Acrylic resins have affinity for chrome tanned leather, for this reason, they are widely used as a retanning products. Its main use as a retanning agents is to produce full leathers. However, the leathers retanned with them have lower colour intensity and poorer structural properties because of their high anionicity which change the cationic surface of the leather causing a lower interaction of dyeing and fatliquoring agents with leather. This study proposes the use of modified polyacrylates as a new retanning agents. They were applied in leather versus traditional acrylic resins. The properties of the retanned leathers were evaluated concluding that this type of resins improve some leather properties avoiding the dyeing and fatliquoring problems of the traditional acrylic resins. The structure and the molecular weight of the modified polyacrylates play an interesting role in the improvement of the fixation of dyes and fatliquors, but also its lower anionic charge in comparison to the traditional acrylic resins. It has been observed that final leathers have a better colour intensity and softness. Moreover, its use as retanning agents favours the absorption of dyes and fatliquors which means an environmental improvement for the wet end process.

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La photopolymérisation est une technologie qui gagne de plus en plus d’importance de par ses nombreuses applications et ses énormes avantages par rapport à la polymérisation thermique tels que le respect de l’environnement, des coûts économiques maitrisés car la technologie est mise en œuvre à température ambiante et ne requiert qu’une faible consommation d'énergie. De plus, elle n'utilise pas ou très peu de solvants, d'où la réduction d’émission de produits polluants. Le processus de polymérisation photochimique présente également l’avantage d’être très rapide : en effet les réactions de photopolymérisation sont souvent rapides voire même quasi instantanées. De plus le procédé de polymérisation devient photolatent : la polymérisation impliquant les formulations actives seulement en présence de lumière, la réaction peut être déclenchée « quasi à la demande ». Ce processus chimique nécessite des composants nommés « photoamorceurs », lesquels absorbent la lumière et produisent le démarrage de la réaction de polymérisation. En particulier, le développement de systèmes photoamorceurs capables d’absorber de la lumière visible a un intérêt croissant pour différentes applications industrielles, notamment l’holographie. Dans la cadre de cette thèse, des diverses systèmes photoamorceurs contenant un colorant et un ou deux co-amorceurs, qui après réaction avec les états excités des colorants génèrent les radicaux actifs, ont été étudiés, depuis leurs propriétés photophysiques fondamentales et moléculaires, jusqu’aux applications et performances pour la polymérisation des résines acrylates. Cette thèse est articulée autour de six chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre une introduction et une étude bibliographique des différents systèmes photoamorceurs développés ces dernières années sont présentées et comparés. Les chapitres deux et trois sont consacrés à l’étude des propriétés photochimiques et photophysiques réalisés sur des photoamorceurs absorbant de la lumière ultraviolette et visible respectivement. Les techniques utilisés dans ces chapitres incluent, mais ne sont pas limités à, la spectroscopie d’absorption UV-Vis stationnaire, la fluorescence, la photolyse éclaire (LFP), la fluorescence résolue en temps par comptage de photon unique (TC-SPC), la spectroscopie ultrarapide nanoseconde et femtoseconde, la spectroscopie de résonance paramagnétique électronique (EPR), entre autres. Le chapitre deux porte sur l’étude de la photophysique d’un colorant de type cyanine : l’astrazone Orange R (AO R). La photophysique de ce colorant n’est pas connue et une étude exhaustive a été menée avec des spectroscopies ultra rapides (femtoseconde) ainsi que par modélisation moléculaire. Malgré sa photophysique compliquée ce colorant, fonctionne comme un photoamorceur très efficace dans la région bleue du spectre électromagnétique. Les chapitres suivants forment une deuxième partie de la thèse dédiée