This thesis deals with projects of Public Private Partnership (PPP), its aim is to describe the concept of PPP in theory, to mention its potential benefits as well as contemporary criticism. It also describes methods for the evaluation of PPP projects, analysis of risks and barriers for increased use of PPP projects in the Czech Republic.Practical part focuses on the project in the Czech Republic at the regional level, describes the problems associated with the evaluation of the project and compares the realization of project through PPP project with a form of conventional public contract.

This dissertation examines the possibility of private sector involvement in financing the Czech prison system. In the Western World, this form of provision has now become common practice. The paper explores the possibilities of both full and partial participation of the private sector in the provision of one of the restrictive services that in the Czech Republic are delivered exclusively by the state. The theoretical section discusses different alternatives regarding the financial provision through public-private partnerships (PPP projects). These are viewed as part of a wider and comprehensive area of public contracting. Due to the absence of this form of provision in the Czech Republic, all information regarding this alternative has been sourced from foreign prison systems where private forms of prison service have a long tradition (e.g. the concept of privatization by Charles Logan). The findings are then applied and compared with the foundations of the Czech prison system (whose primary role is security and specialist provision) with respect to the economic efficiency of the whole system. A case study is presented which outlines different projections regarding operating costs in a sample of three American prisons with the aim to compare the estimated and real costs depending on the form of provision, i.e. by state or through private management. The research section of the dissertation uses data from the Feasibility study of building a private prison in the Czech Republic. Using calculated values, CBA analysis is employed to evaluate three possible alternatives of financing the construction of a private prison. To evaluate the costs, the following methods were used: the Public Sector Comparator, the DBFO model (Design -- Build -- Finance -- Organize) and the BOT model (Build -- Organize -- Transfer) which primarily utilizes the work potential of prisoners in relation to the increase of return on investment in penitentiary provision. The results of the BOT model showed that the mere existence of participation of a private partner in the Czech prison system can be beneficial as it introduces an important element of competition and basic principles of market economy into the system. However, greater efficiency can only be achieved provided that a more efficient system of settlement of outstanding debts of prisoners is employed. This requires a more sophisticated policy for employing prisoners.

The diploma thesis deals with the concept of Public private partnerships in the Czech Republic. Specifically it focuses on healthcare and social services. At first we introduce the partnership between the public and private sector in general. We inform about its forms, risks, advantages and disadvantages. We concentrate on legislative and institutional environment in the Czech Republic. The fundamental contribution of the thesis can be seen in monitoring of individual realized and unrealized projects. There we make effort to find common factors of their realization. The main aim is to answer the question whether PPP projects are appropriate tool for solving the situation in the health sector. The results show that the state PPP projects are not appropriate instrument to address investment in the current conditions. On the contrary better management is seen at municipalities especially in social services. PPP projects can not be seen as means of solving long-term problems in the health sector in the Czech Republic. In conclusion we give recommendation regarding application of the concept of PPP in the healthcare or the social services in this country.

The dissertation thesis provides a comparison of approaches to the audit - compliance audit, performance audit and financial audit, on example of PPP project. The fact that the border between both parties of PPP project can not be generally defined provides space for the comparison of audit in the public and private sector. The topicality of the theme is given the fiscal problems not only in European countries, where most countries are looking for a way of extending the budget constraint to private sector engagement in the form of PPP projects. Therefore, PPP projects in the world are increasingly popular form of financing. Each includes every new minister of finance includes PPP projects as a possible source of budget. PPP projects, however, represent a huge, long-term investment, that large amounts of money are invested over long time periods. Large fiscal risk would occur in the corrupt environment, with a real threat of government failure, where the supplier has better information through a quasi-monopoly position and large fiscal risks. This risk persists many years and is associated with the provision of large state guarantees in an uncertain economic and societal benefit, taking place to constrain the budget for future generations. PPP project can be agreed only if resources are used efficiently in accordance with societal consensus and the pace of economic growth and public revenue consistently exceeds the real interest rate on public debt. Therefore, PPP projects in the world are increasingly popular form of financing.The fact that this form of financing should be transparent among other things, regularly audited.

