<p>Biochemical and epidemiological aspects of pre-eclampsia were investigated, with the main focus on possible pathophysiological differences between early-onset and late-onset disease.</p><p>In pre-eclamptic women poor correlation was found between albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in a random urine sample and total amount of albumin in a 24-hour urine collection. <i>(Paper I)</i><b> </b></p><p>In a cohort of women giving birth in Sweden in 1973-82 we estimated the adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) during the years 1987–2001. The adjusted IRR for development of IHD was 1.6-2.8 in woman exposed to gestational hypertensive disease during her pregnancy compared with unexposed women. The higher risk represents more severe or recurrent hypertensive disease. <i>(Paper II)</i></p><p>Before delivery, in early-onset pre-eclampsia (24-32 weeks) there were pronounced alterations in plasma concentrations of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) and placental growth factor (PlGF), and also a higher placental 8-iso-PGF_2α concentration and an elevated serum ratio of plasminogen-activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 to PAI-2 compared with early controls. In late-onset pre-eclampsia (35-42 weeks) there were only moderate alterations in sFlt1 and PlGF concentrations, and the placental 8-iso-PGF_2α concentration and PAI-1/ PAI-2 ratio were similar to those in late controls. <i>(Papers III, V)</i> There was a rapid postpartum decrease in sFlt1 concentration in all groups. One week postpartum the sFlt1 concentration was persistently higher, however, in women with early-onset pre-eclampsia compared with early controls. <i>(Paper IV)</i></p><p>In conclusion: random ACR cannot replace 24-hour urine collections for quantification of albuminuria in pre-eclamptic women; gestational hypertensive disease, especially severe or recurrent, increases the risk for later IHD; early-onset, but not late-onset pre-eclampsia is associated with pronounced alterations of angiogenesis-related markers and only early-onset pre-eclampsia is associated with placental oxidative stress and an increased PAI-1/ PAI-2 ratio, all suggesting a stronger link between early-onset than late-onset pre-eclampsia and a dysfunctional placenta.</p>

Biochemical and epidemiological aspects of pre-eclampsia were investigated, with the main focus on possible pathophysiological differences between early-onset and late-onset disease. In pre-eclamptic women poor correlation was found between albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in a random urine sample and total amount of albumin in a 24-hour urine collection. (Paper I)<b> </b> In a cohort of women giving birth in Sweden in 1973-82 we estimated the adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) during the years 1987–2001. The adjusted IRR for development of IHD was 1.6-2.8 in woman exposed to gestational hypertensive disease during her pregnancy compared with unexposed women. The higher risk represents more severe or recurrent hypertensive disease. (Paper II) Before delivery, in early-onset pre-eclampsia (24-32 weeks) there were pronounced alterations in plasma concentrations of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) and placental growth factor (PlGF), and also a higher placental 8-iso-PGF2α concentration and an elevated serum ratio of plasminogen-activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 to PAI-2 compared with early controls. In late-onset pre-eclampsia (35-42 weeks) there were only moderate alterations in sFlt1 and PlGF concentrations, and the placental 8-iso-PGF2α concentration and PAI-1/ PAI-2 ratio were similar to those in late controls. (Papers III, V) There was a rapid postpartum decrease in sFlt1 concentration in all groups. One week postpartum the sFlt1 concentration was persistently higher, however, in women with early-onset pre-eclampsia compared with early controls. (Paper IV) In conclusion: random ACR cannot replace 24-hour urine collections for quantification of albuminuria in pre-eclamptic women; gestational hypertensive disease, especially severe or recurrent, increases the risk for later IHD; early-onset, but not late-onset pre-eclampsia is associated with pronounced alterations of angiogenesis-related markers and only early-onset pre-eclampsia is associated with placental oxidative stress and an increased PAI-1/ PAI-2 ratio, all suggesting a stronger link between early-onset than late-onset pre-eclampsia and a dysfunctional placenta.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1995. / Thesis date on spine.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1995. / Thesis date on spine.

