Följande uppsats tar avstamp i den kritik som har riktats mot traditionella studier av nyhetsproduktion, kritik som till mångt och mycket bottnar i att skapandet av nyheter inte är en autonom institution utan snarare en process som berörs av många intressenter, i vilken PR-konsulter utgör en vital, outforskad del. Syftet med denna studie är att söka svara på vilka ekonomiska, etiska, organisatoriska och journalistrelaterade grundvalar PR-konsulter deltar i den nyhetsskapande processen, och genom att göra det bidra till det diskursteoretiska perspektivet och utöka förståelsen för hur nyheter skapas. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk består dels av teorier som berör produktionen av affärsnyheter och dels teorier som behandlar själva PR-området.   För att kunna svara på uppsatsens frågeställning - På vilka ekonomiska, etiska, organisatoriska och journalistrelaterade grundvalar deltar PR-konsulter i den nyhetsskapande processen? - genomfördes en respondentintervjustudie med sju PR-konsulter, för att på så vis fånga föreställningar och uppfattningar om deras del i den nyhetsskapande processen.   Studiens resultat underbygger och stärker dess teoretiska ramverk och visar tydligt på att PR-konsulterna idag arbetar närmare nyhetsorganisationer och utgör en större och tydligare del i skapandet av affärsnyheter. Resultatet visar även det till stor del är pekuniära intressen som styr deras arbete, vilket till viss del beror på vår tids teknologiska konvergens.   En slutsats man kan dra av resultatet – att PR-konsulter idag är en tydligare del i produktionen av affärsnyheter – är att nyhetsredaktioner i större utsträckning tar in kommersiellt material på redaktionell plats vilket tyder på att nyhetsredaktionerna håller på att utarmas, något som på sikt skulle kunna ses som ett hot mot demokratin. Men ett möjligt, mer positivt synsätt, är att dagens teknologiska landvinningar har banat väg för, inte bara en teknologisk konvergens, utan också för en slags arbetskulturell konvergens som kan möjliggöra och integrera tidigare osannolika arbetsområden med varandra.  Nyckelord: Affärsnyhetsproduktion, PR, PR-konsult. / This following bachelor thesis has its starting point in the critic aimed towards the traditional studies of business news production. A critic, which to a large extent, is rooted in the making of business news as a non-autonomic institution, rather is it a process with many stakeholders, a process in which PR consultants play a vital, unexplored part. The purpose of this study is therefore to give an answer to which basis – economic, ethical, organizational and journalism-related – PR consultants are participating in the process of business news production. And by so doing contributing to the discourse theoretical perspective and expand the understanding of how business news are created. The theoretical framework of this thesis consists of theories related to the production of business news as well as theories that deal with the public relations field.   In order to answer the question at issue, we conducted a respondent interview with seven PR consultants. By doing so we could capture their beliefs and perceptions of their part in the news creation process.   Results of the study reinforces and strengthens its theoretical framework and clearly shows that PR consultants today are working closer to news organizations and constitutes a larger and more significant part in the making of business news. And it is largely pecuniary interests that govern their work, which to some extent depends on our era’s technological convergence.   One conclusion to be drawn from the results - that PR consultants today constitutes a more significant part in the making of business news – is that newsrooms are more keen on publishing commercial material in editorial space, which indicates that newsrooms are being depleted, something that could ultimately be seen as a democratic threat. But a possible, more positive approach, is that today's technological advances have paved the way for, not only a technological convergence, but also a kind of working-cultural convergence that enables and integrates previously unimaginable work areas. Key words: Business news production, PR, PR consultant

