Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are an emerging renewable technology which converts complex organic matter to electrical power using microorganisms as the biocatalyst. A variety of biological relevant organic matters such as glucose, acetate and ethanol have been utilized for the successful operation of a MFC. In this regard, the investigation of a MFC inoculated with ethanol oxidizing bacteria is of particular interest for this research due to its ability to simultaneously produce electricity while reducing ethanol pollution (a type of volatile organic carbon (VOC) pollutant) with potential use in modified biological air pollution control technology such as biofiltration. In this research, ethanol-oxidizing microbial species isolated from soil and compost samples were identified, with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus being the dominant strain. In order to understand the metabolism of the anode microbial cells, which is considered to be the key dictating the performance of a MFC, a systematic analysis/optimization of the growth rate and biomass production for A. calcoaceticus were carried out. A maximum specific growth rate with a final biomass concentration of 1.68 g/l was derived when aerated at a rate of 0.68 vvm. It has been recognized that one of the principle constraints in increasing the current density of MFCs is the electron transfer from the bacteria to the anode. In this sense, the addition of a redox mediator, which facilitates the process of the electron transfer, is desired for the efficient operation of a MFC. Thionine, methylene blue (MB), resorufin and potassium ferricyanide that have been profusely utilized as effective mediator compounds in many MFC studies, however, specific information on the biomass sorption of these compounds was lacking and therefore were selected for this research. All mediators tested were reduced biologically in A. calcoaceticus inoculated samples as indicated by the color transition from the pigmented oxidized form to the colorless reduced form. Subsequent tests on mediator color removal revealed that physical adsorption by the biomass, aggregation as well as precipitation accounted for a significant portion of the color loss for thionine and MB. It was speculated that the fraction of the initial mediator concentration sequestered, aggregated and/or precipitated no longer contributed to the electron transfer process, resulting in a current production which was proportional to the measurable mediator concentration remained in anode solution. To verify this hypothesis, chronoamperometric measurements were conducted for various mediator systems at known initial and measurable concentrations. The data obtained on the current produced were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions calculated from the actual mediator concentration, suggesting that the current produced depended on the concentration of mediator remaining in solution. Finally, the microbial reduction kinetics and the cytotoxicity of potassium ferricyanide were analyzed. The reduction of potassium ferricyanide followed zero order kinetics with the specific reduction rate increased as the initial mediator concentration increased from 1 mM to 200 mM. Inhibitory effects on cell growth were observed at initial potassium ferricyanide concentration of 50 mM.

Aerosols of nitrate solutions were irradiated in the presence of radical scavengers in an attempt to measure the yield of hydroxyl radical in both the aqueous phase and the gas phase. Carbon monoxide, benzoic acid, benzene and cyclohexane were used as scavengers to trap hydroxyl radical. The products from the reaction of these scavengers with hydroxyl radical were analysed with High Performance Liquid Chromatography and mass spectrometry. The radiant flux in the chamber was measured via ferrioxalate actinometry, both with bulk liquid and aerosol droplets. Many quantitative results were obtained but several anomalies were found. This suggests that Mie theory is not capable of predicting rates of photochemical reactions within droplets.

6 pp. / Guidelines for nitrogen fertilization of small grains are presented using crop need, calendar dates, or tissue testing. Relationship between grain protein and nitrogen fertilization is presented. Phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients are also discussed.

No description available.

The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) produces compensatory eye movements in response to head and body rotations movements, over a wide range of frequencies and in a variety of dimensions. The individual components of the VOR are separated into parallel pathways, each dealing with rotations or movements in individual planes or axes. The Horizontal VOR (hVOR) compensates for eye movements in the Horizontal plane, and comprises a linear and non-linear pathway. The linear pathway of the hVOR provides fast and accurate compensation for rotations, the response being produced through 3-neuron arc, producing a direct translation of detected head velocity to compensatory eye velocity. However, single neurons involved in the middle stage of this 3-neuron arc cannot account for the wide frequency over which the reflex compensates, and the response is produced through the population response of the Medial Vestibular Nucleus (MVN) neurons involved. Population Heterogeneity likely plays a role in the production of high fidelity population response, especially for high frequency rotations. Here we present evidence that, in populations of bio-physical compartmental models of the MVN neurons involved, Heterogeneity across the population, in the form of diverse spontaneous firing rates, improves the response fidelity of the population over Homogeneous populations. Further, we show that the specific intrinsic membrane properties that give rise to this Heterogeneity may be the diversity of certain slow voltage activated Potassium conductances of the neurons. We show that Heterogeneous populations perform significantly better than Homogeneous populations, for a wide range of input amplitudes and frequencies, producing a much higher fidelity response. We propose that variance of Potassium conductances provides a plausible biological means by which Heterogeneity arises, and that the Heterogeneity plays an important functional role in MVN neuron population responses. We discuss our findings in relation to the specific mechanism of Desynchronisation through which the benfits of Heterogeneity may arise, and place those findings in the context of previous work on Heterogeneity both in general neural processing, and the VOR in particular. Interesting findings regarding the emergence of phase leads are also discussed, as well as suggestions for future work, looking further at Heterogeneity of MVN neuron populations.