Objective: to evaluate the risk of obstetric and perinatal outcomes in teenage pregnancy in comparison with adult pregnancy. Methods: retrospective cohort study of 67.693 pregnant women attended in a public hospital in Lima between 2000 and 2010. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes were evaluated. The adolescent group was divided in late adolescents (15-20 years), and early adolescents (<15 years) and was compared among the adult group (20-35 years). Adjusted odds ratios were calculated by education, civil status, prenatal care, previous pregnancies, parity, and pre-gesta-tional BMI. Results: higher risk of cesarean (OR=1,28; CI95%=1,07-1,53) and puerperal infection (OR=1,72; CI95%=1,17-2,53) was found in teenager under 15 years old; as well as higher risk of episiotomy (OR=1,34; CI95%=1,29-1,40) in late teenagers. In addition, this study identified a lower risk of teenage pregnancy for preeclampsia (OR=0,90; CI95%=0,85-0,97), 2nd half-pregnancy bleeding (OR=0,80; CI95%=0,71-0,92), premature rupture of membranes(OR=0,83; CI95%=0,79-0,87), preterm labor (OR=0,87; CI95%=0,80-0,94) and vaginal tearing (OR=0,86; CI95%=0,79-0,93). Conclusion: pregnancy behaves as a risk factor for some obstetric outcomes in the adolescent group, especially in the youngest ones. In addition to maternal age, there are other factors that constitute the need to form multidisciplinary teams to reduce obstetric outcomes in this population. / diego.maticorena@gmail.com / Objetivos: analizar el riesgo de complicaciones obstétricas y perinatales en adolescentes embarazadas en un hospital de Lima, Perú. Métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectiva de 67.693 gestantes atendidas en el período 2000-2010. Se evaluó complicaciones obstétricas y perinatales. Las adolescentes se clasificaron en tardías (15-19 años) y tempranas (< 15 años) y se compararon con las adultas (20-35 años). Se calculó OR ajustados por educación, estado civil, control prenatal, gestaciones previas, paridad e IMC pregestacional. Resultados: se encontró mayor riesgo de cesárea (OR=1,28; IC95%=1,07-1,53) e infección puerperal (OR=1,72; IC95%=1,17-2,53) en las adolescentes menores de 15 años, así como mayor riesgo (OR=1,34; IC95%=1,29-1,40)de episiotomía en las adolescentes tardías. Asimismo, se identificó un menor riesgo del embarazo adolescente para preeclampsia (OR=0,90; IC95%=0,85-0,97), hemorragia de la 2da mitad del embarazo (OR=0,80; IC95%=0,71-0,92), ruptura prematura de membranas (OR=0,83; IC95%=0,79-0,87), amenaza de parto pretérmino (OR=0,87; IC95%=0,80-0,94) y desgarro vaginal (OR= 0,86; IC95%=0,79-0,93). Conclusión: el embarazo se comporta como factor de riesgo para ciertas complicaciones obstétricas en la población adolescente, especialmente en las adolescentes tempranas. Existen además otros factores, que sumados a la edad materna, constituyen la necesidad de formar equipos multidis-ciplinarios para reducir complicaciones obstétricas en esta población. / Revisión por pares

Apesar de sua importância clínica e epidemiológica, a fisiopatologia da préeclâmpsia ainda não foi completamente compreendida. Sabe-se que a doença constitui-se de uma fase pré-clínica e um estágio clínico. Durante a última década muito esforço tem se concentrado na identificação precoce da doença, ainda em sua fase pré-clínica. A literatura científica tem demonstrado claramente um desequilíbrio na regulação da angiogênese das gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia, marcado por níveis elevados do fator antiangiogênico soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) e níveis diminuídos do fator pró-angiogênico placental growth fator (PlGF). Embora um número crescente de estudos em populações de alto risco tenha avaliado o papel desses biomarcadores no diagnóstico de pré-eclâmpsia, dados sobre sua utilização para a predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada, cujo diagnóstico pode ser particularmente difícil, permanecem relativamente escassos e controversos. Com o presente estudo pretendemos avaliar o desempenho de medidas seriadas dos níveis maternos circulantes dos fatores sFlt-1 e PlGF, bem como da razão sFlt-1/PlGF, para predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada e compará-lo ao seu desempenho na predição de pré-eclâmpsia em sua forma \"pura\", não superajuntada. Para este propósito, estudamos uma coorte prospectiva composta de dois braços, um de gestantes com hipertensão arterial crônica e outro de gestantes normotensas, e avaliamos os níveis séricos de sFlt-1 e de PlGF e a razão sFlt-1/PlGF nas idades gestacionais de 20, 26, 32 e 36 semanas, tendo como