Syftet med denna uppsats är att ta reda på hur lokala kommunikationskonsulter i Falun/Borlänge-regionen ser på opinionsbildning via professionella konsulter. De centrala begrepp som avhandlas är PR, opinionsbildning och lobbying.Den teoretiska ram som omger undersökningen består av de teoribyggen som skapats av Jürgen Habermas, James E. Grunig och Larsåke Larsson. Habermas ställer sig tveksam till den demokratiska nyttan av professionell opinionsbildning, Grunig är mer positiv och Larsson ser både för- och nackdelar med PR-verksamheten. Larssons undersökning av opinionskonsulter från 2005 refereras också.Undersökningen bygger på intervjuer med ett antal kommunikationskonsulter verksamma i Falun och Borlänge. Den lokala marknaden för opinionsbildande uppdrag diskuteras, men också huruvida politiska uppdrag förser byråerna med politisk färg. Huruvida medarbetarnas engagemang är viktigt och hur hög statusen på opinionsbildande uppdrag är ventileras, samt vilka arbetsmetoder som används. Intervjuerna behandlar också förekomsten av lobbying på lokal nivå. Till slut redogör de intervjuade för sin syn på hur opinionsbildning, PR och lobbying via konsulter påverkar demokratin.Under slutsatser diskuteras resultatet i relation till den teoretiska ramen. Att PR- och reklambranscherna alltmer växer samman och att opinionsbildning är ett vanligt inslag i många projekt är ett faktum som också skymtat fram i den teoretiska ramen. Men reklam- och PR-metoder integreras också i politiken, på gott och ont. Följaktligen växer den gråzon som finns mellan de olika typerna av kommunikation och mellan opinionsbildande och icke-opinionsbildande uppdrag. Det försvårar gränsdragning och tydlighet, men skapar nya kreativa möjligheter.Att den ökade användningen av kommunikationskonsulter kanske kan bidra till en orättvis fördel för resursstarka organisationer diskuteras. Ny teknik, t.ex. Internet, kan dock eventuellt vara den motvikt som gör det möjligt även för resurssvaga grupper att höras i det offentliga samtalet. Kommunikation som maktfaktor tas även upp utifrån termer som lobbying och medias dagordningsfunktion.Några aspekter av den outnyttjade potential som PR har ventileras också. PR som metod är en outnyttjad resurs på det lokala planet, något som kan bero både på okunskap hos de lokala kunderna och ett traditionellt arbetssätt hos byråerna. Utifrån intervjusvaren framkommer att både byråerna, deras kunder och media på landsorten skulle gynnas av ett större samarbete.Resultaten av intervjuerna stöder mycket i den teoretiska ramen, medan somligt förkastas. Som sammanfattning kan sägas att opinionsbildning via konsulter kan användas för både gott och ont. Vilket som blir resultatet handlar som oftast om etik, ansvar, öppenhet och professionalitet.ABSTRACTThe primary target for this report is to find out how communication consultants in the region of Falun and Borlänge views the practice of establishing public opinions by using professional public relations consultants. The concepts in focus are PR, the moulding of public opinion and lobbying.The theoretical framework surrounding this report is the writings by Jürgen Habermas, James E. Grunig and Larsåke Larsson. Habermas has doubts as to the democratic use of professional consultants working with public opinions, Grunig has a somewhat more positive approach and Larsson sees both advantages and disadvantages in a democratic sense with the PR industry. Larssons research concerning consultants working with the moulding of public opinions from 2005 is also reviewed. The research is carried out by interviewing some communication consultants working in the Falun /Borlänge- area. The local market for commissions concerning public opinions is discussed, but also if and how political commissions are forcing a political stamp upon the firms engaging in such commissions. The importance of personal commitment in the consultants and the level of prominence commissions concerning public opinion has in the business is discussed, but also which methods is used and preferred. The interviews also deal with the practice of lobbying in the local arena. Finally the participants state their views on how the moulding of public opinion, PR and lobbying effects the democracy. Conclusively, the result is put in relation to the theories earlier mentioned. The public relations market is merging with the advertising business, that is a fact, and establishing public opinion is a common element in a lot of projects. But methods used for advertising and PR are also integrated in the political sphere, for good and bad. That has made the distinction between different kinds of communication harder, thereby enhancing the difficulties of establishing boundaries and achieving clarity. Yet at the same time it facilitates new creative opportunities.The growing use of communication consultants may contribute to unfair advantages for organisations with large economic resources. New technical development though, such as the Internet for example, may prove to simplify communication for groups with lesser economic power. Communication as an aspect of power is being discussed in terms of lobbying and the agenda setting power of media.Some aspects of the unused potential that lies within PR are also in focus in this report. PR as a method is an unused resource in the local market, which can be due to the local clients lack of knowledge but also to the traditional work carried out by the communication firms. The findings of the interviews show that both communication firms, their clients and the local media would benefit from greater cooperation.The theoretical base in this work is mostly supported by the interviews, though a few of the findings does not agree. The moulding of public opinions by professional consultants can be used for both good and bad. What the result will be is, not surprisingly, a question of ethics, responsibility, openness and professionalism.