The subject of this diploma thesis is PPP projects in healthcare. The thesis is focused on assessment of relevance of PPP projects securing public services in the healthcare sector in the Czech Republic. It is intended to assess whether PPP projects are a suitable instrument for securing public services in the healthcare sector and if so, under what conditions and to what extent. The first part of this thesis inquires into the definition of public private partnership and PPP projects in a strict sense and describes individual types of PPP projects. Second part defines in more detail the legal and institutional framework for implementation of PPP projects and discusses the current status of PPP projects in the Czech Republic. Third part analyses in detail the assessment instruments for PPP and guidelines for such assessment concerning projects in healthcare. Fourth part is focused on analysis of implementation of PPP projects abroad and fifth part evaluates PPP projects in healthcare implemented in the Czech Republic. Sixth part reviews this actual experience and findings concerning PPP projects in healthcare. The conclusion summarises results of the assessment.

In this thesis, we study the discrete logarithm problem in the context of TFNP - the complexity class of search problems with a syntactically guaranteed existence of a solution for all instances. Our main results show that suitable variants of the discrete logarithm problem, which we call Index and DLog, are complete for the classes PPP and PWPP, respectively. Additionally, our reductions provide new structural insights into PWPP by establishing two new PWPP-complete problems. First, the problem Dove, a relaxation of the PPP-complete problem Pigeon. Dove is the first PWPP-complete problem not defined in terms of an explicitly shrinking function. Second, the problem Claw, a total search problem capturing the computational complexity of breaking claw-free permuta- tions. In the context of TFNP, the PWPP-completeness of Claw matches the known intrinsic relationship between collision-resistant hash functions and claw-free permuta- tions established in the cryptographic literature. 1

Die klassische Precise Point Positioning PPP-Lösung ermöglicht eine absolute Positionsbestimmung im Zentimeterbereich. Dazu sind kontinuierliche Code- und Phasenbeobachtungen auf zwei Frequenzen erforderlich. Die Bereitstellung dieser Beobachtungen verlangt hochwertige und teure Ausrüstungen. Im Gegensatz zu diesen teuren GNSS-Messgeräten werden seit längerer Zeit kostengünstige Geräte für die relative Positionsbestimmung mit Zentimetergenauigkeit, z. B. RTK verwendet. Diese Ausrüstungen stellen nur Beobachtungen auf der ersten Frequenz zur Verfügung und können damit die ionosphärischen Korrekturen mittels der ionosphären-freien Linearkombination der Phasenbeobachtungen nicht bestimmen. Die ionosphärischen Laufzeitverzögerungen können aber durch eine ionosphären-freie Linearkombination zwischen Code- und Phasenbeobachtungen beseitigt werden. Dieser Ansatz der ausschließlichen Nutzung der ersten Frequenz wird als Einfrequenz-PPP-Lösung bezeichnet. Aus ökonomischer Sicht ist diese Lösung von großer Bedeutung. Die schlechte Genauigkeit der Codebeobachtungen aufgrund der Codemehrwegeeffekte, des Messrauschens und der Codeverzögerungsvariationen group delay variations (GDV) ist der Hauptgrund für die geringe Positionsgenauigkeit der Einfrequenz-PPP-Lösung. Die GDV wurden in Bezug auf Zweifrequenzphasenbeobachtungen kalibriert und zu entsprechenden Modellen, die von der Frequenz, dem Nadir-Winkel und dem Elevationswinkel abhängig sind, zusammengefasst. Die zeitliche Stabilität der Korrekturmodelle wurde nachgewiesen, sodass diese Modelle ohne zeitliche Beschränkung zur Korrektur von GDV verwendet werden können. Bei der Verwendung von hochwertigen GNSS-Ausrüstungen zeigte die Einfrequenz-PPP-Lösung die geringste Genauigkeit in der Höhenkomponente, etwa 5-mal