desfecho principal o diagnóstico de pré-eclâmpsia. Um total de 97 gestantes foram acompanhadas, 37 normotensas e 60 com hipertensão arterial crônica. Entre elas, 4 (10,8%) desenvolveram pré-eclâmpsia e 14 (23,3%) desenvolveram pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada. Para predição de pré-eclâmpsia, a análise ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) apresentou área sob a curva (AUC - area under curve) de 0,83 (IC 95% = 0,68-0,99, P = 0,035) para dosagem de PlGF com 20 semanas e AUC = 0,92 (IC 95% = 0,81 - 1,00, P = 0,007) para a razão sFlt-1/PlGF com 26 semanas de gestação. A variação percentual dos níveis de PlGF entre 26 e 32 semanas de gestação apresentou AUC = 0,96 (IC de 95% = 0,89-1,00, P = 0,003). Para a predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada, a razão sFlt-1/PIGF na idade gestacional de 32 semanas apresentou AUC = 0,69 (IC de 95% = 0,53-0,85, P = 0,039). Entre 20 e 26 semanas de gestação, a variação percentual do PIGF e da razão sFlt-1/PlGF apresentaram, respectivamente, AUC = 0,74 (IC de 95% = 0,58-0,90, P = 0,018) e AUC = 0,71 (IC 95% = 0,52-0,91, P = 0,034). Por nossos resultados podemos concluir que, embora os níveis de PlGF e a razão sFlt-1/ PlGF tenham apresentado bons desempenhos na predição de pré-eclâmpsia, é preciso ter cuidado ao usá-los para a predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada. Nessas gestantes, a dosagem dos fatores angiogênicos apresenta capacidade de predição menor e mais tardia. Avaliações seriadas dos fatores podem melhorar o desempenho dos testes para predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada em idades gestacionais mais precoces / Despite being a major public health problem, the pathophysiology of preeclampsia is incompletely understood. Preeclampsia progression comprises a pre-clinical stage and a clinical stage. During the last decade much work has focused on identifying the pre-clinical stage of preeclampsia. Many researchers have clearly demonstrated an anti-angiogenic imbalance that is marked by higher levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and lower levels of placental growth factor (PlGF) in the subjects who develop preeclampsia compared with those who do not. Although a growing number of studies in the high-risk population have shown the role of these biomarkers in diagnosing preeclampsia, superimposed preeclampsia, which can be a challenging diagnosis, remains partially understudied and the literature regarding this subject continues to be relatively scarce as well as controversial. By this study, we aimed to evaluate the performance of serial measurements of maternal circulating sFlt-1 and PlGF levels for the prediction of superimposed preeclampsia in chronic hypertensive subjects and to compare it to the prediction of preeclampsia in normotensive control subjects. For this purpose, we evaluated a two-armed prospective cohort of women with normotensive and chronic hypertensive pregnancies and assessed the serum levels of sFlt-1 and PlGF and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio at gestational ages of 20, 26, 32 and 36 weeks, having preeclampsia as the primary outcome to be predicted. A total of 97 women were followed-up, 37 in the normotensive group and 60 in the chronic hypertensive group. Among them, 4 (10.8%) women developed preeclampsia and 14 (23.3%) developed superimposed preeclampsia. For predicting preeclampsia, PlGF at 20 gestational weeks presented an AUC=0.83 (CI 95% = 0.68 - 0.99, P=0.035) and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio at 26 gestational weeks presented an AUC=0.92 (CI95% = 0.81 - 1.00, P=0.007). The percent change of the PlGF levels between 26 and 32 gestational weeks presented an AUC=0.96 (CI 95% = 0.89 - 1.00, P=0.003). For predicting superimposed preeclampsia, the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio at 32 gestational weeks presented an AUC=0.69 (CI 95% = 0.53 - 0.85, P=0.039). Between 20 and 26 gestational weeks, the percent change of PlGF and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio presented, respectively, an AUC=0.74 (CI 95% = 0.58 - 0.90, P=0.018) and an AUC=0.71 (CI 95% = 0.52 - 0.91, P=0.034). By our results, we concluded that, although the PlGF level and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio present good performances in the prediction of preeclampsia, caution is required when using them for the prediction of superimposed preeclampsia. Sequential assessments slightly improve the test performances for predicting superimposed preeclampsia at earlier gestational ages

