Tenacity herbicide (mesotrione) was evaluated for use as both a pre-emergent and post- emergent herbicide in conjunction with fall overseeding of bermudagrass with perennial ryegrass. Tenacity herbicide, when applied @7 DBOS, 1 DBOS, at first mowing (2 WAOS) or 3 weeks after the first mowing (5 WAOS) did not cause a reduction in stand of perennial ryegrass compared to non-treated controls. There was essentially no difference in ryegrass emergence and cover for Tenacity when applied at the 2.0 oz. versus the 3.0 oz AI/A rate. When applied at these rates at both 7 DBOS and at the first mowing, treatments 1, 3, and 6 produced similar results. Overseeding occurred on October 16, 2007. Intense Poa annua pressure dominated the overseed ryegrass by late December, causing a decline in existing ryegrass cover. Only the latter applied treatments (of Prograss, or tank mixes which contained Prograss with Tenacity) regained sizable amounts of ryegrass by the end of February and early March. Percent weed control was ineffective for treatments which did not include Prograss herbicide. The split application of Prograss of 0.75 lbs AI/a applied @ 8 WAOS and again @ 12 WAOS resulted in the greatest amount of Poa annua control, and the greatest amount of ryegrass. Tenacity (mesotrione), when applied at rates and timings observed here, was safe for perennial ryegrass emergence, but ineffective on Poa annua pre-emergence and as a post emergent agent based on the subsequent growth of Poa annua.

Velocity herbicide was applied alone, or with mixtures of Tourney fungicide and/or Primo PGR for the post emergence control/suppression of Poa annua (var. annua) in bermudagrass overseeded with perennial ryegrass. When applied alone as a repeat applications, Velocity herbicide applied at 15 and 30 gm ai/a was safe on perennial ryegrass overseed (based on color response). Velocity was safe for the overseed ryegrass when tank mixed with Tourney fungicide, both with and without the addition of Primo PGR. Tourney fungicide when applied alone at either 8 or 16 oz./product/acre produced no negative affects. As expected, Primo alone produced a dark color turf (7.8, 7.5, 7.0, and 7.0) on all four dates, respectively. Several treatments caused moderate injury to the (AB) across the entire test period. These included Velocity alone at the 15 gm/ai/a rate, and Velocity @ 30 gm ai/a plus Tourney @ 8 oz.prod/acre. The greatest amount of injury to (AB) occurred on 3/11/2008 for Velocity at 30 gm ai/a, either with or without Tourney fungicide. Although visible injury to Poa annua resulted after treatments were applied, seed head suppression was the most consistent treatment response. While injury to the Poa was severe for some treatments (Velocity plus Tourney fungicide), the Poa annua did return, ranging from re-growth as "weak plants" to an actively growing turfs (as is sometimes typical after a surviving injury response). Based on results, perhaps a tank mix application of Velocity at 30 gm ai/a along with 8 oz. product/acre of Tourney and 6 oz./acre of Primo, followed by a repeat application 35 days later may provide the ultimate seed head suppression.