schlechter als in der Nordkomponente. Durch das Anbringen der Korrekturmodelle bezüglich der GDV an die Codebeobachtungen konnte diese Genauigkeit auf das Doppelte erhöht werden. Zusätzlich ist keine Abhängigkeit der Höhengenauigkeit vom Antennentyp mehr erkennbar. Bei der Auswertung von Daten preisgünstiger GNSS-Ausrüstungen mittels Einfrequenz-PPP-Lösung lagen die RMS-Werte der Abweichungen zur Solllösung für alle drei Koordinatenkomponenten unter einem Dezimeter. Das Anbringen der Code-Korrekturen steigert die Genauigkeit der Höhe und der Nordkomponente um einen Faktor von zwei bzw. vier. Mit diesen erreichbaren Genauigkeiten und den günstigen Beschaffungskosten bildet die Einfrequenz-PPP-Lösung eine gute und preiswerte Alternative zur klassischen PPP-Lösung.:Kurzfassung Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 13 1.1 Motivation 13 1.2 Aktueller Stand der Forschung 14 1.3 Zielsetzung und Gliederung der Arbeit 17 2 Grundlagen 21 2.1 GNSS 21 2.1.1 GPS 21 2.1.2 GLONASS 22 2.2 Referenz- und Koordinatensysteme 23 2.2.1 Internationales Terrestrisches Referenzsystem 24 2.2.2 Das World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) 25 2.2.3 Parametry Zemli (PZ-90.02) 25 2.3 Zeitsysteme 26 2.3.1 Sonnenzeit – UT – UT1 26 2.3.2 Atomzeit (TAI) und koordinierte Weltzeit (UTC) 27 2.3.3 Das GPS-Zeitsystem 28 2.3.4 Das GLONASS-Zeitsystem 29 2.4 Positionsbestimmung 29 2.4.1 Codebeobachtungen als primäre Messgröße 31 2.4.2 Phasenbeobachtungen als primäre Messgröße 32 2.5 Ausgleichungsrechnung und Statistik 34 2.5.1 Funktionales Modell 34 2.5.2 Stochastisches Modell 36 2.5.3 Parameterschätzung mit dem Gauß-Markov-Modell 37 2.5.4 Eliminierung von Unbekannten 39 2.5.5 Sequentielle Ausgleichung 41 2.5.6 Statistik 42 3 Precise Point Positioning mit einem Einfrequenz-Empfänger 43 3.1 Präzise Satellitenpositionen und -uhrkorrektionen 44 3.1.1 IGS 44 3.1.2 Präzise Satellitenkoordinaten 46 3.1.3 Präzise Satellitenuhrkorrektion 47 3.1.4 Satellitenantennenkorrektionen 48 3.1.5 Phase Wind-up 49 3.2 Atmosphärische Korrektionen 49 3.2.1 Troposphäre 50 3.2.2 Ionosphäre 52 3.3 Instrumentelle Verzögerungen 55 3.4 Korrektionen an der Station 56 3.4.1 Empfangsantennenkorrektionen 56 3.4.2 Erdgezeiten, Polbewegung und ozeanische Auflasten 57 3.4.3 Mehrwegeeffekte 57 3.5 Auswertung von GRAPHIC-Beobachtungen 58 3.5.1 Beobachtungsgleichungen 58 3.5.2 Funktionales Modell 61 3.5.3 Stochastisches Modell 62 3.5.4 Sequentielle Ausgleichung der statischen Beobachtungen 64 4 Modellierung von GDV 65 4.1 Motivation 65 4.2 Einführung 69 4.3 Methodik 70 4.3.1 Analyse der Code-Beobachtungen anhand der MP-Linearkombination 70 4.3.2 Trennung der Satellitenantennen-GDV von Empfangsantennen-GDV 72 4.3.3 Satelliten- und Empfangsantennenphasenkorrektionen 75 4.4 Bestimmung der GDV 79 4.4.1 GDV der GPS- und GLONASS-Satellitenantennen 79 4.4.2 GDV der Empfangsantennen 90 4.5 Zeitliche Stabilität der GDV 93 5 Untersuchungen zur Verwendung hochwertiger Empfangsantennen bei der Einfrequenz-PPP-Lösung 99 5.1 Wasoft 99 5.1.1 Warino 99 5.1.2 Wappp 100 5.2 Datensatz und Auswertekonfiguration 101 5.3 Untersuchung zur Genauigkeit der Solllösung 105 5.4 Positionsgenauigkeit in Abhängigkeit von der Empfangsantenne, der Frequenz, dem GNSS und den Auswirkungen der GDV 107 5.4.1 Erreichbare Genauigkeit ohne Korrektur der GDV 108 5.4.2 Auswirkung der GDV auf die Positionsgenauigkeit 113 6 Untersuchungen zur Genauigkeit der PPP-Lösung in Abhängigkeit von den Beschaffungskosten 119 6.1 Daten 120 6.1.1 Verwendete preisgünstige Empfänger und Empfangsantenne 120 6.1.2 Datensatz 1 121 6.1.3 Datensatz 2 122 6.2 Auswirkungen des verwendeten Empfängertyps auf die Positionsbestimmung 124 6.3 L1-Einfrequenz-PPP-Lösung mit preisgünstigen GNSS-Empfängern 127 6.3.1 Bestimmung der GDV der preisgünstigen Antenne TW3870 127 6.3.2 Erreichbare Positionsgenauigkeit 128 7 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick 133 Literaturverzeichnis 137 Anhang 147