Orientador: Mary Angela Parpinelli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T15:30:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lotufo_FatimaAparecidaHenrique_M.pdf: 1366983 bytes, checksum: f3a2fcc82a35cb99043657d9ceecf225 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Objetivos: aplicar os critérios diagnósticos de near miss, definidos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) a uma população de mulheres no ciclo grávido-puerperal internada em unidade de terapia intensiva geral (UTI), identificar os determinantes primários da morbidade materna grave (MMG), os indicadores do cuidado obstétrico e os resultados maternos e perinatais. Método: estudo de corte transversal incluindo 158 mulheres, no período de 2004 a 2007. Os casos foram classificados segundo desfecho da internação em: óbito, near miss materno (NMM) e condições potencialmente ameaçadoras da vida (CPAV) e os dados coletados dos prontuários. Foram aplicados testes de y2 com correção Yates, exato de Fisher, Odds Ratio (OR) com intervalo de confiança de 95% e regressão múltipla. Resultados: Dentre as 158 internações ocorreram 5 óbitos, 43 near miss e 110 casos CPAV. A razão de near miss foi de 4,4 casos por 1000 nascidos vivos (NV), a razão de near miss por óbito foi de 8,6 casos para 1 morte materna e o índice de mortalidade foi de 10,4%. As síndromes hipertensivas foram o principal determinante primário da internação em 67,7% (107/158 casos), mas as hemorragias foram a principal causa de near miss (17/43 near miss e dois óbitos), principalmente por atonia uterina e gravidez ectópica complicada, com índice de mortalidade por esta causa de 10,5%. Conclusões, a padronização dos critérios diagnósticos de near miss permitirá comparação uniforme dos indicadores entre distintos contextos. As síndromes hemorrágicas foram os principais determinantes primários para near miss e morte materna na instituição e sugerem a existência de demoras no cuidado obstétrico / Abstract: Objectives: to apply the new diagnostic criteria for maternal near miss, defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) to a population of women during pregnancy and postpartum period admitted to a general Intensive Care Unit (ICU); to identify the primary determinants of severe maternal morbidity (SMM), the indicators of obstetrical care and the maternal and perinatal outcomes. Method: a cross sectional study including 158 women between 2004 and 2007. The cases were classified according to the outcome of hospital admission in death, maternal near miss and potentially life threatening conditions (PLTC) and the data were collected from clinical records. Yates corrected y2 and Exact of Fisher tests, Odds Ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals and multiple logistic regression analyses were used. Results: Among the 158 admissions, there were 5 deaths, 43 maternal near miss and 110 cases of PLTC. The near miss ratio was 4.4 cases per 1000 live births (LB), the ratio between near miss and death was 8.6 cases per 1 maternal death and the general mortality index was 10.4%. Hypertensive syndromes were the main primary determinant of admission in 67.7% (107/158 cases), but hemorrhage was the main cause of maternal near miss (17/43 near miss and two deaths), mainly due to uterine atony and complicated ectopic pregnancy, with a mortality index by this cause of 10.5%. Conclusions: the standardization of diagnostic criteria for maternal near miss allowed quantifying SMM in a standard way, facilitating the comparison between different contexts. Hemorrhage was the main primary determinant for maternal near miss and death at the institution suggesting that delays could exist for appropriate obstetric care / Mestrado / Tocoginecologia / Mestre em Tocoginecologia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:04:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Raphaela Maioni Xavier.pdf: 942765 bytes, checksum: 101261116404b23fe8473b4c0bb5ae74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-25 / The etiopathogenesis of gestational hypertension has been widely studied, but it is not very well established in medical literature. Due to the low uteroplacental perfusion, light to moderate hypertension in the third trimester of pregnancy may be an adaptive response of the maternal organism in order to keep adequate blood flow in the fetal compartment. This paper aims to identify the socioeconomic factors of the parturients with gestational hypertension associated with the maternal and fetal conditions, as well as the gross placental pathological changes. The study was conducted in a federal public maternity hospital in Goiânia, in the state of Goiás, between March 2009 and February 2010. Placental and clinical data of 61 parturients with and without diagnosis (control group) of gestational hypertension were collected. 