<p>  </p> <p>In Midwestern soybean [<em>Glycine max </em>(L.) Merr.] systems, especially in Indiana, three summer annual weed species are among the most common and troublesome for soybean producers: tall waterhemp (<em>Amaranthus tuberculatus</em>), giant ragweed (<em>Ambrosia trifida</em>), and horseweed (<em>Conyza canadensis</em>). Evolved resistance to current herbicides [e.g. glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS) ihibitors], coupled with a dearth of new herbicide active ingredients being commercialized in the last two decades, has made controlling these problematic weeds particularly challenging. Trifludimoxazin is a novel protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicide that is currently under development for use in soybean and is likely to be commercially applied either alone or in combination with the herbicide saflufenacil. Research herein was conducted to investigate foliar control of tall waterhemp (including genotypes that are resistant to applications of other PPO inhibitors), giant ragweed, and horseweed following applications of trifludimoxazin alone and in combination with other herbicides. Additionally, the efficacy of soil-residual applications of trifludimoxazin and trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil was evaluated for tall waterhemp and compared to other preemergence herbicides commonly used in soybean. Finally, soybean response to preplant applications of trifludimoxazin and trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil at various preplant timings was investigated along with impact of adding the WSSA Group 15 herbicides acetochlor, pyroxasulfone, and <em>S</em>-metolachlor to preemergence applications of trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil.</p> <p>Applications of 12.5 g ha-1 trifludimoxazin were highly efficacious in foliar applications on tall waterhemp (94% control) at 28 days after application (DAA), less effective when applied to giant ragweed (78% control, 21 DAA), and ineffective on horseweed (9% control, 28 DAA). When applied in combination with glufosinate, glyphosate, paraquat, or saflufenacil, foliar control for these species was 91% to 100%, except for trifludimoxazin plus glyphosate applied to a glyphosate-resistant population of horseweed (17%). Furthermore, foliar efficacy of trifludimoxazin applied to tall waterhemp or Palmer amaranth (<em>Amaranthus palmeri</em>) was not impacted by the presence of target-site mutations (ΔG210 or R128 in waterhemp, ΔG210 or V361A in Palmer amaranth) that confered resistance to saflufenacil and fomesafen.</p> <p>Near complete soil residual control [≥ 98% at 2 weeks after application (WAA)] of tall waterhemp was initially observed with 12.5 to 50 g ha-1 of trifludimoxazin but were less effective (39% to 69%) relative to commercial standards of pyroxasulfone (91%) or sulfentrazone (95%) by 6 WAA. Combining saflufenacil at 25 or 50 g ha-1 with soil-residual applications of trifludimoxazin improved efficacy on tall waterhemp at 6 WAA relative to trifludimoxazin alone. With the exception of 12.5 + 25 g ha-1 (74%), applications of trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil, respectively, resulted in comparable residual tall waterhemp control (84% to 92%) as the commercial standards. </p> <p>Soybean injury following applications of trifludimoxazin was relatively low (< 10%), regardless of preplant application timing [0 to 28 days before planting (DBP)] or rate (6.25 to 25 g ha-1). However, the addition of saflufenacil increased soybean injury, especially when environmental conditions were more conducive to soybean response. For instance, at Pinney Purdue Agriculture Center (PPAC) in 2019 soybean injury 4 weeks after planting (WAP) was 28%, soybean population was reduced by 39%, and yield was reduced by 27% when trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil was applied at 25 + 50 g ha-1. The experimental conditions that corresponded to this elevated soybean injury were coarse-texture soil, low temperatures, and high precipitation at the time of soybean emergence. Lower rates of this herbicide combination resulted in less injury, and soybean response was minimized (≤ 8%) when applications were made at least 14 DBP. The addition of Group 15 herbicides to applications of trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil at planting did not impact soybean response, except for at PPAC in 2019, where the addition of acetochlor (51%) or pyroxasulfone (46%) to 25 + 50 g ha-1 was greater than without these Group 15 herbicides at 4 WAP (22%). Field research indicated soybean response to combinations of trifludimoxazin plus saflufenacil differed by cultivar in some instances, and greenhouse experiments determined the response was attributable to differential soybean cultivar sensitivity to the saflufenacil component of the mixture.  </p>