à l’étude des mécanismes d’amorçage de photopolymérisation, dont le chapitre quatre aborde le cas d’irradiation le plus « traditionnel », qui est l’irradiation en mode continu (ou CW). Est ensuite abordé l’étude de la polymérisation sous irradiation pulsée ultra-courte : dans cette partie la source d’irradiation continue classique est remplacée par un laser Nd :Yag qui produit des impulsions lumineuses d’une durée de quelques 9-10 nanosecondes. Cette polymérisation avec laser pulsé ou PLP est très originale et sera étudiée par spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier résolue en temps (RT-FTIR). Dans le chapitre trois, donc, on retrouve les études réalisés avec différents types de systèmes photoamorceurs visibles. Ainsi, les propriétés des colorants capables d’absorber de la lumière visible à différentes longueurs d’onde ont été étudiées dans des systèmes photoamorceurs à deux et trois composants. / Photopolymerization is a technology that is gaining more and more importance due to its numerous applications and its advantages compared to thermic polymerization. This chemical process requires compounds called photoinitiators, which absorb light and produce the initiation of the radical polymerization. The development of photoinitiating systems (PIS) which are able to absorb visible light have an increasing interest due to its industrial applications, such as holographic recording. During this thesis, many PIS were studied, from its photophysical properties to its application in acrylate polymerization. There are many different types of photoinitiators. The most classical ones are Type I PI, which are molecules that overcome homolytic cleavage from their excited state, generating initiating radicals immediately after photon absorption. Type II PI, in contrast, are composed by two molecules: one that absorbs the photon, and other that will react with the excited state of the first via electron transfer or hydrogen transfer, generating radicals that will be able to initiate polymerization. In last place, there are the most efficient Photocyclic Initiating Systems (PCIS) whose mechanism is more complicated and will be widely discussed within these pages. A state of the art of the PIS available up to date is made in the first chapter. Given the importance of the properties of the molecules involved in the photoinitiating process, the studies of the photophysical properties of a Photoinitiator, the Astrazone Orange (AO), are shown. It was found that this molecule suffers an isomerization process from its excited state, which then comes slowly back to the more stable conformer. This process being viscosity-dependent makes AO a suitable photoinitiator for polymerization with visible light in highly viscous media. The last three chapters of this thesis are devoted to the study of a novel technique called Pulsed Laser Polymerization (PLP). This technique consists in the irradiation of the samples with a short duration pulsed laser, which allows the separation of the initiation steps of the polymerization reaction from the steps of propagation and termination. A simple Type I PI was used as a model to study the properties of this technique of polymerization. The monomer conversion was registered by RT-FTIR and analyzed. To a better understanding of these results, a mathematical model was developed. Thanks to it, it was possible to collect valuable information about propagation and termination rate constants (kp and kt, respectively), the variation of viscosity with conversion and other aspects relatives to PLP mechanism. Furthermore, the efficiency of many visible light PIS was studied by PLP. Their performance was compared and studied and contrasted with the classical continuous irradiation mode (CW). The characteristics that a PIS must have in order to show efficient polymerization in PLP mode were found and discussed. Finally, the effect of formulation viscosity in PLP and CW was analyzed by diluting the sample with different amounts of DMSO. In PLP, it was seen that the highest conversion is found for the most concentrated samples, while the opposite effect is noticed in CW. This result is attributed to the different conditions given by the difference in irradiation methods.

