The role of internal auditors is evolving to enable them to provide stakeholders with assurance and to assist organisations to achieve objectives and remain competitive to ensure the future existence of their organisations. The research for this study was guided by the question of whether the Institute of Internal Auditors guidance pronouncements provide sufficient guidance in the light of expectations of both the institute and management (stakeholders) relating to the role of internal auditors in respect of fraud investigation. Literature reviewed on the role of internal auditors showed that there is limited guidance provided with regards to fraud investigation, knowledge and skills required by an internal auditor to perform fraud investigations. The research methodology used for this study consisted of a qualitative case study of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University committees, namely, Council, Senate and MANCO as well as a combination of deductive and inductive interpretative analysis methods. Semi-structured interviews were used to obtain data from participants who were randomly selected from Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Council, Senate and MANCO committees. The interviews revolved around three themes, namely, the role of internal audit, the information expected from internal audits and the role that the internal audit plays with regard to fraud. The interviews were recorded by means of a digital voice recorder which were transcribed by a qualified transcriber. The collected data was then manually coded by making use of standardised coding methods to assist with the analyses of the data. After considering the participant responses in relation to the themes, it could be deduced that a greater awareness needed to be created regarding the role of the internal audit and the services which internal audits could provide to organisations and management structures. The results of the analyses revealed that an expectation gap existed with regard to the Institute of Internal Auditors, guidance pronouncements and stakeholder expectations of internal auditor roles with specific reference to fraud investigations. This study showed that the IIA’s guidance pronouncements do not provide sufficient and adequate guidance in respect of the knowledge, skills and competency capabilities in relation to fraud investigations.The results of the study further showed that the expected role of internal auditors in an organisation should include fraud investigations.

Sports facilities increasingly feature amongst the most expensive development projects world-wide. One such facility includes world-class stadia. Such facilities tend to commit a considerably large amount of a country's public funds to the project. This public expenditure on new stadia, and the required public taxation, may be economically justified if the benefits from the new stadia outweigh the costs. 15 May 2004 saw South Africa winning the bid to host the FIFA 2010 Soccer World Cup tournament. This mega-event was played in 10 stadia across nine chosen host cities. Five of these stadia were newly constructed, while the other five needed upgrading. Both South Africa's national government and local governments of host cities bore the expenses of the new stadia construction and the upgrading to the existing stadia. This amounted to a total public expenditure of R13.5295 billion on the stadia alone. The Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium on the banks of the North End Lake in Port Elizabeth was amongst the five newly constructed stadia costing R1.7 billion. Many international studies have been conducted to assess the impact of new stadia on the economies of host cities. One particular aspect which has received a lot of attention as far as empirical research is concerned is the impact of stadia on residential property prices (Carlino & Couslon, 2004; Davies, 2005; Tu, 2005; Coates & Humphreys, 2006; Ahlfeldt & Maennig, 2007, 2010; Dehring, Depken & Ward, 2007; Feng & Humphreys, 2008, 2012; Kavetsos, 2010; Ahlfeldt, Maennig & Scholz, 2010; Kiel, Matheson & Sullivan, 2010; Ahlfeldt & Kavetsos, 2011; Coates & Matheson, 2011). The majority of the studies conducted have indicated that the presence of a new stadium in an area has a significantly positive effect on surrounding house values that decays with distance from the facility. As no study has yet been done in South Africa to investigate the impact of the announcement of the construction of new stadia on nearby residential property values, this study examines, by means of the hedonic pricing model, the effect of the announcement to construct the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium on the banks of North End Lake on adjacent residential property values. The study period for this study was 2004 - 2006. This time period captured the stadium announcement effect. The residential properties in North End that were traded at least once during the period 2004 to 2006 made up the target population. According to the South African Property Transfer Guide (SAPTG), a total of 417 property transactions (excluding repeat sales) took place over the study period (2004 - 2006). The 417 transactions were deemed to be the size of the target population and a list of 100 property transactions were used as the sampling frame. As the study period was from 2004 - 2006, it was necessary to adjust the market prices to constant 2006 prices. For this purpose, data from the Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage section of the ABSA house price indices were used so as to eliminate any inflationary effects on the property values over the study period. The results of the study revealed that the stadium has a statistically significant positive effect on adjacent residential properties situated within a 1 200 metres radius from the stadium. The average owner of a residential property in North End would be willing-to-pay between R10 7898 and R11 704.6 to be situated 435 metres closer to the stadium.