Crop production provides the food and fiber necessary to sustain the world\'s population. Effective weed management is critical to maintaining agricultural productivity. Intensive or continuous use of herbicides that act on the same target site, or are detoxified by similar processes within crops and target weeds frequently results in the development of weeds resistant to a specific herbicide or class of herbicides. Weed resistance due to the extensive use of glyphosate in glyphosate tolerant crop systems has become one of the most serious issues facing agriculture today. Thus PPO-inhibitor herbicides are an alternative mechanism of action that have the potential to mitigate the development of resistant weeds in weed control systems where crop tolerance is sufficient to allow them to be effectively deployed. While there are few reports of weed resistance to PPO-inhibitor herbicides it has not developed to the extent that it is a commercial problem for growers. When used at recommended doses, they typically have favorable regulatory profiles. Furthermore, most of them are highly compatible with no-tillage agriculture. However, PPO-inhibitor herbicides are typically more active on dicots than monocots. This thesis provides information with regards to effectiveness of certain binary mixtures of PPO herbicides as weed control agents. The mixtures showed synergistic effects and could control monocots as Echinochloa crus-galli and volunteer corn besides control the dicots species. Regarding the compounds studied, trifludimoxazin and flumioxazin required less amount of compound to inhibit 50% of PPO2 activity in all plants species tested, while sulfentrazone and saflufenacil, one of the best mixtures in the field, showed that needed bigger concentrations to inhibit 50% of the PPO2 compared to other compounds evaluated.The absorption and translocation of these compounds individually or in mixtures, showed that as single compounds, the absorption was slower in maize than E. crus-galli and there was no difference among the herbicides except trifludimoxazin, that was significantly lower than the other compounds. Saflufenacil was the herbicide that showed the best translocation out of treated leaf point, while trifludimoxazin has not shown any translocation out of leaf treated. In mixtures, the compounds showed some differences in absorption and translocation, which it was variable according to species studied. Some traits of PPO-tolerant were also evaluated in Arabidopsis thaliana which indicates potential traits to be developed in crops of interest. / Agricultura é responsável por fornecer alimento e fibras necessárias para sustentar a população mundial. Controle de plantas daninhas é essencial para obter uma boa produtividade. O uso intensivo de herbicidas que age no mesmo sitio de ação ou são detoxificados por processos similares pelas plantas daninhas resulta geralmente no desenvolvimento de plantas daninhas resistentes a um herbicida específico ou à uma classe de herbicidas. A resistência de plantas daninhas devido ao uso de culturas tolerantes à glifosato tem se tornado um dos mais sérios problemas na agricultura. Inibidores da PPO pode ser uma ferramenta para mitigar o desenvolvimento de plantas daninhas resistentes. Há poucos relatos de plantas daninhas resistentes a este mecanismo de ação. Quando aplicados na dose recomendada, apresentam perfil toxicológico favorável e além disso, a maioria dos herbicidas deste grupo são compatíveis com plantio direto. No entanto, são mais eficientes em dicotiledôneas do que em monocotiledôneas. O objetivo dessa tese foi fornecer informações em relação a associação binária de herbicidas inibidores da PPO no controle de plantas daninhas. As associações mostraram efeito sinérgico no controle de Echinochloa crus-galli e milho voluntário, além do controle de dicotiledôneas. Avaliou-se também a atividade de alguns inibidores da PPO na inibição de 50% da enzima PPO2 e observou-se que para inibir 50% da PPO2 necessitou de menor