The importance of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) as a biodegradable material is well known. Due to ever increasing environmental awareness, significant efforts have been made to utilize PHB or its derivatives in producing disposable products. However, brittle mechanical properties of PHB hinder the direct application of this material in useful commodity items. In order to achieve toughened PHB, blending with other polymers which possess high relaxation behavior at room temperature seems attractive. Prior to such development, the fundamental characterization of the relaxation behavior of PHB itself is extremely important in order to assess the effect of any attempt to improve the situation in a quantitative manner. Dielectric thermal analysis was used in the study of the relaxation behavior of melt processed PHB. The approach was largely phenomenological, that was, based on the macroscopic theory of dielectric relaxation. The mean relaxation time of melt processed PHB was evaluated while PHB was undergoing crystallization at room temperature. The experimental conditions were kept as close as possible to actual shelf-life conditions. Dynamic temperature sweep experiments revealed multiple relaxation peaks at the glass transition region. Temperature plane curve resolution revealed, in the early stage of crystallization, two dynamically changing peaks whose behaviors, as the extent of crystallization progressed, were quite opposite in terms of the magnitude of the loss property. By analyzing the temperature dependence of loss property and mean relaxation time, it was concluded that the peak located at the lower temperature is related to pure amorphous chain movement, and the peak located at the higher temperature is related to the movement of amorphous chains which are confined in-between crystalline phases, such as lamellae and spherulites. For the evaluation of the mean relaxation time of binary blends or multiple relaxations arising from homopolymers and copolymers, an empirical model has been developed which is grounded in the theory of linear viscoelasticity with the aim of quantitatively assessing the effect of attempts to improve the toughness of PHB. In the course of data reduction and model development, the majority of empirical dielectric relaxation functions has been reviewed including the Havriliak-Negami model and the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts stretched exponential function. It was found that the center of relaxation time in the Havriliak-Negami model was skewed toward short time scale of relaxation, while mean relaxation time reflected the relaxation behavior of PHB chains on average, including movement of chains which relax with difficulty as the extent of crystallization progresses. / Ph. D.

The economic impact of metallic corrosion on global infrastructure, spanning pipeline networks, bridges, refineries, and automobiles, is considerable. In 2013, it accounted for 3.4% of the global GDP, totaling US$ 2.5 trillion. Organic coatings have gained significance as a prominent strategy to address this widespread issue. Polyaniline (PANI), a conducting polymer, has long been recognized as an effective anti-corrosion coating. This study explores the potential of polyaniline analogs and their nanocomposites as candidates for protective organic coatings in corrosion control applications. Initially, the investigation focuses on conducting polymers with side chains comprising long, branched alkyl groups as potential corrosion suppression coatings. These polymers, containing carbazole, phenothiazine, and phenoxazine cores, serve as analogs to polyaniline. Prepared through the Buchwald/Hartwig coupling reaction, these polymers demonstrated promising corrosion suppression capabilities, as tested by potentiodynamic polarization studies and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Morphological characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that phenothiazine- and carbazole-containing polymers exhibit excellent corrosion resistance, with phenothiazine displaying a protection efficiency (PE) of 95.9% and 89.0% respectively, outperforming polyaniline coating. Further exploration involved the derivatives of phenothiazine-based PANI analogs, specifically poly(heterocyclic diphenylamine) (poly-HDA), prepared through the Buchwald/Hartwig coupling reaction. Evaluation through weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and EIS in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution showcased the reduced corrosion current density on surfaces coated with long-branched alkyl-substituted phenothiazine-based PANI analogs. Moreover, the reinforcement of the phenothiazine-based PANI analog polymer was achieved by creating an epoxy-based nanocomposite with 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine functionalized graphene oxide (PT/DPPD-fGO) at varying concentrations into an epoxy anticorrosive coating for AISI 4130 steel from corrosion. Results from immersion in 5 % sodium chloride solution, coupled with standard electrochemical measurements, demonstrate that PT/DPPD-fGO effectively protects AISI 4130 steel from corrosion, with coatings containing 5 % PT/DPPD-fGO exhibiting the best corrosion performance among the tested specimens. The results indicate the potential of phenothiazine- and carbazole-based PANI analogs, along with their nanocomposites, as candidates for protective organic coatings in transportation, aviation, marine, and oil and gas industrial applications.