Le développement de la thérapie génique dépend des systèmes utilisés pour le transport de gènes vers les cellules eucaryotes. Les systèmes à base de virus sont les plus efficaces. Cependant, il est urgent de trouver une alternative à de tels systèmes viraux pathogènes et oncogènes. Les polymères cationiques sont des vecteurs synthétiques prometteurs ; toutefois, une question cruciale reste en suspens : quelle structure de polymère cationique visée pour une efficacité de transfection élevée et une faible cytotoxicité ? Face à ce questionnement scientifique, de nouveaux polymères cationiques offrant une grande flexibilité en termes de structure et de fonctionnalité sont développés dans cette thèse. Les différents paramètres structuraux pertinents étudiés sont : (i) des entités amines primaire et tertiaire pH-sensibles pour la complexation de l'ADN et pour la libération des polyplexes ADN/polymère, (ii) un groupe alcyne destiné à l’ancragepar chimie click de ligands capables de viser des récepteurs spécifiques de membrane cellulaire pour une reconnaissance efficace des cellules, (iii) des entités polyacrylates à « charge modulable » pour libérer l'ADN et diminuer la cytotoxicité du polymère et (iv) un poly (oxyde d'éthylène) (PEGylation) pour une meilleure stabilité en milieu physiologique et une meilleure biocompatibilté. / The clinical success of gene therapy is really dependent on the development of new efficient gene transfer systems. Viral-based gene transfer systems are remarkably efficient in transfecting body cells. However, viral-based systems raised some concerns in terms of immunogenicity, pathogenicity, and oncogenicity. Cationic polymers are promising candidates as they show low host immunogenicity, are cheaper and easier to produce in a large scale than viral ones. However, a crucial question is still pending: which cationic polymer structures and functionalities give the highest transfection efficiency and the lowest cytotoxicity? In dealing with this scientific issue, new cationic polymers with key structural parameters and functionalities were developped during this PhD thesis. The key structural features studied are : (i) pH sensitive primary and tertiary amine entities for DNA complexation and to ensure the endosomal escape, (ii) an alkyne group to attach ligands capable to target specific cell membrane receptors for an efficient cell recognition and receptor-mediated cellularuptake, (iii) “charge-shifting” amino-based polyacrylates for DNA release and to decrease cytotoxicity and (iv) PEG chains (PEGylation) to achieve high stability, longer circulation in physiological conditions and a better biocompatibility. The synthesis of such multi-structural cationic polymers has been achieved through the combination of RAFT polymerization and thiol-yne click coupling reaction. The structure/complexation and the structure/cells viability relationships have been investigated during this work.

Magnetische Nanopartikel (MNP) wurden mit neuen Fettsäurederivaten modifiziert. Auf diese Art und Weise wurden wichtige biologische und organokatalytische Funktionen auf die Oberfläche von magnetischen Nanopartikeln aufgebracht. Das folgende Kapitel präsentiert eine Veränderung von mit Polydopamin (PDA) bedeckten magnetischen Nanopartikeln via CuAAC-Reaktion. Zum Beweis der Wirksamkeit dieser Methode wurden biologische Funktionen wie Biotin, Galaktose oder Dansyl an die magnetischen Nanopartikel über einen 1,2,3-Triazolring gebunden, ebenso Prolin als organokatalytische Einheit. Weiterhin wurde das unerwartete Verhalten von Polydopamin als Organokatalysator in Aldol- und Knoevenagel-Reaktionen gezeigt und untersucht. Für diese Reaktionen wurde ebenfalls das Recycling der mit PDA bedeckten Nanopartikel getestet. Desweiteren wurde gezeigt, daß PDA als reaktives Beschichtungsmaterial für oberflächeninitiierte Ringöffnungs-polymerisation von Lactid dienen kann. Somit kann Polymilchsäure (PLA) auf verschiedene Materialien, welche mit PDA beschichtet sind, aufgebracht werden – MNP, Kohlenstoff-beschichtete Eisennanopartikel, oder Aluminiumoxid. Das letzte Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit dem Einsatz von Polyacrylaten zur Funktionalisierung von MNP. Mit dieser Methode wurden Prolin-, Lysin- und Threoninderivate an die MNP gebunden. Die katalytische Aktivität dieser neuen Materialien wurde untersucht. / Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) were modified with new fatty acid derivatives. In this way important biological and organocatalytic functions were introduced on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles. The following chapter is presenting a modification of polydopamine (PDA) coated magnetic nanoparticles via CuAAC reaction. As a proof of principle biological moieties like biotin, galactose, dansyl were bound to magnetic nanoparticles through a 1,2,3-triazole ring, as well as proline – an organocatalytic unit. Further unexpected behaviour of polydopamine as organocatalyst for aldol and Knoevenagel reaction was demonstrated. Recycling of MNP covered with PDA was tested for the aforementioned reactions. Furthermore, it has been proved that PDA may serve as reactive coating agent for surface initiated ring opening polymerization of lactide. As a result polylactic acid (PLA) can be introduced on different materials covered with PDA - MNP, carbon covered iron magnetic nanoparticles or aluminium oxide. The last chapter is describing the employment of polyacrylates for functionalization of MNP. Using this method proline, lysine and threonine derivatives are fixed to MNP. The catalytic activity of the newly prepared materials was investigated.