18 placentas of parturients with chronic hypertension (CH) (29.5%), 11 with gestational hypertension (HGE) (18%), 3 with eclampsia (4.9%), 28 of pre-eclampsia (PE) (45.9%), and 1 diagnosed with HELLP Syndrome (1.63%). The main placental changes found were: hematomas, presence of fibrin, fibrosis, infarction, calcifilaxis and areas of detachment. There was statistically significant difference concerning the occurrence of infarction on the maternal side of women with eclampsia (p = 0.047). The deposit of fibrin on the maternal side of the placentas of women with gestational hypertension was significantly larger than that of the women in the control group (p = 0.008). Calcifilaxis was larger on the maternal side of the placentas of women in the control group when compared to the group with gestational hypertension (p = 0.056). A statistically significant result was obtained when analyzing the presence of fibrin in the groups of PE and control (p = 0.024). There was a significantly larger deposit of fibrin on the fetal side of the placentas of women with HGE than of those in the control group (p = 0.048). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are studied as a worldwide problem of public health and rank third among the causes of maternal death in the world and first in Brazil. This is the reason why this study was carried out taking into consideration the need of an increasingly humanized obstetric care focused on the main placental changes and their impact on maternal and fetal vitality in the puerperium. / A etiopatogênese da doença hipertensiva específica da gestação (DHEG) tem sido amplamente estudada, porém não se encontra muito bem estabelecida na literatura. Devido à baixa perfusão uteroplacentária, quadros hipertensivos leves a moderados no terceiro trimestre da gravidez podem ser uma resposta adaptativa do organismo materno para que seja mantido fluxo sanguíneo adequado no compartimento fetal. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os fatores sócio-econômicos das parturientes com doença hipertensiva da gestação associados às condições maternas e fetais, bem como as alterações anatomopatológicas macroscópicas placentárias. O estudo foi realizado em uma maternidade pública federal na cidade de Goiânia, Goiás, no período de março de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010. Foram coletados dados placentários e dados de prontuários de parturientes com ou sem diagnóstico (grupo controle) de doença hipertensiva específica da gestação totalizando 61 partos. Obtivemos 1 placenta de parturiente com diagnóstico de Síndrome HELLP (1,7%), 3 casos de eclâmpsia (4,9%), 11 de HG (18%),18 de HC (29,5%) e 28 de PE (45,9%). As principais alterações placentárias encontradas foram: hematomas, presença de fibrina, áreas de fibrose, infarto, calcifilaxia, áreas de descolamento. Na face materna houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação à ocorrência de infarto na face materna de mulheres com eclâmpsia (p = 0, 047). Houve depósito de fibrina significativamente maior na face materna de placentas de mulheres com hipertensão gestacional comparada aquelas do grupo controle (p = 0,008). A calcificação foi maior na face materna das placentas de mulheres do grupo controle quando comparadas ao grupo com Hipertensão gestacional (p = 0,056). Obteve-se um resultado estatisticamente significante ao analisar a presença de fibrina nos grupos de PE e nos controles (p = 0,024). Houve um depósito significativamente maior de fibrina na face fetal das placentas de mulheres com HG comparadas aquelas do grupo controle (p = 0,048). As doenças hipertensivas específicas da gestação são estudadas como um problema de saúde pública mundial representando a terceira causa de mortalidade materna no mundo e a primeira no Brasil. Por esse motivo, o presente estudo foi realizado a partir da necessidade de uma assistência obstétrica cada vez mais humanizada e voltada para as principais alterações placentárias e suas repercussões na vitalidade materna e fetal no ciclo gravídico puerperal.