In 1994, South Africa’s political dispensation changed when the African National Congress (ANC) came into power. For most people, that meant that their aspirations and wishes would be fulfilled. The main objective of the new government was to redress past imbalances. The land question was one item on their agenda. In South Africa, land ownership has long been a source of conflict. The South African history of dispossession and forced removals and racially–skewed distribution of land resources has left Africans with a complex and difficult legacy (Christopher,1987).The issue of land had been an emotional issue affecting many people in South Africa. The struggle for land and access to land in South African history gave rise to many conflicts and loss of lives. The restitution of land rights in South Africa has been a highly contentious and emotive issue. The pain, anger and frustration of those affected by the implementation of racially based discriminatory measures of the past, cannot be denied. Confronting and redressing the anguish of the past has proven to be central to the process of reconciliation within a transformed political dispensation in South Africa (South African White Paper on Land, 1991a). The Constitution of South Africa and The Restitution of Land Rights Act (Act No. 22 of 1994) have firmly established the rights to claim restitution in accordance with the provision of justice and equity for all South Africans. During such a long process, it has been noticed in the suburb of Fairview, Port Elizabeth that some claimants ultimately received their land and compensation, some died before they received absolutely nothing and some old, poor and illiterate claimants are still struggling to claim their land or compensation. Fairview was formerly known as Baakens River Farm in 1810. It was situated far from the city centre and formed part of the Walmer Municipality. Initially, it was owned by John James Besny. In 1826 the farmer was bought by John Parkin and he later sold half 2 of it to Robert Newcombe before 1849. Robbert Newcombe named his half of the farm Fairview (Harradene, 2000). In 1933, Fairview became part of the Walmer Municipality. In 1967 Walmer became part of the Port Elizabeth Municipality. Fairview developed as a township of low density and became increasingly heterogeneous in nature. Davies (1971:10) claimed that the largest concentration of properties were owned and occupied by Coloured people, followed by Chinese, Blacks and Indians. The majority of the residents were Coloured. According to Sampson (1994), the plot sizes in Fairview were relatively large, either 0,8 ha or 0,2ha. Sampson also claimed that no business sites were distinguished, but businesses were established by the Chinese on residential plots. During the apartheid era, Fairview was one of the lands declared as a “Controlled Area”. The Group Areas Act also affected Fairview, even though the removal of the people in Fairview was not as pressing as it was to other suburbs due to its location at a relative distance from the city (Davies, 1970). As a result an increase in the Coloured population in Fairview was noticed between 1960 and 1970 as people faced eviction from central city areas such as South End. The people moved to Fairview with the hope that the area would be proclaimed a Coloured area. Unfortunately for those who ran to Fairview, people in Fairview were also removed from 1970s to other areas like New Brighton Location and other areas in Korsten. The last removal of people in Fairview took place in 1984 (Eastern Province Herald, 26 October 1996). After 1994, the introduction of the Restitution of Land Rights Act made provision for the establishment of a Commission on the Restitution of Land Rights and a Land Claims Court to adjudicate all claims lodged with the Commission as from 1 May 1998 (Land Info., 1996). Disputes with land owners over prices, validity of the claims and resistance to give away land, led to referral of some claims to the Land Claims Court. Although some research has been undertaken on Fairview, there is a vacuum of research into the problems faced by claimants in this area. The problems faced by claimants meant that some died while they were still busy with the process and some are still struggling to make a claim, and recently some were successful. 3 The focus of this study is to examine the process of the Fairview land claim, and as a recommendation, I wish to come up with suggestions for making the process easier for claimants.

Drug abuse by teenagers is a problem encountered by educators in South African schools. This study focuses on the reasons for, and the consequences of teenage drug abuse in one school in the Northern Areas of Port Elizabeth. The main aim of this study was to formulate strategies which school managers can use to alleviate the problem of drug abuse among learners. A naturalistic approach was followed to conduct qualitative research. The research design used is a case study. Data-collection techniques consisted of semi-structured and unstructured interviews, observations and questionnaires. Respondents consisted of 150 learners, 5 parents, 10 educators from the school, 2 social workers and 1 auxiliary social worker, 2 priests involved in Youth Ministry, 1 adult involved in running a drug rehabilitation centre, and 1 ex-addict who is involved in arranging drug awareness campaigns and rehabilitation programs. This study found family aspects and family dynamics, personal aspects and the self-concept of the teenager, and societal or environmental aspects to be the main reasons for teenage drug abuse. Drugs have an adverse effect on the community within which the abuse is occurring. It also has a negative effect on the health, psychological state, behaviour and the family of the teenager. Strategies to alleviate the problem emphasise the role which the school can play in terms of drug education for educators, learners and parents; the role of the Government in allocating additional funds for drug education; the role which the church can play in terms of drug education and providing opportunities for positive interactions with peers; and the role which the media can play in influencing the decisions of teenagers.