Recently, ZnO is more and more popular in years because ZnO which is the same with GaN is a wide bandgap semiconductor. Moreover, ZnO can be made as UV region photonic devices and it is transparent. In this article, the main discussion is the Photoreflectance spectroscopy and contactless electroreflectance spectroscopy of ZnO. The next step is that measures contactless electroreflectance spectroscopy at different temperatures. After experiments, using Lorentzian profile fits the experiment data. And observing the transition type of ZnO.

Using contactless Electroreflectance spectroscopy to determine the face terminate of GaN.

By using the Projected Shell Model (PSM) ,studied of the nuclear superdeformation structure in the mass A~130 doubly-odd nuclei are present the isotopes Pr , Pr (b)¡B Pr (1)¡B Pr and Pr .The results of theoretical calculations of transition energy E£^, the kinetic moment of inertia J(1) and the dynamic moment of inertia J(2) are compared with experimental data . In According to the result of theory and experimental we get an important consequence. That is the isotopes, it deformation scale is decision by the neutron number. Because the neutron number close to the magic number, the nuclear will be stable and the deformation will be small.

This thesis is concerned with narrative constructions of women's identities in texts by contemporary Scottish and Irish women writers. I focus on texts by A. L. Kennedy, Liz Lochhead, Angela Bourke, Éilís Ní Dhubhne and Marina Carr. The theoretical framework of my analysis has been inspired by these writers' concerns with the relationship between narrative and reality. An important idea derived from the study of this relationship is that one's voice often, if not always, accommodates others' voices and is modulated by the power they convey. This power, derived from traditions that naturalise legitimate subjectivity constructs, steers and disciplines narrators, characters borne in these narrators' voices, as well as to whom they speak, readers or other characters, affecting the representations of the realities they inhabit. In my thesis, I examine literary explorations of the power through which narratives voices operate to constitute identities. The vision of voice as necessarily accommodating others' voices has suggested the use of Bakhtin's theories of heteroglossia in my analyses. The idea that an other's voice speaks in one's voice has sent me to Derrida's theory of citationality and to Judith Butler's theory of discursive reiteration and subjectivity. Regarding the act of narrating as an act of citation, I examine the role of narratives in shaping identity by providing subject positions derived form a citational chain of stories. The analysis of the relationship between narrative and reality undertaken in this thesis is interdisciplinary, involving elements of narratology theory, linguistics, philosophy, anthropology and social theory. The main argument can be summarised thus: myth is a manifestation of authority in the discursive acts through which we present ourselves to ourselves and to others in social reality. These discursive acts are to an extent acts of citation that reiterate subjective identities which, through this reiteration, have become naturalised, normative and constraining. The kind of subject they constitute is produced at the expense of alternative possibilities of cultural expression.

The thesis offers a reading of Rebecca West's longer fiction as texts constituted by disputing authorities. It begins by placing West in a socio-historical context, showing how her own life, personal and political interests were insistently grappling with questions of authority. It moves on in the second chapter to examine the contradictions inherent in the patterning of narrative structures in West's fiction. The third chapter considers the construction of authority within narrative contexts as a complex of textual power relations. A reading of female subject positions as sites of gendered struggle comprises the last chapter. Together these demonstrate the necessity for the redefinition of the notion of authority, a move which has significant implications for the meaning and relevance of power in respect of art and female subjectivity. In the course of the thesis, I draw on a selection of West's non-fiction writing and journalism, as well as autobiographical and biographical material, in order to furnish 8 context for her work, and to highlight the significance of opposing voices heard through the fictional texts. My readings are made from a feminist perspective (no extended study of West's fiction has hitherto been made from this pOSition), and are influenced by the writings of a range of feminist critics and theoreticians.