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-10-22T13:41:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Glaucimeire Marquez Franco - 2015.pdf: 1831506 bytes, checksum: fc557ab2fef5a0036ed0efa86a2a0880 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-22T14:44:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Glaucimeire Marquez Franco - 2015.pdf: 1831506 bytes, checksum: fc557ab2fef5a0036ed0efa86a2a0880 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-22T14:44:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Glaucimeire Marquez Franco - 2015.pdf: 1831506 bytes, checksum: fc557ab2fef5a0036ed0efa86a2a0880 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-07 / Introduction: Preeclampsia and eclampsia are important causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide Objectives: To evaluate the maternal brain centralization in pregnant women with specific gestational hypertension. Produce a systematic review article on the ophthalmic artery Doppler and uterine artery and the flow-mediated dilation. Develop an original article in order to assess the possible occurrence of maternal brain centralization in pregnant women with specific gestational hypertension. Establish normal values of the ratio of uterine artery to the ophthalmic artery (mean and standard deviation). Compare the ratio of uterine with the ophthalmic artery in normal and pathological group. Set the cut-off point, using the ROC curve for specific diagnosis of patients with hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Methods: A systematic literature review involved 260 indexed articles from Medline via PubMed and Virtual Health Library (VHL), published between 1989 and 2014. For the original article, we performed a case-control study of 178 pregnant women divided into two groups: a control group of normal patients (PN), a total of 83 normotensive pregnant women; and one case group of 95 patients with specific gestational hypertension. The analyzed parameters which formed part of the variables studied were: systolic velocity (VS), diastolic velocity (RV), the resistance index, systole-diastole relationship. In addition to these variables were also studied epidemiological variables of pregnancy, parity, abortion, weight, height, BMI, maternal age, gestational age. Results: Through the search strategy, were located 260 articles, of which 33 articles were eligible, with fifteen articles on the ophthalmic artery, eight articles on the brachial artery and eight articles on uterine artery. A total of 178 patients took part in study. The average age of normal pregnant women group of patients was 29.8 ± 4.7 and patients with specific gestational hypertension, of 26.14 ± 6.17. The mean gestational age of normal pregnant patients was 34.3 ± 3.5 weeks and the patients with specific gestational hypertension, of 32.40 ± 3.37. The mean body mass index (BMI) of healthy patients was 26.8 ± 5.6 and patients with specific gestational hypertension, of 30.55 ± 5.12. A normality curve systole-diastole compared with the respective cutoff was performed. A ROC curve was developed, with the cutoff point, considering the systolic velocity, diastolic velocity, systolic-diastolic ratio and the resistance index of the ophthalmic artery, respectively. Conclusion: The Doppler uterine artery and ophthalmic artery flow-mediated dilatation can be useful to identify patients at risk for allowing the monitoring of disease progression and perform effective interventions. It is observed that the possibility of maternal centralization in high-risk pregnancy as the PE is real, whereas in the average normal values and the standard deviation of the Doppler AU / AO-systole-diastole ratio were 0.43 ± 0 16. The cutoff point more sensitive, verified by the ROC curve, which defines maternal brain centralization in patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, is 0.57 for the S / D for UD / AO, with 78% sensitivity and 13 % false positive and 77% specificity. / Introdução: A pré-eclâmpsia é um importante problema em obstetrícia, com altos índices de morbidade perinatal e mortalidade em todo o mundo, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Objetivos: Avaliar a ocorrência de centralização cerebral materna em gestantes portadoras de doença hipertensiva específica da gestação. Produzir um artigo de revisão sistemática sobre Doppler da artéria oftálmica e da artéria uterina e sobre a dilatação fluxo-mediada da artéria braquial. Elaborar um artigo original para avaliar a ocorrência da centralização cerebral materna em gestantes portadoras de doença hipertensiva específica da gestação. Estabelecer a curva de normalidade da relação do Doppler da artéria uterina com o Doppler da artéria oftálmica. Comparar a relação do Doppler da uterina com o Doppler da artéria oftálmica no grupo normal e patológico. Definir o ponto de corte, através da curva ROC, para diagnóstico de pacientes com doença hipertensiva específica da gestação. Métodos: A revisão sistemática da literatura envolveu 260 artigos indexados das bases