For pre-emergence control of Poa annua (PA), Dimension as the EC and 270 G (granular) formulations were applied either as single applications at 6 and 8 weeks before fall overseeding, followed by sequential applications of Barricade. Barricade was also applied 6 and 8 weeks before overseeding. The plots were overseeded on October 2, 2006 with a Citation III perennial ryegrass blend at the rate of 625 lbs PLS/A. When overseeded with perennial ryegrass: Both pre-emerge treatments of the 270G formulation, and Barricade applied at 0.77 lbs AI/A six weeks before overseed (6WB0S) had moderate to severe stunting. Both Dimension treatments (6 and 8 weeks BOS) had no apparent loss of vigor, and were equal in vigor with that of the non-treated turf. By mid December , the 270G treatments produced the least amount of ryegrass cover. Also on October 18, there was a slight reduction in ryegrass cover for Dimension and Barricade treated turfs. The single application treatments of Dimension produced slight/moderate percent weed control in February and March, which declined rapidly by the end of March. On March 15, Dimension applied at 32 ounces/product/acre at 6 and 8WBOS had a season maximum of 43%, and 20% weed control, respectively. Barricade applied at 0.77 lbs. product/A had the highest amounts of PA control realized in this test. The pre/post application of Barricade (alone) produced percent weed control values statistically similar to that of the single pre-emergence application of Barricade alone at either 6 or 8WBOS. The 270G treatments produced much higher levels of percent (PA) control than the liquid formulation on all three dates. In non-overseeded turf: Liquid Dimension treatments showed NO control whatsoever at 8WBOS. At 6WBOS, 24% PA weed control was the highest control achieved early on at the November 2 evaluation. Barricade, when applied once as a pre-emergence, had good to moderate percent PA weed control, which declined after December (45% in January) at the 6WBOS timing. The 270G treatments had very good initial weed control (as it did on the overseeded plots) with 93–97% weed control on November 2, 89% - 91% on November 17, and 71-80% weed control on December 7. The affect of overseed alone on suppression of PA was 72%, 60%, and 52% (16 Feb, 15 Mar, and 26 Mar).

TGR (paclobutrazole) was applied to both overseeded and non-overseeded turfs in repeat monthly applications at either 8.0 oz or 12.0 oz product/1000 ft² rates. Applications were made in repeat monthly intervals to apply either three, four or five repeat applications beginning in December 2007, and ending in April 2008. When applied as a post emergent PGR material, TGR caused only a slight decrease in turfgrass color and quality of overseeded turfs in March at the high (and repeated) rate of 12.0 oz/product/acre. This effect was short lived, as overseeded turfs for the remainder of the season maintained fully acceptable color and quality through the spring transition period. Tenacity turfs always had quality scores of 6.0 or higher throughout the test. Seed head suppression was realized from TGR, with greater head suppression at the 12.0 oz rate than that of the 8.0 oz rate. Bermudagrass transition among TGR treated turfs was not different from that of the untreated controls, whether the turfs were overseeded or not. On 20 June 2008, percent bermudagrass plot cover ranged from 29-58% for TGR treated turfs, 40% for Tenacity, while the overseeded UTC had 35%, on average. The percent bermudagrass increased quickly after a 2.0 lb. /N /M application on June 20, to 68% to 90% bermudagrass cover for TGR treated turfs (UTC = 83%). After a scalping event (from 1.25 inches to 0.50 inches) performed on July 1, percent bermudagrass decreased temporarily (from bermudagrass removal), but rebounded within 15 days to yield 96% to 99% bermudagrass cover by the close of the test on 31 July, 2008. Like wise, Tenacity alone did not inhibit transition, as Tenacity treated turfs had bermudagrass cover slightly greater than that of the overseeded controls.

Overseeding bermudagrass turf with perennial ryegrass is essentially a standard practice in south western turfgrass maintenance. This practice complicates (and often negates) the pre-emergence control of Poa annua (PA) which germinates within the overseeding window. Outplay (mesotrione) was applies as pre , post and pre+post applications to control PA in golf turf (overseed on October 2, 2006). Outplay was applied with Trimmit as a post emergence treatment. Barricade and Barricade + Monument were applied post emergence. On non overseeded turf: The greatest amount of (PA) weed control was achieved by the treatment of Barricade 16 ounce/product/acre (8WBOS) and Monument 16 gm (2WBOS) (Table 3). This treatment had no PA initially (2 November) 93% control on 17 November, and 7 December, 90% control on 4 January, dropping to 77% control by 16 February. Outplay applied pre-emergence as a sole treatment had little or no affect on PA, providing essentially no control. This was even true for the high rate of 16 ounces of product, applied 1 week before overseeding. Outplay applied both pre/post at eight ounces also had little effect on PA. The same was true for Outplay applied as two post emergence treatments [( 8 + 8 ) or (16 + 16) ounce rates] (Table 3). Prograss had a maximum weed control of 50% on January 4, sixteen days after its repeat application of 64 ounce. The post emergence tank mix of Outplay and Trimmit, followed by Trimmit alone had a maximum of 50% (PA) weed control on January 4, which declined afterwards. Overseeded Turf: Barricade and Barricade plus Monument had good control initially (94% 16 February), noting that the addition of Monument increased percent weed control by 10% in March (Table 8). Outplay applied alone as a pre-emergence product, had minimal control, with the high rate of 16 ounces applied 1 week before overseeding providing nominal weed control (65%, 41%, 58%) on 16 February, 15 March, 26 March, respectively. Outplay applied as a post emergence treatment only, exhibited good to moderate weed control, with the 16 and 16 ounce repeat treatments having better weed control than the 8 ounce plus 8 ounce treatments (applied 8 weeks and 12 weeks after overseeding, respectively). The 16 and 16 ounce treatment had 100%, 82% and 78% weed control on 16 February, 15 March, and 26 March, respectively (Table 8). Prograss applied twice as a post emergence provided similar levels of PA control (100%, 85%, 89%) on those same dates, respectively. Finally, when Outplay was applied as a post emergence treatment with Trimmit, weed control was good to moderate, providing 88%, 67%, and 78% weed control on overseeded turfs on 16 February, 15 March, and 26 March, respectively (Table 8). The affect of overseeding itself based on NTC means of overseeding and nonoverseed turfs (no herbicides) showed that overseeding alone suppressed PA by 93% on 16 February, 91% on 15 March and 59% on 26 March.

SP 5075 (now commercially available as "Legacy" was evaluated as a post emergence herbicide on both non-overseeded and overseeded Tifway bermudagrass turf. From October 2007, to April 2008, monthly application rates of Legacy (alone) were applied at SP5075 @ 14.7 oz/product/acre, 22.1 oz/product/acre and at 29.4 oz/product/acre, along with SP5075 @ 14.7 oz/product/acre & Cutless @ 8.0 oz/product/acre, Primo Maxx alone at 22 oz/product/acre, and Cutless alone at 16 oz/product/acre. Chemical product applications did not affect emergence and treatments containing the formulated product of Legacy showed no inhibition. All treatments had enhanced turfgrass color over the UTC (untreated control) throughout all eight months of the test. The high rate of Legacy exhibited a brief decrease in density, color and quality form late November and into December. The high rate of Legacy produced the least amount of Poa annua cover, the greatest unmowed height suppression, the greatest seed head suppression and vegetative weed control of all treatments, and produced the least discontinuous surface. Cutless alone produced similar turf and Poa annua effects as the tank mix of Legacy at the low rate plus the inclusion of Cutless at 8.0 oz /prod/acre. The high rate of Legacy did not eliminate flowering, but postponed flowering of Poa annua well past the flushes of the UTC, noting that there was much less Poa annua present from this treatment when overseeded. Primo Maxx alone caused minimal seed head suppression of Poa annua, and minimal weed control of total Poa cover and seed heads. Best estimates of transition occurred on 30 June 2008, were treated overseeded turfs ranged from 58% to 80% bermudagrass cover, with 80% cover for Primo alone, with Cutless alone having 58% bermudagrass (UTC = 84%). Since the medium rate of Legacy produced similar Poa activity effects with better turf quality after overseeding (but then decreased in Poa activity afterwards), applications of the medium rate from initial overseed followed by subsequent applications at the high rate starting in January should be investigated for economic, turf performance and weed control performance.