quantidade de trifludimoxazin e flumioxazin em todas as plantas testadas, enquanto que sulfentrazone e saflufenacil, que associados apresentaram a melhor eficácia nos ensaios de campo, mostraram que precisar de maiores concentrações para inibir a PPO2 comparada aos outros produtos. A absorção e translocação destes produtos, isolados ou em mistura, mostraram que a absorção foi mais lenta em milho do que em E. crus-galli. Os herbicidas apresentaram comportamentos similares, sendo absorvidos quase 95% até 72 horas após aplicação, com exceção do trifludimoxazin, que foi significativamente mais lento que os outros. Saflufenacil foi o herbicida que apresentou melhor translocação na folha aplicada, enquanto trifludimoxazin não apresentou nenhuma translocação. Em relação às associações, os produtos mostraram diferenças na absorção e translocação, variando conforme as plantas daninhas estudadas. Alguns eventos tolerantes a inibidores da PPO foram avaliados em Arabidopsis thaliana e indicaram como potenciais eventos para ser desenvolvidos nas culturas de interesse.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV15MA174.pdf: 1010429 bytes, checksum: fe034957a32c1a3a626fd5db5aa86b68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-18 / Weeds can cause significant yield losses in the agriculture, among them we can point out morning-glory species in many crops. To control that weed, we can use herbicides inhibiting protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase, in a selective way for a variety of crops. The objectives were: (i) to relate the response of Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea quamoclit with the variation of doses of carfentrazone-ethyl and saflufenacil, of spray temperature at the moment of spraying, and of spray volume used; and (ii) to compare the efficacy of those herbicides sprayed isolately or mixed to glyphosate. Experiments were carried out from dose-response with carfentrazone-ethyl (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 20, 35, 50, and 75 g ha-1 of the labeled herbicide Aurora®, 400 g a.i. L-1, FMC) and with saflufenacil (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 20, 35, and 50 g ha-1 of the labeled herbicide Heat®, 700 g a.i. kg-1, Basf), of variation of spray temperature (10 to 30 oC) and of variation of spraying volume (150 to 250 L ha-1). Evaluations were performed 14 days after spraying. In spite of showing differential response in relation to the dry mass accumulation, doses from 4 mL ha-1 of Aurora® and 5 g ha-1 of Heat® killed plants for both I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit. For carfentrazone-ethyl, increasing 10 L ha-1 in the spray volume reduced dry mass by 1.43% and 1.26% for I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit, respectively, while for saflufenacil, the reduction was by 12.73% and 11.30%, respectively for both species. For carfentrazone-ethyl, increasing 1 oC of spray temperature of reduced the dry mass by 0.22% and 0.35% for I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit, respectively, while for saflufenacil the reduction was by 0.56% and 0.30%, respectively for both species. The mix of carfentrazone-ethyl or saflufenacil with glyphosate provided a reduction by, at least, 10% greater of dry mass of I. hederifolia. We concluded that: carfentrazone-ethyl and saflufenacil are highly efficient to control I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit; increasing the spray volume and spray temperature provide greater efficacy to control both species, for both herbicides; and the mix with glyphosate improve the efficacy of controlling I. hederifolia for both herbicides / As plantas daninhas podem causar perdas significativas de produtividade na agricultura, dentre as quais se destacam as cordas-de-viola em diversos cultivos. Para seu controle podem ser utilizados herbicidas inibidores da enzima protoporfirinogênio IX oxidase, de maneira seletiva para diversos cultivos. Os objetivos foram: (i) relacionar a resposta de Ipomoea hederifolia e Ipomoea quamoclit com a variação da dose de carfentrazone-ethyl e saflufenacil, da temperatura da calda no momento da aplicação e do volume de calda aplicado; e (ii) comparar a eficácia destes herbicidas aplicados isoladamente e em mistura com glyphosate. Foram realizados experimentos de dose-resposta com carfentrazone-ethyl (0; 0,25; 0,5; 1; 2; 4; 5; 7,5; 10; 20; 35; 50 e 75 g ha-1 do produto