Orientador: José Paschoal Batistuti / Banca: Fernando Luis Fertonani / Banca: Valeria Monterio da Silva Eleutério / Resumo: O presente trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um método analítico para determinação de biotina, utilizando-se a potenciometria indireta. O objetivo é apresentar a validação de método analítico como um processo que estime a eficiência do método proposto na rotina do laboratório para garantia da qualidade total. É um método que envolve equipamento simples e pouco dispendioso como o potenciômetro, que possibilita medir com precisão o valor da concentração de biotina. O doseamento quantitativo de biotina baseia-se no estudo das reações oscilantes do analito perante as análises da titulação indireta utilizando potenciômetro automático. A concentração de biotina foi determinada com massa adicionada conhecida numa matriz que simula uma cápsula, contendo aerosil (1%), estearato de magnésio (1%), celulose microcristalina (20%), amido (40%) e lactose q.s.p. Os resultados mostraram um valor médio de biotina (massa adicionada de aproximadamente 25 mg) determinada de 99,4% com desvio-padrão de 0,0345. As condições experimentais como temperatura, vidraria e concentração dos reagentes foram otimizadas. Os parâmetros investigados no processo de validação para demonstrar o desempenho do método foram: especificidade, linearidade, intervalo, precisão tanto repetitividade, quanto intermediária, exatidão e robustez. O tratamento estatístico dos dados da validação do método analítico envolveu a determinação da média, do desvio padrão e do coeficiente de variação. Para obtenção da curva de calibração se fez necessária a determinação da equação da reta, regressão linear e coeficiente de correlação linear. Este método apresenta grande aplicabilidade em soluções turvas, fluorescentes, opacas ou coradas, ou quando não existem, ou não podem aplicar-se indicadores visuais apropriados. Há possibilidade de determinação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present work shows the development of an analytical method for the determination of biotin by using indirect potentiometry. The main goal is to present the validation of analytical methods as a process to estimate the efficiency of the proposed methodology in the laboratory routine for the guaranty of total quality. This method involves simple and low cost devices as the potentiometer, which allows the precise measurement of biotin concentration. The quantitative dosing of biotin is based on the study of the oscillating chemical reactions with the analyte by performing the analysis of the indirect titration with an automatic potentiometer. Biotin concentration was determined by adding a known mass to a matrix that simulates a capsule containing aerosol (1%), estearato de magnésio (1%), celulose microcristalina (20%), amido (40%) e lactose q.s.p. The results showed an average value for the determination of biotin (added mass was ca. 25 mg) of 99.4% with a standard deviation of 0.0345. The experimental conditions as temperature, glassware, and concentration of the chemicals were optimized. The investigated parameters of the validation procedure to demonstrate the performance of the method were: specificity, linearity, interval, precision (repeatability and intermediate), exactness and robustness. The statistical treatment of the data for the validation of the analytical method involved the determination of the average value, standard deviation, and the variation coefficient. In order to obtain the calibration curve, the line's equation, the linear regression and the coefficient of linear correlation were determined. This method shows great applicability for turbid, fluorescent, opaque or color solutions, or if an appropriate visual indicator is not available or cannot be applied. The method also shows the possibility for the determination of a sequence of equivalence... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) technique was used to synthesize poly(methacrylic acid-block-methyl methacrylate) (P(MAA₁₀₂-b-MMA₁₀)) copolymer in order to study the aggregation behavior in aqueous solution over the course of neutralization. A combination of static and dynamic light scattering (SLS, DLS) and potentiometric titration techniques were used to investigate the size and shape of the micelle at various degrees of neutralization. The hydrodynamic radius (Rh) determined from dynamic light scattering increases from ~26nm (for unneutralized) to ~42nm (for completely neutralized sample). Both potentiometric and laser light scattering studies indicate the formation of a core shell micelle. The weighted average molecular weights of the polymer and micelle are 1.18x10⁴ and 2.25 x 10⁵ g/mol respectively, which suggests that the aggregation number of the micelle is ~20. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:28:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_gs_me_arafcf.pdf: 376750 bytes, checksum: d261fb301fa1b4c966236fbf2eb5c9d0 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um método analítico para determinação de biotina, utilizando-se a potenciometria indireta. O objetivo é apresentar a validação de método analítico como um processo que estime a eficiência do método proposto na rotina do laboratório para garantia da qualidade total. É um método que envolve equipamento simples e pouco dispendioso como o potenciômetro, que possibilita medir com precisão o valor da concentração de biotina. O doseamento quantitativo de biotina baseia-se no estudo das reações oscilantes do analito perante as análises da titulação indireta utilizando potenciômetro automático. A concentração de biotina foi determinada com massa adicionada conhecida numa matriz que simula uma cápsula, contendo