[pt] Diante do comprometimento do Brasil com a FIFA (Federação Internacional de Futebol) para realização de eventos esportivos, mais precisamente a Copa das Confederações em 2013 e a Copa do Mundo em 2014, o Governo do Estado de Minas Gerais utilizou o modelo de Parcerias Público-Privadas (PPP) para promover as obras de reforma e modernização do Complexo do Mineirão, em Belo Horizonte. A PPP tem como objetivo a viabilização de projetos de infraestrutura que exigem grandes aportes financeiros. No entanto, a incerteza sobre a demanda de público de jogo de futebol é elevada e isso pode fazer com que algumas empresas que poderiam estar interessadas na realização da obra, não participem da concessão. Assim, uma das formas para reduzir esse risco é o governo oferecer uma garantia de demanda, na qual é garantida uma receita pré-determinada sempre que os resultados do investidor forem abaixo do esperado. Essa garantia é vista como uma opção de Put para a Minas Arena, empresa privada, e como uma Call para o governo. Nesse contexto, este trabalho desenvolveu um modelo respaldado na teoria de opções reais com o objetivo de valorar as opções presentes do projeto e estabelecer os limites de risco para cada um dos stakeholders. O resultado da análise mostrou que a estratégia de associar uma garantia de demanda a um teto de desembolsos (proposta vencedora do processo licitatório) tem valor positivo para o governo e negativo para o concessionário. Foi utilizada a média de público mensal histórica, na qual a demanda média não ultrapassa 50 porcento da capacidade do estádio. Além disso, algumas sensibilidades dos principais parâmetros do modelo sugeriram uma alta sensibilidade do valor da opção para pouca variação desses parâmetros. Esses resultados revelam que a empresa privada poderia ter assinado o projeto sem a necessidade da opção de garantia de público, uma vez que os principais jogos do estádio do Mineirão são altamente concentrados no time Cruzeiro, que possuem um comportamento estável de jogos ao longo do ano, com exceção dos dias de clássico. / [en] Given the commitment of Brazil with FIFA (International Football Federation) to perform sporting events, specifically the Confederations Cup in 2013 and World Cup in 2014, the Government of the State of Minas Gerais used the Public-Private Partnership model (PPP) to promote the works of reform and modernization of Mineirão Complex in Belo Horizonte. The PPP aims at enabling infrastructure projects that require large financial investments. However, uncertainty about the football game public demand is high and this may cause some companies that might be interested in doing the work, not participate in the award. Thus, one way to reduce this risk is the government offer a warranty claim, which is guaranteed a predetermined recipe whenever the investor s results are below expectations. This guarantee is seen as a put option for the Minas Arena, a private company, and as a call for the government. In this context, this paper developed a model supported the theory of real options with the objective of evaluating these design options and establish risk limits for each of the stakeholders. The analysis showed that the strategy of associating a warranty claim to a ceiling disbursements (winning bid of the bidding process) has positive value to the government and negative for the dealer. Average monthly historical square was used, in which the average demand does not exceed 50 percent of the capacity of the stadium. In addition, some sensitivities of the main model parameters suggested a high sensitivity of the option value to little variation of these parameters. These results reveal that private enterprise could have signed the project without the need for public assurance option, since the main games of the Mineirão stadium are highly concentrated in Cruzeiro team, who have a stable behavior of games throughout the year with the exception of classical days.