South Africa is experiencing a brain drain of doctors. It is estimated that about 5000 doctors have left South Africa since 2003. Lack of job satisfaction has been identified as one of its causes. The purpose of this study was: To provide an overview of relevant literature concerning job satisfaction. To determine, by means of an empirical survey, whether doctors in the public sector experienced any factors, which were affecting their job satisfaction levels. To make recommendations as to how the job satisfaction levels of doctors in public sector hospitals could be increased. For the empirical study a survey, with a questionnaire as data collecting tool, was conducted among 59 permanently employed doctors at the Dora Nginza Hospital in Port Elizabeth. The questionnaire focused on biographical information, personality-job fit, job content factors and job context factors. For Section B, C and D of the questionnaire, the response options were structured according to a Likert-type scale. Respondents had to indicate the extent to which they agreed with each statement in the questionnaire. The responses obtained from the survey were presented and analysed. The researcher observed in this study that doctors were just satisfied with their jobs. Apart from the personality job fit factor of job satisfaction where excellent scores were recorded, there seemed to be problems with job content and job context factors. Management of Port Elizabeth Hospitals Complex has a challenge in improving job satisfaction of their doctors in these areas. The researcher recommends that management of Port Elizabeth Hospitals Complex should look into the satisfaction level of doctors in their employment. Doctors’ satisfaction level should be improved from being just satisfactory to being excellent.

The aim of this study was to explore views of the township high school principals regarding their approaches to teacher absenteeism management, with the objective of formulating an integrated strategic management model, which can be used to manage teacher absenteeism. To realise this goal, the following actions were undertaken: A literature study was conducted to uncover the absenteeism curbing strategies that will assist the school principals to deal with teacher absenteeism. A literature study was also conducted to determine the scope and the nature of teacher absenteeism as well as the legal framework that governs the management of absenteeism. A documental analysis of the policies, as provided by the Department of Education, was conducted to determine exactly what they entail regarding absenteeism management. The forces driving absenteeism and the variables involved in those forces, as well as elements making up those variables were identified and their influences were investigated. Hence, a theoretical framework consisting of these causal variables was developed to focus on the management of teacher absenteeism. As a result of this theoretical framework, an instrument in the form of a questionnaire was designed to determine the principals’ approach to teacher absenteeism as well as their consistency with the model. The survey was conducted in the township high schools in the Port Elizabeth District of Education. The findings from the empirical research indicated a strong agreement amongst the respondents, with the prevalence of unauthorised teacher absences, factors influencing absenteeism, teacher absenteeism management strategies as well as compliance with the teacher absenteeism management programme/plan.

This research investigated the impact of language policy implementation towards the enhancement of community participation in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMMM).The NMMM is an organisation tasked with ensuring equal distribution of services to local communities. This municipality was chosen on the basis of its commitment to communicate effectively with the community and in turn encourage the community to participate fully in municipal activities. The study is conducted within the parameters of the Constitution of South Africa (1996) which states that in order to ensure language equity, all official languages must be used for the promotion of multilingualism and advancement of communities. The study therefore investigated the language policy of the NMMM and its implementation with regard to the use of all three official languages of the region, namely English, isiXhosa and Afrikaans for organisational communication. Gaps in the implementation of the municipal language policy were identified by acquiring information from selected officials responsible for service delivery and selected members of the communities who receive the services. A literature survey was conducted to investigate and conceptualise the nature of language policy development and to determine the responsibilities for policy implementation. A descriptive approach was used in the study, with the data collection coming from primary sources, such as NMMM officials and members of the community; and secondary sources, such as municipal records. A number of recommendations regarding the improvement of language policy implementation by the municipality’s Language Unit were made. It is envisaged that these changes could impact positively in encouraging community participation and ultimately improve service delivery.