aerosil (1%), estearato de magnésio (1%), celulose microcristalina (20%), amido (40%) e lactose q.s.p. Os resultados mostraram um valor médio de biotina (massa adicionada de aproximadamente 25 mg) determinada de 99,4% com desvio-padrão de 0,0345. As condições experimentais como temperatura, vidraria e concentração dos reagentes foram otimizadas. Os parâmetros investigados no processo de validação para demonstrar o desempenho do método foram: especificidade, linearidade, intervalo, precisão tanto repetitividade, quanto intermediária, exatidão e robustez. O tratamento estatístico dos dados da validação do método analítico envolveu a determinação da média, do desvio padrão e do coeficiente de variação. Para obtenção da curva de calibração se fez necessária a determinação da equação da reta, regressão linear e coeficiente de correlação linear. Este método apresenta grande aplicabilidade em soluções turvas, fluorescentes, opacas ou coradas, ou quando não existem, ou não podem aplicar-se indicadores visuais apropriados. Há possibilidade de determinação... / The present work shows the development of an analytical method for the determination of biotin by using indirect potentiometry. The main goal is to present the validation of analytical methods as a process to estimate the efficiency of the proposed methodology in the laboratory routine for the guaranty of total quality. This method involves simple and low cost devices as the potentiometer, which allows the precise measurement of biotin concentration. The quantitative dosing of biotin is based on the study of the oscillating chemical reactions with the analyte by performing the analysis of the indirect titration with an automatic potentiometer. Biotin concentration was determined by adding a known mass to a matrix that simulates a capsule containing aerosol (1%), estearato de magnésio (1%), celulose microcristalina (20%), amido (40%) e lactose q.s.p. The results showed an average value for the determination of biotin (added mass was ca. 25 mg) of 99.4% with a standard deviation of 0.0345. The experimental conditions as temperature, glassware, and concentration of the chemicals were optimized. The investigated parameters of the validation procedure to demonstrate the performance of the method were: specificity, linearity, interval, precision (repeatability and intermediate), exactness and robustness. The statistical treatment of the data for the validation of the analytical method involved the determination of the average value, standard deviation, and the variation coefficient. In order to obtain the calibration curve, the line´s equation, the linear regression and the coefficient of linear correlation were determined. This method shows great applicability for turbid, fluorescent, opaque or color solutions, or if an appropriate visual indicator is not available or cannot be applied. The method also shows the possibility for the determination of a sequence of equivalence... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

ABA type tri-block amphiphilic polyelectrolyte consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate-block-methacrylic acid-block-methyl methacrylate) (P(MMA-b-MAA-b-MMA)) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization technique (ATRP) and the self-assembly behavior of the polymers in aqueous solution was studied over the course of neutralization. Combination of potentiometric and conductometric titrations along with dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques were used to investigate the size and shape of aggregates at various degrees of neutralization. The effect of hydrophobic-hydrophilic (MMA-MAA) ratio and polymer chain length on the aggregation behavior during neutralization was studied. P(MMA-b-MAA-b-MMA) with longer MMA segment self-assembles via the close association mechanism through stronger self-entanglement of MMA chains, whereas P(MMA-b-MAA-b-MMA) with shorter MMA chain self-assembles via the open association mechanism, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Conductometric titration was used to determine the counterion condensation during the course of neutralization. When the charge density of micelle approaches a critical value as neutralization progresses, counterion condensation of Na+ ions on the polymer chains occurs. The effect of counterion condensation on the aggregation behavior during neutralization was elucidated. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

“Green” explosives are an important sub-family of explosives due to the banning of explosives based on heavy metals, such as lead azide and lead styphnate, according to the REACH list. A substitute to lead azide is potassium 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxane (KDNBF) which is an alternative “green” explosive. Hence there is an upcoming need for analytical and quality control protocols for KDNBF. In this report is HPLC-UV/VIS, GC-FID and potentiometric titration evaluated for their suitability as methods for testing of KDNBF. The results implies that KDNBF can be analyzed by GC-FID, when dissolved in DMSO and caffeine is used as internal standard. To analyze KDNBF by HPLC-UV/VIS was isocratic mode used together with a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) (Hypercarb ®) column. However, degradation of the analyte was severe and quantitative results were not obtained. Potentiometric titration indicated that KDNBF equilibrate with four hydrogen ions during titration, instead of the one to one ratio with potassium and hydrogen ion, as in previously proposed theory. Despite this and with careful titration is potentiometric titration and GC-FID analysis combined suitable as a quality control protocol for KDNBF.

