 133.3lbs, H2S 269.8 ± 311.6 ppm and rumen pH 6.2 ± 0.6. A total of 61 post-mortem cases with a preliminary diagnosis of AIP were analyzed and displayed the following values: H2S 1279.7 ± 1569 ppm, and rumen pH 6.3 ± 0.36. Fifty-three of these postmortem cases had diffuse, focal and /or patchy AIP confirmed by histology.

Orientador: Sergio Marrone Ribeiro / Resumo: Introdução: O Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES) é uma afecção reumatológica autoimune, de etiologia multifatorial, mais comum em mulheres na menacme. O comprometimento pulmonar pelo LES pode culminar com complicações pulmonares agudas como a Pneumonite Lúpica aguda (PLA), Hemorragia Alveolar Difusa (HAD) ou Pneumonia infecciosa (PN), com altos índices de morbimortalidade e tratamentos diferentes. Objetivos: Estabelecer o número de casos de complicações pulmonares agudas do LES e analisar suas manifestações tomográficas, com o propósito de caracterizar os padrões de acometimento pela PLA, HAD e PN, além de apontar achados de imagem e parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais que auxiliem no diagnóstico diferencial entre elas. Método: Estudo observacional descritivo e retrospectivo, do tipo de série de casos, no qual foram analisados os prontuários eletrônicos dos pacientes com diagnóstico de LES entre Janeiro de 2011 e Dezembro de 2018 que apresentaram PLA, HAD ou PN. Foram colhidos dados do prontuário eletrônico e analisadas as Tomografias Computadorizadas de Alta Resolução (TCAR). Resultados: Dentre os 359 pacientes com diagnóstico de LES acompanhados no serviço, foram identificados 21 eventos independentes de complicações pulmonares agudas, sendo eles 12 episódios de PLA, 6 de PN e 3 de HAD. Os episódios de PN apresentaram maior prevalência de leucocitose e consolidações à TCAR, metade deles com vidro fosco. Metade dos eventos de PLA apresentou uma relação entre velocidade de hem... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multifactorial etiology, more common in reproductive age women. Pulmonary involvement by SLE may lead to acute pulmonary complications such as acute Lupus Pneumonitis (ALP), Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (DAH) or infectious pneumonia (PN), with high morbidity and mortality rates and different treatments. Purpose: To establish the number of cases of acute pulmonary complications of SLE and analyze their tomographic manifestations, in order to recognize the patterns of involvement by ALP, DAH and PN, besides pointing out image findings, clinical and laboratory parameters that help distinguishing them. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective and observational study, in which electronic records of patients diagnosed with SLE between January 2011 and December 2018 who presented PLA, HAD or PN were analyzed. Data was obtained from the electronic medical record and the High Resolution Computed Tomographies (HRCT). Results: Among the 359 patients diagnosed with SLE followed in this service, 21 independent events of acute pulmonary complications were identified. There were 12 episodes of ALP, 6 of PN and 3 of DAH. PN episodes had a higher prevalence of leukocytosis, consolidations at HRCT and half of them had ground glass opacities. Half of the ALP events had an erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (CRP) ratio above 15, with CRP within the limits of normality in 83,33%. One-third of ALP events ha... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Edison Iglesias de Oliveira Vidal / Resumo: Introdução: O Streptococcus Pneumoniae é o agente infeccioso mais frequentemente associado à ocorrência de pneumonia bacteriana e a vacinação é considerada a principal estratégia para a prevenção dessa doença. De acordo com o Programa Nacional de Imunização (PNI) a vacina pneumocócica polissacarídica 23-valente (Pn23) não faz parte do calendário básico de vacinação e deve ser dispensada a indivíduos a partir de 2 anos de idade desde que portadores de um conjunto de doenças e condições de alto risco para infecções pneumocócicas. A forma de operacionalização atual do PNI em relação à Pn23 se dá de modo que essa vacina não se encontra disponível nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) e sua liberação se dá mediante solicitação aos Centros de Referência em Imunobiológicos Especiais (CRIEs), através de uma ficha de Solicitação de Imunobiológicos Especiais (SIBE). Acredita-se que tal formatação da logística de dispensação da vacina constitui um elemento limitador do acesso da população adulta à mesma. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar a efetividade de uma intervenção piloto no município de Jahu de caráter multifatorial sobre a frequência de dispensação da Pn23 para a população adulta com indicação clínica conforme definida pelo PNI. Métodos: A intervenção foi composta por um componente caracterizado pela descentralização do fluxo de dispensação da vacina, de modo que esta passasse a estar disponível diretamente nas UBS, como é feito com as demais vacinas do calendário básico ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Streptococcus Pneumoniae is the infectious agent most commonly associated with bacterial pneumonia and vaccination against it is considered the main strategy to prevent its occurrence. According to the Brazilian National Immunization Program (NIP) the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Pn23) is not part of the country’s basic vaccination program and is recommended only for individuals aged 2 years and older who suffer from a variety of high-risk diseases and conditions for pneumococcal infections. The current operationalization of the NIP regarding the