The aim of this paper is to discover if women are still discriminated against, given fair and equal opportunities as men in the construction industry in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. This paper will also provide recommendations and possible solutions to the problem of discrimination. It will look at the policies government developed to ensure equality and women empowerment in the industry.

Cell-phones and the Short Message Service (SMS) have become an important part of people's lives, with significant implications for communication and information transmission. The SMS, based on its versatility as a personal and direct medium of communication, provides an excellent means of marketing and also a possible avenue to the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) for marketing its programmes. However, the success of such mobile (SMS) marketing depends largely on its acceptance by high school learners. The objective of this study was to determine whether Port Elizabeth’s high school learners are likely to accept marketing messages of the NMMU via SMS. This objective was achieved with the relevant literature study and empirical study. The literature study provided an overview of mobile marketing, mobile advertising and a detailed discussion of the SMS as a marketing tool. The various factors that might influence cell-phone users’ acceptance of mobile marketing were also reviewed. The relevance of these factors to mobile (SMS) marketing was tested using a model developed by Bauer, Barnes, Reichardt and Neumann (2005: 186) as the basis. (ii) The empirical data were collected by means of a survey, and using a self-administered questionnaire. Based on a systematic sampling, 480 respondents from 17 feeder schools of the NMMU in Port Elizabeth were selected, 417 completed the questionnaire. The empirical findings showed that most Port Elizabeth’s high school learners owned a cell-phone, their most used form of SMS was text messaging and that they are keen to receive study information from the NMMU. The data of the current study did not fit the model proposed by Bauer et al (2005: 186, as shown in Figure 1.1), and also did not fit a modified model (see Figure 3.1). Hence, further analysis and manipulation of the data resulted in a more appropriate model (see Figure 5.7). The study proposes that, Port Elizabeth’s high school learners currently display some acceptance of mobile marketing. The NMMU can consider developing and using mobile (SMS) marketing for promoting its study programmes to high school learners, although it can still not be used as the major marketing instrument. It should be effective if used with push advertising, in conjunction with other media and through capitalizing on the influence of reference groups.

Research problem: The Port Elizabeth hospital complex is faced with many staff-related challenges including the difficulty of retaining staff. Factors such as salaries, work environment, work injury, work related stress, personal growth and development opportunities, advancement and promotion opportunities, relationships with supervisor(s), are among the issues that contribute and have been found to be some of the factors affecting employees’ perceptions and attitudes towards their work and ultimately to their intentions to stay or leave. Research objectives: To address the research problem, research objectives and questions were established. The main objective of the research was to investigate the perceptions and attitudes influencing the employees’ intention to quit their jobs within the hospital complex. The key perceptions and attitudes that were measured were; job satisfaction, perceived organisational support and organisational commitment. The secondary objective of the study was to determine, from a list of predetermined factors, which were related to job satisfaction, perceived organisational support and organisational commitment and the intention to quit. Research questions: Four research questions were established and these were: What are the employee perceptions and attitudes towards the organisation and their work in the organisation? In particular how satisfied are the employees with their jobs (job satisfaction), how committed are they to the organisation (organisational commitment), how do they perceive the support within the organisation (perceived organisational support) and do they intend to remain with the organisation (intention to quit measured as the intention to stay). What are the most important factors contributing to job satisfaction, perceived organisational support, organisational commitment and intention to quit? (Measured as the intention to stay). What is the relationship between the sub-groups, identified as gender, race, nationality, occupational level, age, hospital, and length of tenure and job satisfaction, perceived organisational support and organisational commitment? What is the relationship between the sub-groups, identified as gender, race, nationality, occupational level, age, hospital, and length of tenure and intention to quit (measured as the intention to stay)? Research design: The nature of this research was a descriptive study collecting quantitative data. A self-administered survey questionnaire was used to collect information regarding employee perceptions and attitudes towards various aspects of their working conditions, their perceptions and attitudes towards the organisation and their intention to remain with the organisation. Major findings: The result of the survey showed that organisational commitment and positive organizational support are practically significantly positively correlated with the intention to stay. However, it was discovered that job satisfaction was statistically significantly positively correlated to intention to stay. The nine factors that were measured were found to be antecedents for all the three constructs of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and perceived organizational support. However, the factors that were also correlated with the intention to stay were promotion opportunities, nature of the work, communication and leader-member exchange.