Nesse trabalho, foram caracterizadas 238 amostras de Ãgua produzida, oriundos de quatro campos de produÃÃo diferentes, todos provenientes de campos marÃtimos da bacia do CearÃ, denominados campo de produÃÃo A, campo de produÃÃo B, campo de produÃÃo C e campo de produÃÃo D. Foram determinados, os Ãnions (Acetato, Cloreto, Formiato, Sulfato) utilizando-se a cromatografia de Ãons; exceto, para o Ãnion Bicarbonato que foi determinado utilizando-se a titulaÃÃo potenciomÃtrica. E, os cÃtions (BÃrio, CÃlcio, EstrÃncio, Ferro Total, LÃtio, MagnÃsio, PotÃssio, SÃdio) utilizando-se a espectrometria de emissÃo Ãptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente. Para tratamento estatÃstico, utilizou-se como ferramenta, a PCA (anÃlise de componentes principais) e a HCA (anÃlise de agrupamento hierÃrquico). Na avaliaÃÃo da qualidade dos dados, utilizou-se o balanÃo iÃnico. Para visualizaÃÃo dos resultados, utilizou-se o grÃfico boxplot, onde se pode observar que o campo de produÃÃo A, seguido do campo de produÃÃo B, possuem tendÃncia à corrosÃo e à incrustaÃÃo, respectivamente. Como tambÃm, o campo de produÃÃo D que apresentou propensÃo à corrosÃo, mas em menor escala. Vale salientar a necessidade de uma caracterizaÃÃo individual das amostras, para conhecimento dos principais constituintes existentes. Pois, esses constituintes podem acarretar elevados custos na manutenÃÃo do processo produtivo da indÃstria petrolÃfera; devido, a corrosÃo do tipo pite, que promove a modificaÃÃo da aparÃncia e estrutura dos aÃos inoxidÃveis, muito utilizados na indÃstria petrolÃfera; e, as incrustaÃÃes, que tendem a se depositar nas paredes das tubulaÃÃes, que podem causar problemas como perda de pressÃo, diminuiÃÃo do escoamento da produÃÃo e aumento no consumo de energia. / In this study, we characterized 238 samples of water produced from four different production fields, all from offshore fields of the Cearà basin, called The field of production, production field B, C production and field production field D. were determined anions (acetate, chloride, formate, sulfate) using ion chromatography; except for the bicarbonate anion was determined using potentiometric titration. And, cations (Barium, Calcium, Strontium, total iron, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium) using the optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. For statistical analysis, we used as a tool, the PCA (principal component analysis) and HCA (hierarchical cluster analysis). In evaluating the quality of the data, we used the ionic balance. To visualize the results, we used the box plot graph where one can observe that the production field, followed by the production field B, are prone to corrosion and fouling, respectively. As well, the D production field that showed propensity to corrosion, but on a smaller scale. It is worth stressing the need for individual characterization of the samples, to knowledge of the main existing constituents. For these constituents can incur high costs in maintaining the productive process of the oil industry; due to corrosion pitting type, which promotes change the look and structure of stainless steel, widely used in the oil industry; and incrustations which tend to deposit on the walls of pipes, which may cause problems such as pressure loss, decreased production flow and an increase in power consumption.