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources / Jack Fry and Megan Kennelly / Rough bluegrass (RBG, Poa trivialis L.) is a difficult-to-control weed that commonly infests cool-season turfgrass swards after movement of vegetative propagules or contamination from seed lots. Rough bluegrass is less tolerant of heat stress than desirable cool-season species such as tall fescue (TF, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Syn [italicize]Schedonorus [italicize]arundinaceus Schreb.), and often declines during mid-summer due to biotic or abiotic stresses. The objectives of these 2011-2013 controlled environment and field experiments were to: 1) observe growth and physiological differences between ‘Laser’ and ‘Pulsar’ RBG and TF; 2) differentiate between physiological and pathological contributors to RBG decline; 3) determine the effects of TF seeding rate and mowing height on TF/RBG establishment when RBG is a seed contaminant; 4) evaluate herbicide combinations for selective RBG control; and 5) evaluate seasonal timing of glyphosate for nonselective RBG control. Tall fescue was less affected by elevated temperature than RBG. At 35°C, Laser and Pulsar experienced similar reductions in quality, gross photosynthesis (Pg), shoot and root biomass, and root length density compared to when grown at 23°C, but maximum electrolyte leakage was greater for Pulsar (63%) than for Laser (49%). Cell membrane thermostability could contribute to the better heat tolerance of Laser RBG. Evaluation of RBG foliage and roots did not reveal a fungal pathogen associated with RBG decline. Still, repeated applications of azoxystrobin (610 g a.i. ha⁻¹) or pyraclostrobin (556 g a.i. ha⁻¹) increased RBG quality, cover, and Pg during summer compared to untreated RBG, possibly due to poorly understood non-target physiological effects of the fungicides. Mowing TF at 7.6 or 11.4 cm reduced RBG incidence up to 57% compared to mowing at 3.8 cm. Tall fescue seeding rate had no effect on RBG incidence. Several herbicides and herbicide combinations resulted in some RBG injury in the field, but bispyribac-sodium was the only treatment that provided RBG control (16 to 92%) in Manhattan, KS; Hutchinson, KS; and Mead, NE. Spring-applied glyphosate resulted in the lowest RBG coverage (1 to 31%) among field studies in Manhattan and Mead, followed by late-summer applications (6 to 58%), and mid-summer applications (9 to 86%).

As projeções mostram que o Brasil poderá consumir aproximadamente 50 bilhões de litros de biodiesel num futuro próximo. Frente a este cenário, surge a preocupação com tratamento de tamanha quantidade de efluente que pode ser gerado na produção do biodiesel. Os Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POAs) têm sido estudados como uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento de uma série de efluentes. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo tratar águas ácidas de lavagem geradas na produção de biodiesel com a fotocatálise heterogênea (TiO2/UV). Para tanto, elaborou-se um planejamento experimental, com a finalidade de se determinar os efeitos das variáveis independentes pH, temperatura e teor de TiO2. Em seguida, ajustou-se um modelo linear aos dados obtidos (R2 = 0,985). A condição ótima de tratamento foi: pH = 3,3; 20°C; e 0,1 g TiO2 L-1. Foram observadas a remoção de DQO, DBO e COD, a redução do espectro de absorção no ultravioleta, a biodegradabilidade e ecotoxicidade. Tanto o processo fotocatalítico quanto a fotólise foram eficazes na degradação dos compostos presentes no efluente. Alcançou-se aproximadamente 80, 78 e 61% de remoção de DQO, DBO e COD, respectivamente, após 240 min de irradiação. O efluente fotocatalisado apresentou uma melhora marginal na biodegradabilidade. A fotólise não é indicada para o tratamento desse efluente por ter gerado ecotoxicidade a sementes de Lactuca sativa. / Projections show that Brazil may consume approximately 50 billion liters of biodiesel in the near future. In face of this scenario, the treatment of the huge amount of wastewaters that can be generated in the production of biodiesel is a worry. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been studied as a promising alternative for treating several wastewaters. The present work is aimed at treating biodiesel washing acid waters with heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO2/UV). For that purpose, an experimental design was performed to assess the effects of the independent variables pH, temperature, and TiO2 content. Next, a linear model was fit to the obtained data (R2 = 0,985). The optimum treatment condition was: pH = 3,3; 20°C, and 0.1 g TiO2 L-1. The removal of COD, BOD, and DOC, the reduction of the ultraviolet absorption spectrum, biodegradability and ecotoxicity. Both photocatalysis and photolysis were effective in degrading the compounds present in the wastewater. Removals of approximately 80, 78, and 61% of COD, BOD, and DOC, respectively, were achieved after 240 min of irradiation. The photocatalyzed wastewater showed a marginal improvement in biodegradability. Photolysis is not indicated for treating this wastewater as ecotoxicity towards seeds of Lactuca sativa was generated.