Yes / Condensation of a pyridyl-2-carbaldehyde derivative with 2-(bromoethyl)amine hydrobromide gave tetracyclic pyrido[1,2-a]pyrido[1’,2’:3,4]imidazo-[2,1-c]-6,7-dihydropyrazinium dications in excellent yields. Crystal structures and NOE data demonstrated the helical character of the dications, the dihedral angles between the two pyrido groups ranging from 28–458. An intermediate in the synthesis was also characterized. A much brighter emission compared to literature helicenes has been found, with quantum yields as high as 60% in the range of l=460– 600 nm. Preliminary cytotoxicity studies against HT-29 cancer cells demonstrated moderate-to-good activity, with IC50 values 12–30x that of cisplatin.

Yes / Hydroxyapatite and fluorhydroxyapatite (F)HA nanoparticles were synthesised in the presence of branched poly(acrylic acid)s (PAA) synthesised via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerisation and compared to those synthesised in the presence of linear PAA. Analysis of the resulting nanoparticles using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and transition electron microscopy found that the polymer was included within the nanoparticle samples and affected their morphology with nanoparticles synthesised in the presence of branched PAA being more acicular and smaller overall.

Yes / Functional crosslinked hydrogels were prepared from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and acrylic acid (AA). The acid monomer was incorporated both via copolymerization and chain extension of a branching, reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer agent incorporated into the crosslinked polymer gel. The hydrogels were intolerant to high levels of acidic copolymerization as the acrylic acid weakened the ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) crosslinked network. Hydrogels made from HEMA, EGDMA and a branching RAFT agent provide the network with loose-chain end functionality that can be retained for subsequent chain extension. Traditional methods of surface functionalization have the downside of potentially creating a high volume of homopolymerization in the solution. Branching RAFT comonomers act as versatile anchor sites by which additional polymerization chain extension reactions can be carried out. Acrylic acid grafted onto HEMA–EGDMA hydrogels showed higher mechanical strength than the equivalent statistical copolymer networks and was shown to have functionality as an electrostatic binder of cationic flocculants.

The goal of this research was to characterize the effects of temperature changes on the denitrification process in a biological nutrient removal (BNR) system. Specifically, there were three objectives. First, the effects of temperature changes on denitrification rates by a bacterial population from a BNR system were investigated. Next, the role which PHAs (poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoates) played in the denitrification process were examined. Finally, the effect of temperature changes on the production and consumption rates of PHAs was determined. Sacrificial batch experiments were performed to assess the kinetic and chemical trends present in the denitrification process. Mixed liquor from the last anaerobic zone of a pilot scale BNR system was injected into vials. These vials were pre-purged with nitrogen gas in order to prevent dimolecular oxygen (02) from being entrained in the mixed liquor. Next, the vials were placed on a shaker table for 30 minutes in order to allow all external COD to be consumed. Following this, each vial was injected with nitrates and various macronutrients. This process was repeated for three different sets of batch tests; each set was identical except for the added substrate. One set received no added substrate while the other two received either acetate or glucose. Vials were sacrificed over a period of three hours and analyzed for nitrate, phosphate, PHB (polybeta-hydroxybutyrate), PHV (poly-beta-hydroxyvalerate), glucose and acetate. / Master of Science