Examensarbetet har undersökt Galileo HAS (High Accuracy Service), en satellitmeddelandekorrektions tjänst utvecklad av Europeiska unionens rymdprogrambyrå (EUSPA). Tjänsten syftar till att erbjuda positionsbestämning med decimeter precision och fungerar som en förbättring av befintliga globala gratistjänster. Galileo HAS kommer inte konkurrera med professionella betaltjänster då dessa erbjuder betydligt högre precision ner till centimeternivå. Galileo HAS är implementerat i två servicenivåer och tre faser. Fas 1 lanserades den 24 januari 2023, vilket inkluderar klock-, ban- och kodkorrektioner men inte faskorrektioner. I fas 1 erbjuds tjänsten med en avslappnad noggrannhet på < 2 dm i plan och < 4 dm i höjd, detta innebär att mätningar förväntas uppnå kraven till viss del. Framtida och slutliga fasen, fas 2, kommer erbjuda de lovade noggrannheterna för fas 1 då faskorrektioner tillkommer. I studien utvärderades mätkvaliteten med HAS-korrektioner med hjälp av mottagaren Arrow Gold + och en iPad som handenhet. Applikationerna EOS Tools PRO och ArcGIS Field Maps användes för att genomföra och följa mätningarna i realtid. Mätningarna utfördes i tre olika miljöer: bra, medelsvår och svåra förhållanden. Statisk och semi-kinematisk detaljmätning utfördes i respektive mätmiljö. En känd punkt i respektive miljö användes till den statiska mätningen. Statisk mätning genomfördes i 2 timmar totalt 4 gånger. Till studien valdes 12 detaljer med låg sannolikhet att rubbas under arbetets gång inför detaljmätning. Mätningen genomfördes genom att samla in 5 stycken 1-sekundersmätningar och skapa en medelpunkt av dessa i ArcGIS Field Maps. Varje detalj mättes 4 gånger var för beräkning av spridningen. Resultaten visade att vid statisk mätning uppnåddes fixlösning, vilket i detta fall innebär en mätkvaliteten under 1 dm enligt instrumentet, enbart i bra miljö och vid ett fall i medelsvår miljö. Däremot uppnåddes aldrig fixlösning i svår mätmiljö. De statiska mätningarna visade att den bra miljön resulterade i en RMS på 0,301 meter i plan och 0,335 meter i höjd. Resultatet för alla mätningar i medelsvår miljö resulterade i en RMS på 0,420 m i plan och 0,337 m i höjd medan den för svår miljö resulterade i RMS 10,322 m i plan och RMS 20,784 m i höjd. Detaljmätningen med minst avvikelse resulterade i en standardavvikelse i plan på 0,382 m och i höjd 0,616 m. Detaljmätningen med störst standardavvikelse resulterade i plan 8,917 m och i höjd 6,041 m. Detaljmätningarna visade att precisionen varierade beroende på miljön med störst lägesosäkerhet i skog. Den genomsnittliga konvergenstiden för mätningarna som uppnådde fixlösning resulterade i ca 1 timme och 24 minuter vid statisk mätning. Framtida studier rekommenderas när fas 2 av tjänsten initieras och faskorrektioner samt atmosfäriska korrektioner blir tillgängliga. / This work has examined Galileo HAS (High Accuracy Service), a satellite message correction service developed by the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA). The service aims to provide positioning with decimeter precision and serves as an enhancement to existing global free services. Galileo HAS will not compete with professional paid services, as these offer significantly higher precision down to the centimeter level. Galileo HAS is implemented in two service levels and three phases. Phase 1 was launched on January 24, 2023, which includes clock, orbit, and code corrections but not phase corrections. In phase 1, the service is offered with a relaxed accuracy of < 2 dm in horizontal and < 4 dm in vertical, meaning that measurements are expected to meet the requirements to some extent. The future and final phase, phase 2, will offer the promised accuracies of phase 1 when phase corrections are added. The study evaluated the measurement quality with HAS corrections using the Arrow Gold + receiver and an iPad as the handheld device. The applications EOS Tools PRO and ArcGIS Field Maps were used to perform and monitor the measurements in real-time. Measurements were carried out in three different environments: good, moderate, and difficult environments. Static and semi-kinematic “detail” measurements were performed in each measurement environment. A known point in each environment was used for the static measurement. Static measurement was conducted for 2 hours a total of 4 times. Twelve details with a low probability of being disturbed during the work were selected for the semi-kinematic measurements. The measurement was performed by collecting five 1-second measurements and creating an average point from these in ArcGIS Field Maps. Each detail was