A presença de substâncias recalcitrantes na vinhaça causa inibição da anaerobiose. Pesquisas indicam que a oxidação destas substâncias com ozônio (\'O IND.3\') promova um aumento da biodegradabilidade da vinhaça (DBO5/DQO) de aproximadamente 25%. A introdução de vinhaça pré-ozonizada em reatores anaeróbios resultou em ganhos no rendimento de metano da ordem de 15% (mL\'CH IND.4\'/gDQO removida). Por outro lado, sabe-se que a composição da vinhaça varia bastante de acordo com a matéria-prima, solo, clima e processo industrial empregado para a produção de etanol. Assim, é necessário verificar o efeito da ozonização sobre a biodegradabilidade de uma vinhaça proveniente de uma destilaria brasileira. Além disso, é necessário responder se a quantidade de energia produzida pela combustão do metano adicionalmente gerado por conta da ozonização compensaria a energia consumida por um ozonizador em escala real. Desta forma, esta pesquisa pretendeu avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de ozônio na biodegradabilidade de uma vinhaça bruta proveniente de uma destilaria brasileira, assim como realizar uma avaliação econômica da ozonização em escala real. Procedeu-se a operação de um reator em escala de bancada para ozonização de vinhaça em batelada (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas), com a aplicação das doses de 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 g \'O IND.3\'/L, respectivamente. A ozonização deu-se em três valores iniciais de pH (4.8, 7 e 9). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: DQO, DBO5, COT, cor, fenóis e Abs254, DBO5/DQO e DQO/COT. De acordo com os resultados, observou-se que a aplicação de 2 g \'O IND.3\'/L elevou a biodegradabilidade da vinhaça em 22% e 10% em pH inicial 4,8 e 7, respectivamente. A avaliação econômica preliminar mostrou que a quantidade de energia elétrica consumida por um ozonizador em escala real seria 6 vezes maior (278.400 kWh) do que aquela possivelmente produzida pela combustão do metano adicionalmente gerado (44.780 kWh). Estes resultados indicam que a ozonização de vinhaça bruta com o objetivo específico de se produzir metano adicional em um reator anaeróbio posteriormente instalado é inviável do ponto de vista econômico. / The presence of recalcitrant substances in the vinasse causes inhibition in anaerobic process. Research indicates that oxidation of these substances with ozone (\'O IND.3\') promotes an increase in biodegradabilidade of vinasse (DBO5/DQO) in approximately 25%. The introduction of vinasse pre-ozonated in anaerobic reactors resulted in gains in the yield of methane on the order of 15% (mL\'CH IND.4\'/gDQO removed). However, it is known that the composition of vinasse varies greatly depending on the raw material, soil, climate and industrial process used to produce ethanol. It is therefore necessary to verify the effect of ozonation on biodegrability of a vinasse from a Brazilian distillery. Moreover, it is also necessary to answer if the amount of energy produced by combustion of methane additionally generated by ozonation would off set the energy consumed by a full-scale ozonator. Thus, this study sought to evalu-ate the effects of ozone on the biodegradability of a raw stillage from a Brazilian distillery, as well as conduct an economic evaluation of a full-scale ozonation. The procedure was the operation of a bench scale reactor for the batch ozonation of vinasse (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours), with the application of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g \'O IND.3\'/L, respectively. The ozonation occurred in three starting values of pH (4.8, 7 and 9). The parameters evaluated were: COD, BOD5, TOC, color, phenols and Abs254, DBO5/DQO and COD / TOC. According to the results, it was observed that the application of 2 g \'O IND.3\'/L increased biodegradability of vinasse in 22% and 10% at initial pH 4,8 and 7, respectively. The preliminary economic assessment showed that the amount of electricity consumed by a full-scale ozonator would be 6 times greater (278.400 kWh) than that energy, possibly produced by combustion of additional methane generated (44.780 kWh). These results indicate that the ozonation of raw vinasse with the specific goal of producing additional methane in an anaerobic reactor later installed, it is unfeasible from an economic perspective.