Yes / Biosynthetic materials have emerged as one of the most exciting and productive fields in polymer chemistry due to their widespread adoption and potential applications in tissue engineering (TE) research. In this work, we report the synthesis of a poly(ε-caprolactone)-graft-collagen (PCL-g-Coll) copolymer. We combine its good mechanical and biodegradable PCL properties with the great biological properties of type I collagen as a functional material for TE. PCL, previously dissolved in dimethylformamide/dichloromethane mixture, and reacted with collagen using carbodiimide coupling chemistry. The synthesised material was characterised physically, chemically and biologically, using pure PCL and PCL/Coll blend samples as control. Infrared spectroscopy evidenced the presence of amide I and II peaks for the conjugated material. Similarly, XPS evidenced the presence of C–N and N–C=O bonds (8.96 ± 2.02% and 8.52 ± 0.63%; respectively) for PCL-g-Coll. Static contact angles showed a slight decrease in the conjugated sample. However, good biocompatibility and metabolic activity was obtained on PCL-g-Coll films compared to PCL and blend controls. After 3 days of culture, fibroblasts exhibited a spindle-like morphology, spreading homogeneously along the PCL-g-Coll film surface. We have engineered a functional biosynthetic polymer that can be processed by electrospinning. / The EPSRC Centre in Innovative Manufacturing in Medical Devices (MeDe Innovation; EP/K029592/1).

The immediate goal of this thesis was the analysis of a three-component system whose major component was water. This analysis was to be the result of a procedure which could be readily extended to more complex systems.