de dados Medline via PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), publicados entre 1989 e 2014. Para o artigo original, foi realizado um estudo caso controle com 178 gestantes distribuídas em dois grupos: um grupo-controle de pacientes normais (PN), num total de 83 gestantes normotensas; e um grupo casos de 95 pacientes com doença hipertensiva específica da gestação. As variáveis estudadas foram: a velocidade sistólica (VS), a velocidade diastólica (VD), o índice de resistência, a relação sístole-diástole. Além dessas variáveis foram estudadas paridade, aborto, peso, altura, IMC, idade materna, idade gestacional. Resultados: Por meio da estratégia de busca, localizaram-se 260 artigos, dos quais foram elegíveis 32 artigos, sendo dezesseis artigos sobre a artéria oftálmica, oito artigos sobre a artéria braquial e oito artigos sobre a artéria uterina. Um total de 178 pacientes fez parte do estudo. A média de idade das pacientes do grupo de gestantes normais foi de 29,8±4,7 e das pacientes com doença hipertensiva específica da gestação, de 26,14±6,17. A média da idade gestacional das pacientes gestantes normais foi de 34,3±3,5 semanas e das pacientes com doença hipertensiva específica da gestação, de 32,40±3,37. A média do índice de massa corporal (IMC) das gestantes normais foi de 26,8±5,6 e das pacientes com doença hipertensiva específica da gestação, de 30,55±5,12. Foi realizada uma curva de normalidade da relação sístole-diástole com o respectivo ponto de corte. Desenvolveu-se uma curva ROC com o ponto de corte, considerando a velocidade sistólica, a velocidade diastólica, a relação sístole-diástole e o índice de resistência da artéria oftálmica, respectivamente. Conclusão: O Doppler da artéria oftálmica e da artéria uterina e a dilatação fluxo mediada podem ser úteis para identificar pacientes em risco. Observou-se que a ocorrência de centralização materna em gravidez de alto risco como a pré-eclâmpsia (PE) é real, visto que na curva de normalidade a média e o desvio padrão do Doppler da AU/AO da relação sístole-diástole foram de 0,43 ± 0,16. O ponto de corte mais sensível, verificado por meio da curva ROC, que define centralização cerebral materna nas pacientes com doença hipertensiva específica da gestação, é de 0,57 para a S/D da UD/AO, com 78% de sensibilidade e 13% de falso positivo e 77% de especificidade.

Contexte : La pré-éclampsie (PE) est une pathologie ischémique placentaire se manifestant par un syndrome materno-fœtal pendant la grossesse, et dont seul l’accouchement peut interrompre la progression. La PE peut survenir dans le post-partum et cette forme atypique de PE n’est pas expliquée par notre compréhension actuelle de la maladie. L’objectif de ce travail est de formuler des hypothèses physiopathologiques et de les explorer par l’étude des facteurs de risques, des potentiels facteurs déclencheur et de les corréler à l’étude de l’histopathologie des placentas. Méthode : Il s’agit d’une étude cas-témoins, comparant les caractéristiques démographiques et obstétricales des cas de PE du post-partum (n=50), à celles des cas de PE ante-partum précoce (n=100) et tardive (n=100), et à des grossesses normotensives (n=100). Pour l’étude de l’histopathologie placentaire, 30 placentas par groupe ont été étudiés. Les patientes ont été recrutées sur la base de registres de patientes avec troubles hypertensifs, tenus par les centres participants et sur la base des codes diagnostiques issus de la classification internationale des maladies (CIM). Résultats : Aucune différence statistiquement significative n’a été observée entre les groupes en terme d’âge, d’indice de masse corporelle, de primiparité, de recours aux techniques de procréation médicalement assistée et de décès néonataux. La PE du post-partum est associée à l’ethnie afro-caribéenne (OR 3.0, IC 95% 1.3-6.7 ; p <0.01), l’hypertension artérielle (HTA) pré-gestationnelle (OR 46.3, IC 95% 7.4-∞; p <0.01), la gémellité (OR 7.7, IC 95% 1.4-78.7) ; p<0.01), un état infectieux péri-partum (OR 6.5, IC 95% 1.8-29.7 ; p<0.01), la provocation du travail (OR 6.0, IC 95% 1.8-21.4 ; p <0.01), et des valeurs de tension artérielle (TA) avant la sortie de la maternité normales-hautes, tant pour la valeur systolique (OR 10.2, IC 95% 4.3-25.4 ; p<0.01) que pour la valeur diastolique (OR 30.2, IC 95% 8.3-168.3 ; p<0.01). Au niveau placentaire, 40% des placentas des cas de PE post-partum présentaient une déciduite aiguë (PE précoce: 5.7% (2), p<0.01; PE tardive: 16.7% (5), p=0.046; normotendues: 3.2% (1), p<0.01), 39.4% (13) démontraient une anomalie de la maturité villositaire (PE précoce: 77.2% (27), p<0.01; PE tardive: 