Os efluentes gerados pelas indústrias têxteis possuem como características elevada DQO, alta concentração de matéria orgânica não-biodegradável e intensa coloração, já que em média 12% do total de corantes utilizados são perdidos durante a produção. Os azo-corantes são os mais utilizados por possuírem uma alta aderência ao tecido, resistência à luz solar e a processos químicos. Estes corantes possuem como agravante o fato de serem quimicamente resistentes aos métodos de tratamentos biológicos convencionais. Os Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POA) têm sido estudados como uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento de substâncias tóxicas, refratárias e não-biodegradáveis. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo tratar um efluente de uma indústria têxtil utilizando o processo H2O2/UV para o descoramento dos corantes da família Remazol presentes, otimizando o processo a fim de se obter um efluente com características que facilitem o tratamento biológico. Para tanto, elaborou-se um planejamento experimental, com a finalidade de se estimar os efeitos das variáveis independentes pH, temperatura e concentração inicial de peróxido de hidrogênio. Em seguida, foi possível ajustar-se um modelo polinomial aos dados obtidos. A condição ótima de tratamento para as variáveis independentes foi: pH=12,3; temperatura = 52&deg;C e [H2O2] = 3,1 × 10-4 mol L-1. As variáveis-resposta observadas foram a remoção de cor (por meio da integração da área dos espectros na região do visível) e a concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio residual (método do vanadato de amônio). Para o efluente tratado com H2O2/UV, obteve-se uma remoção de cor de aproximadamente 80%, e para a fotólise direta obteve-se um valor de aproximadamente 75%, ambas com duas horas de irradiação. Para o processo H2O2/UV obteve-se uma cinética de primeira ordem, com constante de velocidade igual a (1,5 &plusmn; 0,36) × 10-2 min-1; para a fotólise, obteve-se uma cinética de segunda ordem com k = (2,3 &plusmn; 0,36) × 10-2 u.a.-1 min-1. A razão DQO/DBO não apresentou variação significativa para ambos os processos, mantendo o efluente dentro da faixa 5,0 < DQO/DBO > 2,5. A análise de carbono total foi concordante com os ensaios de DQO, não havendo mudanças significativas. No entanto, pôde-se observar, por meio de análises cromatográficas, que o processo H2O2/UV, aparentemente, foi responsável por uma maior degradação dos compostos presentes no efluente. / The wastewaters generated by the textile industry are known for their high COD, high concentration of non-biodegradable organic matter, and strong color, once approximately 12% of the dyes are lost during production. Azo dyes are the most used due to their high adherence to the fabrics, resistance to sunlight and to chemical processes. Those dyes have also the drawback of being resistant to conventional biological methods. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) have been studied as a promising alternative for treating toxic, refractory, and non-biodegradable pollutants. The present work is aimed at treating the wastewater of a textile industry by the H2O2/UV process in order to remove the color due to the Remazol dyes present, as well as optimizing the process in order to obtain a wastewater easier to be biologically treated. For that purpose, an experimental design was performed to assess the effects of independent variables pH, temperature, and hydrogen peroxide concentration. Next, a polynomial model was fit to the obtained data. The optimum treatment condition was: pH = 12.3; temperature = 52&deg;C, and [H2O2] = 3.1 × 10-4 mol L-1. The response variables were color removal (measured by the area under the spectra obtained in the visible region) and the residual concentrations of H2O2 (vanadate method). Color removals of approximately 80 and 75% were achieved, for H2O2/UV and direct photolysis, respectively, both after two hours of irradiation. The decolorization kinetics of the H2O2/UV process followed a first order model, with a constant (k) of (1.5 &plusmn; 0.36) × 10-2 min-1, while the effluent treated with the direct photolysis showed a second order behavior, with k = (2.3 &plusmn; 0.36) × 10-2 u.a.-1 min-1. The COD/BOD ratio remained practically unchanged for both process, in the range of 5.0 < COD/BOD > 2.5. COT analyses were in agreement with COD ones, with no significant changes. However, it could be observed in the chromatographic analyses that the H2O2/UV process, apparently, was responsible for a greater degradation of the compounds present in the studied wastewater.