L'exposition aux rayons ultraviolets (UV) est essentielle à la vie et bénéfique pour la santé humaine. Cependant, la surexposition aux UV solaires, en particulier aux UVB, rayons les plus énergétiques atteignant la surface terrestre, peut entrainer des cancers de la peau chez l'être-humain comme les cancers de la peau de type non-mélanome (NMSC). La capacité des UVB à initier des NMSC provient principalement de leurs habilités à causer des dommages directs à l'ADN, tels que les dimères cyclobutyliques de pyrimidine (CPD) et les produits pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4PP), qui sont pris en charge par le mécanisme de réparation par excision de nucléotide (NER). L'incidence croissante de NMSC chez les patients déficients pour l'une des protéines de la NER souligne l'importance d'un processus fonctionnel. Par conséquent, une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires de la NER permettrait de mettre en évidence de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour la prévention ou le traitement des cancers de la peau. L'une des premières réponses cellulaires aux dommages CPD/6-4PP induits par UVB dans la peau des mammifères est l'activation de l'enzyme nucléaire poly(ADP-ribose) polymérase-1 (PARP1) qui catalyse la formation de polymères d'ADP-ribose. Les précédents travaux de notre laboratoire et d'autres équipes ont démontré que PARP1 et son activité enzymatique facilitent la NER en collaboration avec la protéine UV-damaged DNA binding protein 2 (DDB2), qui va aussi s'accumuler rapidement aux sites CPD/6-4PP pendant la phase de reconnaissance des dommages à l'ADN de la NER. Cependant, plusieurs aspects des interactions de PARP1 avec DDB2 et avec les dommages directs à l'ADN sont inconnus. Ainsi, le premier objectif de mon projet de doctorat a été de caractériser précisément la nature de la liaison de PARP1 aux dommages CPD/6-4PP induits par UV vis-à-vis la protéine DDB2. Mes recherches ont mis en évidence l'empreinte asymétrique formée par PARP1 de -12 à +9 nucléotides de chaque côté des dommages CPD/6-4PP en présence ou en absence de DDB2. Nous avons également démontré que PARP1 augmente l'affinité de DDB2 pour les dommages CPD/6-4PP. De plus, les résultats de notre étude indiquent un rôle de PARP1 indépendant de DDB2 pendant la phase de reconnaissance des dommages à l'ADN. Cibler PARP1 et son rôle dans les voies de réparation des dommages à l'ADN est l'une des stratégies les plus efficaces développées ces dernières années pour le traitement des cancers des ovaires et du sein. L'application translationnelle de mon projet de doctorat a alors été de comprendre le rôle de PARP1 dans la NER dans le contexte des NMSC. À cet égard, nous avons développé un modèle PARP1-KO dans la lignée de souris SKH-1, qui est un modèle largement adopté pour étudier les NMSC induits par UVB. Puisque les souris SKH-1 développent principalement des carcinomes spinocellulaires (CSC) cutanés après une exposition chronique aux UVB, notre étude rapporte le rôle de PARP1 dans le développement des CSC. En utilisant les souris nouvellement créées SKH-1 PARP1-KO et les souris SKH-1 PARP1-WT avec ou sans application topique d'inhibiteurs de PARP, nous avons mis en évidence que l'absence de PARP1 ou de son activité dans la peau des souris SKH-1 mâles et femelles réduit significativement le fardeau tumoral des CSC et prolonge la période de latence du développement tumoral. L'étude hebdomadaire de l'apparition et de la croissance de tumeurs tout au long du protocole révèlent aussi que cibler PARP1 est très efficace pour ralentir, à l'étape pré-maligne, le développement de CSC. Nos résultats sont surprenants à la lumière des propriétés onco-suppressives rapportées de PARP1 et de son activité catalytique dans des cas de cancérogenèse induits par des dommages à l'ADN causés par des agents alkylants, ainsi que de la susceptibilité croissante des souris knock-out pour d'autres protéines de la NER à développer des CSC induits par UVB. Le rôle de PARP1 dans les mécanismes cellulaires induits par UVB autres que la NER, comme la mort cellulaire et les modulations immunes, pourrait expliquer nos observations. Alors que d'autres analyses sont nécessaires pour comprendre le rôle de PARP1 dans ces mécanismes, notre étude met en avant l'utilisation potentielle d'inhibiteurs de PARP comme nouvel agent chimiopréventif contre les CSC induits par UVB. / The exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) is essential to life and beneficial to human health. However, an overexposure to terrestrial solar UV, especially its most energetic component UVB, can cause skin cancers including the non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) in humans. The NMSC initiating properties of UVB arise predominantly from their ability to cause direct DNA damage such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and 6-4photoproducts (6-4PP), which are repaired via nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. The increased incidence of NMSC in patients with hereditary defects in NER pathway proteins underscores the importance of efficient NER in humans. Therefore, detailed understanding of the molecular operation of NER pathway can provide novel therapeutic targets for the prevention or treatment of skin cancers. One of the earliest responses of the mammalian skin cells to UVB-induced CPD or 6-4PP is the activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), which catalyzes the formation of polymers of ADP-ribose (PAR). The previous work from other teams and our laboratory have shown that PARP1 and its enzymatic activity facilitate NER in collaboration with UV-damaged DNA binding protein 2 (DDB2), which also rapidly accumulates at the CPD/6-4PP site during the DNA damage recognition stage of NER. However, many aspects of interaction of PARP1 with DDB2 and direct DNA damage are not understood. Therefore, the first aim of my doctoral project was to characterize the precise nature of binding of PARP1 vis-à-vis DDB2 at UV-induced CPD/6-4PP. My doctoral research demonstrates that PARP1 casts asymmetric footprint from −12 to +9 nucleotides on either side of the CPD/6-4PP in presence or absence of DDB2. We also demonstrated that PARP1 facilitates the binding of DDB2 to CPD/6-4PP. Moreover, our study reports DDB2-independent role of PARP1 during the DNA damage recognition phase in NER. Targeting the role of PARP1 in DNA strand break repair pathways has emerged as one of the successful strategies for the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers in last decade. Consequently, the ultimate translational goal of my doctoral project was to understand the implication of NER facilitating role of PARP1 in NMSC. In this regard, we first developed a PARP1-KO model in the albino hairless SKH-1 mouse strain, which is a widely adopted mouse model to study UVB-induced NMSC. Since SKH-1 mice mainly develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) upon chronic UVB-exposure, our present study reports the role of PARP1 in development of SCC. Using the newly developed PARP1-KO and PARP1-WT SKH-1 mice with or without topical application of PARP inhibitor, we report that the absence of PARP1 or its activity in skin of both male and female SKH-1 mice significantly reduces the SCC tumor burden and prolongs the tumor latency period. The analyses of appearance and growth of individual tumors on a weekly basis during this protocol also revealed that targeting of PARP1 was most effective in suppressing the premalignant stage of the SCC development. Our results are surprising in light of the reported onco-suppressive property of PARP1 and its catalytic activity in alkylating DNA damage-induced tumorigenesis and the increased susceptibility of other NER protein knock-out mice to UVB-induced SCC. We reason that the roles of PARP1 in UVB-induced cellular processes other than NER, such as cell death and immune modulations, can account for our observation. While further studies are required to understand these roles of PARP1 in UVB-induced cellular processes, our study underscores the potential for use of PARP inhibitors as a novel chemopreventive agents against UVB-induced SCC.