La Fibrose Kystique, causée par des mutations du canal CFTR, mène à la dysfonction du transport des fluides et des ions causant la déshydratation du liquide de surface des voies aériennes et ainsi une défaillance de la clairance mucocilliaire. Ce défaut entraine l’accumulation et l’épaississement du mucus au niveau des bronches qui devient alors un environnement idéal pour le développement d’infections chroniques et d’inflammation qui sont associées à la destruction progressive de l’épithélium chez les patients Fibrose Kystique. Même si leur rôle dans les processus lésionnels est très bien connu, l’impact de médiateurs inflammatoires sur la capacité de réparation ne l’est cependant pas. L’objectif de ma maitrise était donc d’étudier la régulation des mécanismes de réparation de l’épithélium bronchique sain et Fibrose Kystique par le facteur de nécrose tumoral (TNF)-alpha, une cytokine pro-inflammatoire cruciale dans l’initiation et la propagation de la réponse inflammatoire chez les patients FK. À l’aide d’un modèle de plaies mécaniques, nous avons montré que le TNF-alpha stimule la réparation de l’épithélium bronchique sain (NuLi-1) et Fibrose Kystique (CuFi-1). De façon surprenante, l’exposition chronique au TNF-alpha augmente cette stimulation tout comme le taux de migration cellulaire pendant la réparation. Cette augmentation de réparation semble être médiée par l’activation de la métalloprotéinase MMP-9, la relâche d’EGF par les cellules épithéliales et ainsi l’activation de la voie d’EGFR. De plus, l’activation de la réparation par le TNF-alpha semble aussi impliquer l’activation des canaux K+, dont nous avons démontré le rôle important dans la réparation. Contrairement à son effet sur la migration cellulaire et sur la réparation, le TNF-alpha diminue la prolifération cellulaire. En somme, en plus de son rôle dans les processus lésionnels, le TNF-alpha semble avoir un rôle complexe dans les processus de réparation puisqu’il stimule la migration et ralentit la prolifération cellulaire. / Cystic fibrosis (CF) pathology, caused by mutations of cftr gene, leads to ion and fluid transport dysfunction that results in mucus thickening and accumulation in the airways. This mucus accumulation promotes bacterial infection and airway inflammation associated with progressive airway epithelial damage in CF patients, unfortunately leading to respiratory failure. However, the effect of inflammatory products on the repair capacity of respiratory epithelia is unclear. Thus, the objective of my project was to study the regulation of normal and CF bronchial epithelial repair mechanisms by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-alpha, a major component of inflammation initiation and propagation in CF. With a wound healing model, we observed that TNF-alpha stimulated the non-CF (NuLi-1) and CF (CuFi-1) bronchial wound healing rate. Surprisingly, chronic exposure to TNF-alpha enhanced this stimulation as well as the migration rate during repair. This wound healing rate stimulation by TNF-alpha seems to be due to metalloproteinase MMP-9 activation, EGF shedding by epithelial cells and subsequent EGFR transactivation. Furthermore, we recently reported a crucial relationship between the EGF response and K+ channel function, both controlling bronchial repair. We now show that TNF-alpha wound healing stimulation also implicated KvLQT1 and KATP currents activation. In contrast to its effect on cell migration, TNF-alpha downregulate cell proliferation. Thus, in addition to its recognized role in the inflammatory response leading to epithelial injury, TNF-a could exert complex actions on repair mechanisms of CF airway epithelia by upregulating cell migration while downregulating proliferation.

The ATP sensitive potassium channel (KATP) in mouse colonic smooth muscle cell is a complex containing a pore forming subunit (Kir6.1) and a sulfonyl urea receptor subunit (SUR2B). These channels are responsible for maintaining the cellular excitability of the smooth muscle cell which in turn regulates the motility patterns in the colon. We used whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques to study the alterations in these channels in smooth muscle cells in experimental model of colitis (colonic inflammation). Colitis was induced in BALB/C mice following an intracolonic administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). KATP currents were measured at Vh -60 mV in high K+ external solution. The dose-response to levcromakalim (LEVC), a KATP channel opener, was significantly shifted to the left in the inflamed smooth muscle cells. Both the affinity and maximal currents induced by LEV were enhanced in inflammation. The EC50 in control was 6259 nM (n=10) and 422 nM (n=8) in inflamed colon while the maximal currents were 9.9 ± 0.71 pA/pF (60 μM) in control and 39.7 ± 8.8 pA/pF (3 μM) following inflammation. Similar to LEVC, KATP currents activated by sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) (10-1000 μM) were significantly greater in inflamed compared to controls. In control cells, pretreatment with 100 µM NaHS shifted the EC50 for LEV-induced currents from 2838 nM (n=6) to 154 nM (n=8). These data suggest that NaHS can act as an allosteric modulator for LEV-induced KATP currents. Decreased colonic motility may result from enhanced KATP activation by increased release of H2S in colitis.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