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, PMG, H3L) is a widely used organophosphorous herbicide. It interacts with metal ions and mineral surfaces, which may affect its mobility, degradation and bioavailability in the environment. However, these interactions are far from fully understood. This thesis is a summary of five papers discussing the complexation of PMG with metal ions in aqueous solution and the adsorption of PMG and/or Cd(II) on different mineral surfaces. The complexation of PMG with the metals Cd(II) or Al(III) in aqueous solution was investigated with macroscopic and molecular scale techniques. Potentiometric titration data were combined with EXAFS, ATR-FTIR and NMR spectroscopic data to generate solution equilibrium models. In the PMG-Cd(II) system, only mononuclear complexes were formed, while both mono and binuclear complexes were observed in the PMG-Al(III) system. EXAFS, ATR-FTIR, and XPS measurements showed that PMG adsorbs to the surfaces of goethite (α-FeOOH), aged γ-alumina (γ-Al2O3) and manganite (γ-MnOOH) through one oxygen of its phosphonate group to singly-coordinated surface sites. Surface complexation models consistent with these spectroscopic results were fit to adsorption data using the 1pK reaction formalism. Electrostatic effects were accounted using either the Extended Constant Capacitance Model (ECCM) or the Basic Stern Model (BSM), and the charge of the surface complexes was distributed over the different planes. The formation of the surface complexes was described according to the following reactions: ≡MeOH(0.5-) + H3L <=> ≡MeHL(1.5-) + H2O + H+ ≡MeOH(0.5-) + H3L <=> ≡MeL(2.5-) + H2O + 2H+ The coadsorption of PMG and Cd(II) on the surfaces of goethite and manganite results in the formation of ternary mineral-PMG-Cd(II) surface complexes, as suggested from EXAFS results. Previous EXAFS measurements have also established the coordination geometries for the binary goethite-Cd(II) and manganite-Cd(II) surface complexes. In addition to the surface reactions in the binary mineral-Cd(II) and mineral-PMG systems, a single ternary complex with the stoichiometry ≡MeLCd(OH)(1.5-) was sufficient to explain coadsorption data: ≡MeOH(0.5-) + H3L + Cd2+ <=> ≡MeLCd(OH)(1.5-) + 3H+ It was concluded that the affinity of PMG for the three mineral systems decreases within the series: goethite > aged γ-Al2O3 > manganite. The formation of the ternary surface complex is more significant on goethite surfaces than on manganite surfaces.

Le présent travail porte sur l’étude de deux protéines de la famille des oxydases à hème-fer par des techniques de spectroscopie et d’électrochimie. Le premier chapitre décrit l’étude du cytochrome bo3 oxydase issue d’E. coli. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude des interactions enzyme-quinone par l’utilisation de quinones avec des longueurs chaines isoprenyl différentes. Notre but est de mieux comprendre le rôle de la longueur de la chaine des quinones sur l’activité catalytique de l’enzyme et sur les propriétés redox des cofacteurs à hème. Dans l’étape suivante, on a étudié les résidus impliqués dans le site de liaison des quinones (haute affinité, QH). Plusieurs mutations de ces résidus sont étudiées pour mieux comprendre l’importance de chacun des résidus dans cette liaison. Dans la dernière partie de ce premier chapitre, la spectroscopie SEIRAS «spectroscopie d’absorption infrarouge exaltée de surface» est introduite comme une technique alternative pour l’étude des protéines membranaires. Dans le second chapitre, la protéine membranaire cNOR issue de P. denitrificans est étudiée. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur l’effet de différents environnements (pH, présence de protéo-liposomes) sur la stabilité de la cNOR. Pour ce faire, trois valeurs de pH (6.5, 7.5 et 8.5) sont choisies et quelques échantillons de cNOR sont reconstitués dans des protéo-liposomes. Enfin, le donneur de proton terminal (au centre binucléaire) dans la protéine cNOR était étudié. De plus, nous avons étudié les ligands des ions Ca2+ puisqu’il est proposé que le donneur de proton est situé proche de cette région. / This thesis is focused on the study of two members of the heme-copper oxidase family by using spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. In the first chapter cytochrome bo3 oxidase from E. coli was studied. We focused on the quinone-enzyme interactions by using quinones with different isoprenyl chains. Our aim was to better understand the role of isoprenyl chain on the catalytic activity of the enzyme and the redox properties of the heme cofactors. In the next step we studied the residues that are suggested to be in the high-affinity (QH) quinone binding site. Several site-directed mutants of these residues were investigated in order to better understand the position of QH binding site and the importance of each residue. In the last part of this chapter surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) was introduced as an alternative technique to study the membrane proteins. In the second chapter cytochrome c dependent nitric oxide reducates (cNOR) from P. denitrificans was studied. We focused on the effect of different environment (pH, proteoliposomes) on the stability of cNOR. For that purpose three pH values (6.5, 7.5 and 8.5) was selected and some of the cNOR samples were reconstituted in liposomes. Finally, the terminal proton donor (to the binuclear center) in cNOR was investigated. We studied the ligands of the Ca2+ site in cNOR since it was suggested that the proton donor may be close to this area.