comercial Aurora®, 400 g i.a. L-1, FMC) e com saflufenacil (0; 0,125; 0,25; 0,5; 1; 2; 2,5; 5; 7,5; 10; 20; 35 e 50 g ha-1 do produto comercial Heat®, 700 g i.a. kg-1, Basf), de variação de temperatura de calda (10 a 30 oC) e de variação de volume de calda (150 a 250 L ha-1). Avaliações de massa seca foram efetuadas 14 dias após a aplicação. Apesar de apresentarem resposta diferenciada quanto ao acúmulo de massa seca, doses a partir de 4 mL ha-1 de Aurora® e 5 g ha-1 de Heat® causaram a morte de plantas de I. hederifolia e I. quamoclit. Para carfentrazone-ethyl, o aumento de cada 10 L ha-1 no volume de calda aplicado reduziu a massa seca em 1,43% e 1,26% para I. hederifolia e I. quamoclit, respectivamente; enquanto para saflufenacil, a redução foi de 12,73% e 11,30%, respectivamente para essas espécies. Para carfentrazone-ethyl, o aumento de cada 1 oC na temperatura da calda reduziu a massa seca em 0,22% e 0,35% para I. hederifolia e I. quamoclit, respectivamente, enquanto para saflufenacil a redução foi de 0,56% e 0,30%, respectivamente para essas espécies. A mistura de carfentrazone-ethyl ou saflufenacil com glyphosate proporcionou redução de no mínimo 10% maior na massa seca de I. hederifolia. Conclui-se que: carfentrazone-ethyl e saflufenacil são altamente eficazes no controle de I. hederifolia e I. quamoclit; o aumento no volume de calda e na temperatura da calda proporcionam maior eficácia de controle dessas espécies, para ambos os herbicidas; e a mistura com glyphosate aumenta a eficácia de controle de I. hederifolia para ambos os herbicidas

Crop production provides the food and fiber necessary to sustain the world\'s population. Effective weed management is critical to maintaining agricultural productivity. Intensive or continuous use of herbicides that act on the same target site, or are detoxified by similar processes within crops and target weeds frequently results in the development of weeds resistant to a specific herbicide or class of herbicides. Weed resistance due to the extensive use of glyphosate in glyphosate tolerant crop systems has become one of the most serious issues facing agriculture today. Thus PPO-inhibitor herbicides are an alternative mechanism of action that have the potential to mitigate the development of resistant weeds in weed control systems where crop tolerance is sufficient to allow them to be effectively deployed. While there are few reports of weed resistance to PPO-inhibitor herbicides it has not developed to the extent that it is a commercial problem for growers. When used at recommended doses, they typically have favorable regulatory profiles. Furthermore, most of them are highly compatible with no-tillage agriculture. However, PPO-inhibitor herbicides are typically more active on dicots than monocots. This thesis provides information with regards to effectiveness of certain binary mixtures of PPO herbicides as weed control agents. The mixtures showed synergistic effects and could control monocots as Echinochloa crus-galli and volunteer corn besides control the dicots species. Regarding the compounds studied, trifludimoxazin and flumioxazin required less amount of compound to inhibit 50% of PPO2 activity in all plants species tested, while sulfentrazone and saflufenacil, one of the best mixtures in the field, showed that needed bigger concentrations to inhibit 50% of the PPO2 compared to other compounds evaluated.The absorption and translocation of these compounds individually or in mixtures, showed that as single compounds, the absorption was slower in maize than E. crus-galli and there was no difference among the herbicides except trifludimoxazin, that was significantly lower than the other compounds. Saflufenacil was the herbicide that showed the best translocation out of treated leaf point, while trifludimoxazin has not shown any translocation out of leaf treated. In mixtures, the compounds showed some differences in absorption and translocation, which it was variable according to species studied. Some traits of PPO-tolerant were also evaluated in Arabidopsis thaliana which indicates potential traits to be developed in crops of interest. / Agricultura é responsável por fornecer alimento e fibras necessárias para sustentar a população mundial. Controle de plantas daninhas é essencial para obter uma boa produtividade. O uso intensivo de herbicidas que age no mesmo sitio de ação ou são detoxificados por processos similares pelas plantas