La protéine humaine hERG (human ether-à-go-go related gene) s’associe en homo-tétramère pour former le canal potassique voltage-dépendant Kv11.1. C’est un acteur majeur de la repolarisation du potentiel d’action cardiaque par sa capacité à externaliser le potassium du cardiomyocyte. L’altération de sa fonction induit le syndrome du QT long à l’origine d’arythmies cardiaques et pouvant conduire à un arrêt du cœur. Ce syndrome parfois génétique provient le plus souvent d’une inhibition pharmacologique. De nombreux médicaments ont montré leur capacité à inhiber hERG en se fixant dans la lumière du canal. L’étude des interactions moléculaires entre hERG et médicaments intéresse les scientifiques depuis de nombreuses années. Très récemment, la première structure atomique de hERG à l’état ouvert par cryo-microscopie électronique a permis une avancée majeure dans la compréhension de l’agencement du pore du canal. De nombreuses questions restent malgré tout non résolues concernant les mécanismes de liaison des ligands. Plus encore, le développement d’approches biophysiques à partir de canal purifié permettraient de caractériser et d’anticiper des interactions avec les médicaments. Dans cette perspective, nous avons testé plusieurs stratégies pour obtenir le canal hERG purifié dans une forme stable, homogène et fonctionnelle. Notre étude est basée sur une construction simplifiée et chimérique du canal hERG, la version hERG(S1-coil). Chaque étape permettant la production et la purification d’une protéine membranaire a été optimisée en testant différentes techniques proposées par la littérature. Nous avons comparé les rendements d’expression du canal dans différents systèmes recombinants procaryotes ou eucaryotes. La quantité de protéine totale et le pourcentage de protéine fonctionnelle dans les membranes ont été étudiés. Dans un deuxième temps, le canal a été solubilisé puis purifié. Nous avons comparé les rendements de solubilisation et la stabilité protéique en fonction du type de détergent. En parallèle, nous avons mis au point des moyens techniques pour évaluer la fonction du canal au fur et à mesure du processus de production et purification. Le canal hERG(S1-coil) tétramérique et fonctionnel a finalement été identifié dans la fraction purifiée. Cependant, des optimisations sont encore à apporter pour conserver l’agencement tétramérique et empêcher l’agrégation au cours du temps avant de pouvoir envisager des études biophysiques et structurales. A terme, ces travaux pourraient profiter à la production et à la purification d’autres protéines membranaires oligomériques. / The human protein hERG (human ether-à-go-go related gene) assembles as homo-tetramer to form the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv11.1. This channel is involved in repolarization of the cardiac action potential by regulating the potassium release from cardiomyocytes. hERG malfunction was found to cause long QT syndrome, a disorder that predisposes affected patients to arrhythmias and sudden death. This can be due to congenital mutation in the hERG gene and, most frequently, it is caused by pharmacological agents. Several drugs are known to block the channel ion pathway, resulting in off-target inhibition of hERG. Consequently, understanding the molecular basis of drug binding to hERG has become a high priority. The recent determination of a near-atomic resolution structure of the opened channel, using cryo-electron microscopy, provides insights into how this channel work. But several questions are still unanswered to understand the mechanisms of hERG function and drug binding. Moreover, new biophysical protocols with the purified hERG channel would help scientists and industries to anticipate drug side effects. In this context, we investigated strategies to purify a stable, homogenous and functional hERG channel. Our study was based on a shorter and chimeric hERG channel, the hERG(S1-coil) version. We optimized each step from production to purification of membrane proteins by testing experimental protocols found in the literature. In this thesis project, we first compared production rates of the channel in several prokaryote and eukaryotes recombinant systems. Total protein produced and the percent of functional channel were investigated in membranes from each recombinant system. Then, the channel was extracted from membranes before purification. Solubilizing rates and channel stability were compared depending on detergents. In another hand, we also developed protocols to investigate the channel stability and function along production and purification. A tetrameric and functional channel was finally purified and identified by this strategy. More work however is still needed to improve channel homogeneity and stability before to be suitable for biophysical and structural studies. In the future, this work could also help investigations in production and purification of other oligomeric membrane proteins.