This study examines the treatment of the city as a subject in nineteenth century English poetry. There is an outline of some of the problems posed by urban subject-matter in the post-Romantic era together with a survey of attitudes to the city, literary preconceptions and the kind of terminology already available at the beginning of the period. The body of the thesis shows how approaches developed, and considers how far poets were able to create forms and a language capable of dealing with this subject. It was not one which inspired great poetry; most poets found the material intransigent. A major reason for this was the complex set of reactions produced by the presence of the urban crowd. The poet's response to the city is seen to depend largely on his response to the crowd and this study has therefore taken into account the reaction of poets to social developments in the course of the century. The thesis deals with poetry in which the city or aspects of life in the city is the main subject. Poets for whom the city was only an occasional subject, e.g. Matthew Arnold and Robert Browning, have not been included although this study should throw some light incidentally on their treatment of urban themes.

When Jane Austen described her writing as ‘two inches of ivory’ she was being selfdeprecating, maybe even sarcastic. But as I began an investigation into short-short forms and feminine voices her two inches of ivory became poignant, creating an image of a woman writer inside a tiny white space or writing on a tiny white space. This thesis represents the paths I have chosen – the changes in direction and the twists and turns of my creative process during three years spent exploring ideas related to this image. This journey produced themes and questions which spill across three sections: Passing Through, A Middle Place; Short-short Turns; and Harvested Short-shorts. Each element explores the way short-short stories come to us as writers, readers and editors and also considers the responsibilities and processes involved with taking on these roles.

This thesis will address the problem of literary exclusions in the later Romantic period by shifting the focus of literary study away from the Self towards a sequence of key political events. This allows examination of a variety of canonical and non-canonical verse by focusing on writing that attempts to 'intervene in' the public world. More particularly I will focus on writing engaged in a struggle for control of the representation of three key public events: the Peterloo Massacre of August 1819, the Cato Street conspiracy of April 1820 and the Queen Caroline affair (1820-21). In each case I have considered the inter-relation between 'popular' responses, as revealed in broad-sheets, pamphlets, etc. and 'literary' responses, and have gauged how far the two types of response converge. I also look at the emergence of a kind of writing that dissolves the difference between the 'high' and the 'low', the kind of writing produced by figures such as William Hone, and Shelley in his Mask of Anarchy. Each of these historical events is considered in a separate section. The first section deals with poetic responses to the Peterloo massacre. I begin by examining the poems of Samuel Bamford, the only known poet at the massacre, and his attempts to tone down the more inflammatory aspects of his first poems on Peterloo for his new Chartist audience of the 1840's. I then move on to William Hone and his battle to control the narratives of contemporary texts that have been produced by the literary elite and the ruling class, and in doing so to create his own public sphere. I end the section by examining Shelley's Peterloo poems and his assimilation of current radical discourse and poetic style. The second section is concerned with the Cato Street conspiracy, a conspiracy that was in fact manufactured by the government's spy system. This event did not attract the radical poets, instead it elicited responses from liberals such as Charles Lamb and Byron. In this section I argue that both Lamb and Byron are more concerned with contemporary British politics than has previously been acknowledged. The third section of the thesis looks at the Queen Caroline affair, an event that put many radical republicans in the dubious position of supporting a Queen. By examining the work of Charles Lamb, George Cruikshank, William Hone, Shelley, and a number of anonymous radical poets, I attempt to determine just how the public's imagination had been shaped to engender such support, and what radicals expected to gain by championing the unfortunate Queen Caroline. In conclusion this thesis is distinguished from other critical studies of the period by its refusal either to value literary texts for the light that they throw on the wider culture, or to value the wider culture for the light it throws on the literary texts. It starts from the assumption that literature and the culture out of which it is produced are interdependent.