daninhas resulta geralmente no desenvolvimento de plantas daninhas resistentes a um herbicida específico ou à uma classe de herbicidas. A resistência de plantas daninhas devido ao uso de culturas tolerantes à glifosato tem se tornado um dos mais sérios problemas na agricultura. Inibidores da PPO pode ser uma ferramenta para mitigar o desenvolvimento de plantas daninhas resistentes. Há poucos relatos de plantas daninhas resistentes a este mecanismo de ação. Quando aplicados na dose recomendada, apresentam perfil toxicológico favorável e além disso, a maioria dos herbicidas deste grupo são compatíveis com plantio direto. No entanto, são mais eficientes em dicotiledôneas do que em monocotiledôneas. O objetivo dessa tese foi fornecer informações em relação a associação binária de herbicidas inibidores da PPO no controle de plantas daninhas. As associações mostraram efeito sinérgico no controle de Echinochloa crus-galli e milho voluntário, além do controle de dicotiledôneas. Avaliou-se também a atividade de alguns inibidores da PPO na inibição de 50% da enzima PPO2 e observou-se que para inibir 50% da PPO2 necessitou de menor quantidade de trifludimoxazin e flumioxazin em todas as plantas testadas, enquanto que sulfentrazone e saflufenacil, que associados apresentaram a melhor eficácia nos ensaios de campo, mostraram que precisar de maiores concentrações para inibir a PPO2 comparada aos outros produtos. A absorção e translocação destes produtos, isolados ou em mistura, mostraram que a absorção foi mais lenta em milho do que em E. crus-galli. Os herbicidas apresentaram comportamentos similares, sendo absorvidos quase 95% até 72 horas após aplicação, com exceção do trifludimoxazin, que foi significativamente mais lento que os outros. Saflufenacil foi o herbicida que apresentou melhor translocação na folha aplicada, enquanto trifludimoxazin não apresentou nenhuma translocação. Em relação às associações, os produtos mostraram diferenças na absorção e translocação, variando conforme as plantas daninhas estudadas. Alguns eventos tolerantes a inibidores da PPO foram avaliados em Arabidopsis thaliana e indicaram como potenciais eventos para ser desenvolvidos nas culturas de interesse.

<p>PPO inhibitors are a valuable group of herbicides that provide soil-residual and foliar control of glyphosate resistant <em>Amaranthus</em> species. The ΔG210 mutation in the <em>PPX2</em> gene confers PPO-inhibitor resistance and has been present in the Midwest for more than a decade. Until recently, PPO-inhibitor resistance in waterhemp was attributable to just the ΔG210 mutation in the <em>PPX2</em> gene, but recently, several new PPO-resistant biotypes have been discovered in waterhemp and Palmer amaranth. A possible explanation is a change in PPO-inhibitor use patterns and commonly used active ingredients.</p> <p>A direct comparison of the ΔG210 mutation and a new mutation, R128G, was conducted in the greenhouse. Results indicate that the R128G mutation in waterhemp is not substantially better than the ΔG210 mutation with respect to conferring resistance to PPO inhibitors applied preemergence. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the utility of PPO inhibitors applied preemergence will diminish any further as a result of the R128G mutation increasing in frequency. A set of field trials was conducted to investigate how a new PPO inhibitor, trifludimoxazin, will select for resistant biotypes in the field. Overall, a greater number of resistant plants survived the foliar herbicide applications than emerged through soil applications. Trifludimoxazin did not increase the frequency of PPO-resistant individuals when applied to soil, but when applied to foliage, increased the frequency of PPO-resistant individuals by 2.5 to 2.6-fold, similar to other PPO inhibitors applied to foliage. In other experiments, investigations of waterhemp populations with unique resistance phenotypes were conducted. In populations that were more resistant than others, yet had the same ΔG210 mutation, there was no evidence of herbicide metabolism contributing to the greater resistance phenotype. In resistant populations that had no target site mutations, target site expression experiments and lipid peroxidation experiments were inconclusive. However, there was some evidence of increased target-site expression or increased antioxidant capacity as being causal mechanisms, although no mechanisms have been fully ruled out.</p>