The presented dissertation focuses on non-covalent interactions of hyaluronan of different molecular weights (9–1540 kDa) with basic (oligo)-amino acids (especially arginine) and the antimicrobial peptide cecropin B. High-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy (HR-US), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and potentiometric titration techniques were chosen to investigate the interactions. The thesis focuses on the characterization of interactions, especially with respect to the used molecular weight of interacting polymers and the ionic strength of the environment. Whether interactions occur or not was determined primarily by the length of the arginine oligomer chain. For monomeric amino acids, the interactions were investigated mainly by potentiometric titrations. Interactions were observable from arginine oligomers with eight monomer units. The molecular weight of hyaluronan mainly affected the intensity of the interactions. The transition between the individual conformations of hyaluronan (rod and random coil) was especially significant. Investigation of interactions was performed in water, in solutions with different concentrations of sodium chloride and in PBS. The sufficiently high ionic strength of the solution was able to suppress the interactions in water between the oligomers of arginine and hyaluronan. The basic antimicrobial peptide cecropin B has been shown to interact with hyaluronan in water but not in PBS. Based on these results, it was possible to conclude that the hyaluronan-cecropin B system would be particularly suitable for topical applications.

The goal of this study was to characterize the binding sites on the surface of wheat roots, Triticum turgidum, involved in the adsorption of protons and metals, and quantify the thermodynamic constants needed for a surface complexation model to predict metal binding. The adsorption of protons, Cd(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) to the root surface as a function of pH and ionic strength in single metal exposure scenarios was quantitatively described using potentiometric titrations, batch metal adsorption experiments, and the least squares fitting program FITEQL. Model predictions from single metal exposures were compared to measured metal adsorption concentrations when roots were exposed to binary and ternary combinations of the metals. Proton dissociation was a function of three discrete monoprotic acid sites on the root surface with log proton dissociation constants of -4.50, -6.23, and -7.37 respectively, upon which varied ionic strength had no effect. The total proton binding capacities for the three sites were 2.58 x 10-4, 1.29 x 10-4, and 2.58 x 10-4 M, respectively. Metal complexation was best described by a two-site model having conditional stability constant log values of 3.04 and 3.30 for Cd(II), 3.21 and 3.25 for Cu(II), and 2.83 and 2.84 for Ni(II) at ionic strength 0.01M. At ionic strength 0.1 M the conditional stability constants log values were 2.37 and 3.36 for Cd(II), 3.11 and 2.56 for Cu(II), and 2.18 and 3.00 for Ni(II). When roots were exposed to binary or ternary mixtures of the metals, the two monoprotic acid single metal model did not provide ideal fits to the data indicating that adsorption in a metal mixture scenario cannot be considered additive and is dependent on the combination of metals present in the exposure environment. The experimentally determined proton dissociation constants and metal stability constants could be used in commercial geochemical speciation programs such as Visual MINTEQ to predict metal adsorption to plants. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, The Mining Association of Canada, Ontario Power Generation, Environment Canada.