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A calorimetria vem a ser uma importante técnica para análise dos processos de polimerização. Dado os benefícios que proporciona seu uso não deve estar limitado somente a grandes empresas, mas também nas micro e pequenas empresas, apoiando-as nas melhorias de seus processos e produtos, motivo este que norteia o desenvolvimento do presente estudo. A validação do sistema proposto baseou-se em comparar seu desempenho frente a um calorímetro tradicional, visando identificar sua capacidade de fornecer informações compatíveis, a um grau de confiança adequado, mesmo com as diferenças existentes. Realizou-se então um ANOVA, que permitiu identificar a existência de outras diferenças importantes entre os sistemas. Porém mesmo frente as diferenças, os resultados quanto à entalpia de reação obtidos em ambos os equipamentos, são considerados estatisticamente similares. As diferenças existentes somente impactaram a variável tempo de pico de reação. Desta forma, foi possível confirmar a capacidade do equipamento proposto em prover resultados confiáveis quando mantidas as mesmas condições de ensaio, porém a um menor custo. No caso de se respeitar as diferenças entre os equipamentos quando da realização dos testes, torna-se possível obter uma eficiência global em torno de 61,21%, quanto a ensaios de polimerização por iniciação térmica. No caso de ensaios envolvendo mecanismos de oxi-redução, pode-se aqui obter um percentual de 40,82%. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Non-covalent interactions including nucleobase hydrogen bonding and phosphonium/ammonium ionic aggregation were studied in block and random polymers synthesized using controlled radical polymerization techniques such as nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). Non-covalent interactions were expected to increase the effective molecular weight of the polymeric precursors through intermolecular associations and to induce microphase separation. The influence of non-covalent association on the structure/property relationships of these materials were studied in terms of physical properties (tensile, DMA, rheology) as well as morphological studies (AFM, SAXS). Ionic interactions, which possess stronger interaction energies than hydrogen bonds (~150 kJ/mol) were studied in the context of phosphonium-containing acrylate triblock (ABA) copolymers and random copolymers. Phosphonium-containing ionic liquid monomers with different alkyl substituent lengths and counterions enabled an investigation of the effects of ionic aggregation of phosphonium cations on the polymer physical properties. The polymerization of styrenic phosphonium-containing ionic liquid monomers using a difunctional alkoxyamine initiator, DEPN2, afforded an ABA triblock copolymer with an n-butyl acrylate soft center block and symmetric phosphonium-containing external reinforcing blocks. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of triblock copolymers revealed pronounced microphase separation at the nanoscale. Phosphonium aggregation governed block copolymer flow activation energies. In random copolymers, the phosphonium cations only weakly aggregated, which strongly depended on the length of alkyl substituents and the type of counterions. Acrylate random copolymers consisting of quaternary ammonium functionalities were synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). The obtained copolymers possessed controlled compositions and narrow molecular weight distributions with molecular weights ranging from Mn =50,000 to 170,000 g/mol. DMA evidenced the weak aggregation of ammonium cations in the solid state. Additionally, this ionomer was salt-responsive in NaCl aqueous solutions. Hydrogen bonding, a dynamic interaction with intermediate enthalpies (10-40 kJ/mol) was introduced through complementary heterocyclic DNA nucleobases such as adenine, thymine and uracil. Our investigations in this field have focused on the use of DNA nucleobase pair interactions to control polymer self-assembly and rheological behavior. Novel acrylic adenine- and thymine-containing monomers were synthesized from aza-Michael addition reaction. The long alkyl spacers between nucleobase and polymer backbone afforded structural flexibility in self-assembly process. Adenine-containing polyacrylates exhibited unique morphologies due to adenine-adenine π-π interactions. The complementary hydrogen bonding of adenine and thymine resulted in disruption of adenine-adenine π-π interactions, leading to lower plateau modulus and lower softening temperatures. Moreover, hydrogen bonding interactions enabled the compatibilization of complementary hydrogen bonding guest molecules such as uracil phosphonium chloride. / Ph. D.

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