Pn23 vaccine determines that that vaccine is not available at Primary Healthcare Units (PHU) and that its distribution to those units is conditional to the receipt of a special vaccine request form by the regional Reference Centers for Special Immunobiologic Products (RCSIP). We believed that such centralized system of distribution of the Pn23 vaccine constituted a barrier for the eligible adult population to have access the vaccine. The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of a multifactorial intervention on the frequency of use of the Pn23 vaccine among adults of the municipality of Jahu with a clinical indication for the vaccine according to the NIP. Methods: The intervention consisted of the decentralization of the Pn23 vaccine distribution so that doses of that vaccine were made available at each PHU as if it were part of the country’s basic vaccination program. Additionally, t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Pneumonia and sepsis are distinct but linked public health concerns. Each condition is the leading cause of the other; however, the responses controlling the susceptibility between the two disease processes remain speculative. The acute phase response (APR) is an important component of the host immune response during pneumonia and sepsis, and primarily driven by the activation of hepatocyte transcription factors NF-κB RelA and STAT3. While the NF-κB pathway is essential for inflammation and hepatocyte function, its inactivation has been associated with hepatotoxicity. Liver injury is an independent risk factor for sepsis morbidity and mortality, suggesting that pathways promoting liver homeostasis may limit the systemic consequences of pneumonia. To identify conditions in which NF-κB RelA is required for liver resilience, we challenged mice lacking hepatocyte RelA (hepRelAΔ/Δ) and wildtype (WT) controls with E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, LPS, or αGalCer to induce pneumonia, sepsis, and/or NKT cell activation. Severe hepatotoxicity was observed in hepRelAΔ/Δ mice in all conditions examined in association with apoptosis, which could be prevented by neutralization of TNFα. Lastly, these changes were associated with remodeling of the hepatic transcriptome, likely reflecting both the cause and consequence of hepatoxicity. We have previously shown that activation of STAT3 in hepatocytes limits pneumonia susceptibility during endotoxemia, but the mechanisms whereby this liver APR provides protection are unknown. Iron sequestration is a defense mechanism against bacterial infections, which require iron for growth. Based on previous observations that alveolar lining fluid is favorable for bacteria in the absence of liver STAT3, we investigated whether liver APR limits pneumonia susceptibility during sepsis by withholding iron to prevent bacterial outgrowth. WT mice or mice lacking hepatocyte STAT3 (hepSTAT3Δ/Δ) mice were challenged with endotoxemia followed by E. coli pneumonia, or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Induction of mRNA encoding several essential iron-regulating factors was ablated in hepSTAT3Δ/Δ mice after endotoxemia and pneumonia, and post CLP. Additionally, liver STAT3 activation significantly remodeled the pulmonary transcriptome during endotoxemia, which potentially represents other protective mechanisms. Taken together, these results suggest that hepatic APR is an important immunological interface modulating pneumonia and sepsis interaction and susceptibility.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is commonly found in the nasopharynx of healthy individuals, yet it can be a serious pathogen, particularly in the lower respiratory tract, where it can cause severe pneumonia. During pneumococcal pneumonia, anti-bacterial host defense requires the orchestrated expression of innate immunity mediators, initiated by alveolar macrophages and dependent on transcriptional activity driven by Nuclear Factor-𝜅B (NF-𝜅B). Although the initiation of a pulmonary inflammatory response is critical to anti-pneumococcal defense during pneumonia, how differences in pneumococcal-macrophage interactions can influence this process is unclear. To determine the functional significance of varying macrophage NF-𝜅B activation, we examined macrophage responses to pneumococcal stimulation in culture and in mice. Macrophage-pneumococcal interactions resulted in the induction of varied NF-𝜅B activation. Two main pathways were revealed regarding host response and disease outcome. Pneumococci that induced efficient macrophage NF-𝜅B activation resulted in robust anti-pneumococcal lung defense and bacterial clearance. Conversely, failure to activate effective macrophage NF-𝜅B signaling resulted in an altered macrophage response of necroptosis. Overall, we conclude that varying levels of macrophage NF-𝜅B activation by pneumococcus can directly influence the severity of infection. Furthermore, inefficient macrophage NF-𝜅B activation can also have cytotoxic effects on these critical lung resident cells during pneumonia. The induction of macrophage NF-𝜅B activation by S. pneumoniae is as diverse as the population of pneumococcal isolates in the community. A unique host-pathogen interaction exists between pneumococcus and the alveolar macrophage that plays an important role in anti-pneumococcal defense during pneumonia and in the prevention of cytotoxic consequences induced by virulent pneumococci. This interaction suggests that therapies, which modulate NF-𝜅B activation, hold promise for augmenting resistance and ameliorating deleterious effects during pneumococcal pneumonia that could lead to the development of severe disease.