Les cassures double-brin de l'ADN, lorsque incorrectement réparées, peuvent avoir des conséquences fatales telles que des délétions et des réarrangements chromosomiques, favorisant la carcinogenèse. La poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation réalisée par la protéine poly(ADP-ribose) polymérase-1 (PARP-1) est l'une des premières modifications post-traductionnelles qui se produisent en réponse aux dommages à l'ADN. La PARP-1 utilise la nicotinamide pour générer un polymère chargé négativement, nommé poly(ADP-ribose) polymère (PAR), lequel est attaché en majorité à la PARP-1 elle-même ainsi qu'à d'autres protéines cibles. Le PAR a récemment été reconnu comme un signal de recrutement pour certaines protéines de réparation aux sites de dommages à l'ADN, mais un débat est en cours quant au rôle précis de la PARP-1 et du PAR dans la réponse aux dommages de l'ADN. Au cours de mon projet de doctorat, nous avons pu confirmer que les protéines qui se retrouvent en complexe avec le PAR immédiatement après les dommages à l'ADN sont principalement des facteurs de réparation. Étonnamment, les complexes protéiques associés au PAR pendant la période de récupération suite aux dommages sont enrichis en facteurs de liaison à l'ARN. Toutefois, la protéine liant l'ARN la plus abondante que nous avons détectée dans l'interactome du PAR, soit NONO, ne suit pas cette dernière cinétique puisqu'elle est fortement enrichie immédiatement après les dommages à l'ADN. Notre étude subséquente de NONO dans la réponse aux cassures double-brin de l'ADN a étonnamment révélé une implication directe de celle-ci par le mécanismede réparation de jonction des extrémités non-homologues. En plus, nous avons constaté que NONO se lie fortement et spécifiquement au PAR via son motif 1 de la reconnaissance de l'ARN, soulignant la compétition entre les PAR et l'ARN pour le même site de liaison. Fait intéressant, le recrutement in vivo de NONO aux sites de dommages de l'ADN dépend entièrement du PAR et nécessite le motif 1 de la reconnaissance de l'ARN. En conclusion, nos résultats établissent NONO comme une nouvelle protéine impliquée dans la réponse aux cassures double-brin de l'ADN et plus généralement démontrent un autre niveau de complexité supplémentaire dans l'interdépendance de la biologie de l'ARN et la réparation de l'ADN. / DNA double-strand breaks are potentially lethal lesions, which if not repaired correctly, can have harmful consequences such as carcinogenesis promoted by chromosome deletions and rearrangements. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation carried out by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is one of the first posttranslational modifications occurring in response to DNA damage. In brief, PARP-1 uses nicotinamide to generate a negatively charged polymer called poly(ADP-ribose) polymer (PAR), that can be attached to acceptor proteins, which is to a large extent PARP-1 itself. PAR has recently been recognized as a recruitment signal for key DNA repair proteins to sites of DNA damage but the precise role of PARP-1 and its catalytic product PAR in the DNA damage response are still a matter of ongoing debate. Throughout my doctoral work, we confirmed that the proteins in complex with PAR promptly after DNA damage are mostly DNA repair proteins, whereas during the period of recovery from DNA damage, the PAR interactome is highly enriched with RNA processing factors. Interestingly, one of the most abundant RNA-binding proteins detected in the PAR interactome, namely NONO, did not follow these kinetics as it was highly enriched immediately after DNA damage in the DNA repair protein complexes centered on PAR. Our subsequent investigation of NONO in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks strikingly revealed a direct implication for NONO in repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Moreover, we found that NONO strongly and specifically binds to PAR through its RNA-recognition motif 1 (RRM1), highlighting competition between PAR and RNA for the same binding site. Remarkably, the in vivo recruitment of NONO to DNA damage sites completely depends on PAR and requires the RRM1 motif. In conclusion, our results establish NONO as a new protein implicated in the DNA damage response to double-strand break and in broader terms add another layer of complexity to the cross-talk between RNA-biology and DNA repair.