measured 4 times for the calculation of the spread. The results showed that in static measurement, a fixed solution was achieved, which in this case means a measurement quality under 1 dm according to the instrument, in all good environments and in one case in the moderate environment. However, a fixed solution was never achieved in the difficult environment. The static measurements showed that the good environment resulted in an RMS of 0.301 m in horizontal and 0.335 m in vertical. The result for all measurements in a moderate environment resulted in an RMS of 0.420 m in horizontal and 0.337 m in vertical, while the difficult environment resulted in RMS of 10.322 m in horizontal and 20.784 m in vertical. The semi-kinematic measurement with the least deviation resulted in a standard deviation in horizontal of 0.382 m and in vertical 0.616 m. The semi-kinematic with the greatest standard deviation resulted in horizontal 8.917 m and in vertical 6.041 m. The semi-kinematic measurements showed that the precision varied depending on the environment, with the greatest positional uncertainty in the forest. The average convergence time for measurements that achieved a fixed solution resulted in approximately 1 hour and 24 minutes in static measurement. Future studies are recommended when phase 2 of the service is initiated and phase corrections as well as atmospheric corrections become available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2300.pdf: 6404032 bytes, checksum: e8ddeb3d63aa24d2f243dee3d1114c99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-20 / Atulim (2002) and Racanicchi (2003) had planned and implemented a geodetic GPS network in São Carlos city, which needed maintenance and revision. The proposals of this dissertation had consisted of: i) to bring up to date the GPS geodetic network in the city of São Carlos and to make it compatible with the SIRGAS2000 (Geocentric Reference System of Americas 2000), with new network adjustment and injunction in two geodesic vertices in the urban area of São Carlos, homologated by the IBGE after the implantation of the original geodetic network in 2003; ii) to evaluate and to compare the new results of the geodetic network coordinates obtained with the relative positioning through the tracking of artificial satellites, according to technology NAVSTAR/GPS and adjusted through the Least Squares Method, with results of coordinates obtained through the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Method, processed by PPP on-line services. Analyzing the results obtained in this dissertation, it was possible to evaluate that the application of PPP Method, since that followed the specific orientations of each on-line service used, takes care perfectly to the required to support of cadastral registry and location services for the most varied purposes, however it does not substitute yet other services that demand highest degree of accuracy only obtained with vectors and network adjustment with statistical control of processes that demand high computational activity. / Atulim (2002) e Racanicchi (2003) planejaram e implantaram uma rede geodésica GPS no município de São Carlos, que necessitou de manutenção e revisão. As propostas desta dissertação consistiram em: i) atualizar a rede geodésica GPS no município de São Carlos e compatibilizá-la com o SIRGAS2000 (Sistema de Referência Geocêntrica das Américas 2000), com novo ajustamento da rede geodésica e injuncionamento em dois vértices geodésicos na área urbana de São Carlos, homologados pelo IBGE após a implantação da rede geodésica original; ii) avaliar e comparar os novos resultados das coordenadas da rede geodésica de São Carlos obtidas com posicionamento relativo através do rastreamento de satélites artificiais, segundo a tecnologia NAVSTAR/GPS (Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging/Global Positioning System) e ajustadas através do Método dos Mínimos Quadrados (MMQ), com os resultados das coordenadas obtidas através do Método de Posicionamento Pontual Preciso (PPP), processadas por serviços de cálculo de PPP on-line. Analisando os resultados obtidos nesta dissertação, foi possível avaliar que a aplicação do Método PPP, desde que seguidas as orientações específicas de cada serviço on-line utilizado, atende perfeitamente à exigência requerida para apoiar serviços de cadastro e locação para as mais variadas finalidades, porém não substitui ainda outros serviços que demandam alto grau de exatidão conseguidas somente com vetores e ajustamento de rede com controle estatístico de processos que demandam alta atividade computacional.