26.7% (8), p=0.3; normotendues: 3.2% (1), p<0.01), 18.2% (6) montraient une vasculopathie déciduale (PE précoce: 34.3% (12), p=0.13; PE tardive: 10% (3), p=0.35; normotendues: 9.7% (3), p=0.33) et 9.1% (3) présentaient des signes d’ischémie et d’infarctus (PE précoce: 51.4% (18), p<0.01; PE tardive: 13.3% (4), p=0.6; normotendues: 16.1% (5), p=0.4). Conclusions : Les résultats de nos travaux suggèrent que les patientes présentant une PE dans le post-partum ont un profil de risque similaire à celui de la PE typique de l’ante partum, en particulier des PE tardives survenant au delà de 34 SA. La modification de la date de l’accouchement par l’intervention médicale et la provocation du travail pourrait agir comme facteur déclencheur de la PE dans le post-partum, de même qu’une infection aiguë. Les premiers signes de PE post-partum peuvent être détectés par la mesure de la TA avant la sortie de la maternité. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée au niveau placentaire, en terme de vasculopathie déciduale et de signes d’ischémie placentaire. Le taux de déciduite aiguë était plus important dans la PE du post-partum. Au total, la PE du post-partum semble être une pathologie maternelle, survenant dans un contexte d’état inflammatoire accru, possiblement déclenchée par une infection aiguë, où la maladie ischémique placentaire joue peu ou aucun rôle. / Background: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is an ischemic placental disease that is clinically expressed by a maternal-fetal syndrome. Only delivery can stop the progression of the disease. PE can occur after delivery and this atypical from of PE is not explained by our current understanding of the physiopathology. The objective of this work was to formulate physiopathological hypotheses for post-partum PE, to explore them by identifying the risk factors, potential triggers and to correlate them to a histological study of the placenta of women who would later present with post-partum pre-eclampsia. Methods: This is a case-control study, comparing the demographic and obstetrical characteristics of cases of post-partum PE (n=50) with cases of early-onset PE (n=100), late-onset PE (n=100) and normotensive pregnancies (n=100). For the pathological study, 30 placentas per group were included. Patients were identified on a registry of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and through the codification of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Results: There was no difference in term of age, body mass index, primiparity, use of reproductive technology and neonatal death between groups. Post-partum PE was associated with Afro-Caribbean ethnicity (OR 3.0, CI 95% 1.3-6.7; p <0.01), pre-gestationnal hypertension (OR 46.3, CI 95% 7.4-∞; p <0.01), twin pregnancies (OR 7.7, CI 95% 1.4-78.7); p<0.01), peri-partum infectious diseases (OR 6.5, IC 95% 1.8-29.7; p<0.01), induction of labor (OR 6.0, IC 95% 1.8-21.4; p <0.01), and normal-high blood pressure value before discharge of the maternity ward, for the systolic value (OR 10.2, IC 95% 4.3-25.4; p<0.01) as well as for the diastolic value (OR 30.2, IC 95% 8.3-168.3 ; p<0.01). Forty percent of placenta of post-partum PE had acute deciduitis (early PE: 5.7% (2), p<0.01; late PE: 16.7% (5), p=0.046; normal: 3.2% (1), p<0.01), 39.4% (13) had abnormal maturation of the villi (early PE: 77.2%(27), p<0.01; late PE: 26.7%(8), p=0.3; normal: 3.2 %(1), p<0.01), 18.2% (6) had decidual arteriolopathy (early PE: 34.3% (12), p=0.13; late PE: 10% (3), p=0.35; normal: 9.7% (3), p=0.33) and 9.1% (3) had villous ischemia and infarction (early PE: 51.4% (18), p<0.01; late PE: 13.3% (4), p=0.6; normal: 16.1% (5), p=0.4). Conclusions: Our work suggests that patients presenting with post-partum PE have similar risk profile than the typical antepartum PE, in particular with late-onset PE (after 34 weeks of gestation). Modification of the delivery date by medical intervention and induction of labor, might act as a trigger, as well as an acute infection. First signs of post-partum PE can be detected through measurement of blood pressure before discharge of the maternity. There were no significant differences in the placentas in terms of decidual arteriolopathy and villi ischemic changes between post-partum PE, late onset PE and the controls. There was a higher level of acute deciduitis in the placenta of post-partum PE. Altogether, our results suggests that post-partum preeclampsia is more of a maternal disease, characterized by an increased inflammatory state, potentially triggered by infection, and in which placental ischemic disease has little or no role to play.