As infecções do trato respiratório inferior lideram entre as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo. Um dos grandes problemas associados ao tratamento das infecções do sistema respiratório, como as pneumonias, advém da crescente resistência aos mais modernos antibióticos adquirida pelos microrganismos. A terapia fotodinâmica, uma técnica baseada na interação da luz com uma substância fotoativa para causar dano oxidativo a células, tem se destacado como uma interessante alternativa para diversas doenças como diferentes tipos de câncer e infecções. Neste trabalho foi realizada, com experimentos in vitro, uma prova de princípio da possibilidade de inativar, com um protocolo eficiente e seguro, uma das bactérias mais comumente encontradas em quadros de pneumonia, a Streptococcus pneumoniae, com terapia fotodinâmica infravermelha mediada pela indocianina verde. Duas fontes de luz, uma a base de lasers emitindo 780 nm e outra construída com LEDs emitindo 850 nm, foram comparadas para avaliar sua eficiência. Experimentos com a bactéria foram realizados para determinação dos melhores parâmetros de inativação microbiana. Em seguida, ensaios de citotoxicidade foram feitos com macrófagos RAW 264.7 com o intuito de averiguar se as condições microbicidas não apresentavam atividade tóxica para células fagocitárias do sistema imune. Foi possível delinear os parâmetros de concentração de indocianina, tempo de incubação e dose de luz que apresentassem atividade microbicida e que não fossem tóxicas para as células. A interação da terapia fotodinâmica com a ação fagocitária dos macrófagos sobre as bactérias foi avaliada pelo estabelecimento de co-cultura dessas espécies. Concluiu-se que, utilizando-se LEDs de 850 nm fornecendo uma dose de luz de 10 J/cm2 as amostras contendo indocianina verde 5μM, é possível inativar S. pneumoniae de modo eficiente e auxiliar a ação fagocitária de macrófagos. / The lower respiratory tract infections lead among the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A major problem associated with respiratory tract infections, e.g. pneumonia, stems from from the increasingly resistance to most modern antibiotics developed by microorganisms. Photodynamic therapy, a technique based on the interaction of light and a photoactive substance to cause oxidative damage to cells, has emerged as an attractive alternative for several diseases such as different kinds of cancer and infections. In this work, with in vitro experiments, we accomplished a proof of concept for the possibility of inactivating, with an efficient and secure protocol, one of the most commonly found bacteria in pneumonia cases, Streptococcus pneumoniae, with infrared photodynamic therapy mediated by indocyanine green. Two light sources, one based on 780 nm lasers and the other built with 850 nm LEDs, were compared to evaluate their efficiency. Experiments with bacteria determined the best parameters microbial inactivation. Then, cytotoxicity assays with RAW 264.7 macrophages analyzed if the microbicidal parameters had toxic effects on immune cells. It was possible to delineate the indocyanine concentration parameters, incubation time and dose of light to obtain microbicidal results that weren´t toxic to the cells. Interaction of photodynamic therapy with the phagocytic action of macrophages on the bacteria was assessed by establishing a co-culture with these species. We concluded that, using 850 nm LEDs providing a light dose of 10 J/cm2 to samples containing 5μM indocyanine green, it is possible to inactivate S. pneumoniae and efficiently assist the phagocytic action of macrophages.