Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:46:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariadeLourdesCS.pdf: 416532 bytes, checksum: 7b06ce16706cd477da59914b569ac29d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-17 / The objective of this exploratory descriptive study with a qualitative approach was to analyze the perception of the nursing team and the pregnant women hospitalized with pre-eclampsia regarding the interactive process occurring in the care relationship. Data were collected by semi-structured interview with twenty nursing professionals that work in the high-risk ward and ten pregnant women with the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. The discourses were analyzed using the content analysis method, in the modality of thematic identification. Three categories were identified that describe the perception of the interaction by the nursing professionals: recognizing the needs of the hospitalized pregnant woman, understanding the woman with pre-eclampsia, and presenting difficulties in the interactive process. With regards to the pregnant women, four categories emerged: recognizing the clinical care, feeling the lack of information, experiencing feelings during the hospitalization, and envisioning the interaction process. The meaning of the discourses was analyzed according to the principles of symbolic interactionism. The results indicate that both, the nursing professionals and the pregnant women, have a limited perception of their interaction, suggesting a need for further reflection about this reality in the health service units and in the nursing education environment / Trata-se de um estudo explorat?rio descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, tendo como objetivo analisar a percep??o da equipe de enfermagem e das gestantes hospitalizadas, com pr?-ecl?mpsia, sobre o processo de intera??o durante a realiza??o dos cuidados. A coleta dos dados foi realizada atrav?s de entrevista semiestruturada junto a 20 profissionais de enfermagem, que atuam na enfermaria de alto risco, e 10 gestantes com diagn?stico de pr?-ecl?mpsia. As informa??es originadas dos depoimentos foram tratadas, conforme o m?todo de an?lise de conte?do, na modalidade de an?lise tem?tica. Desse processo, em rela??o aos profissionais, surgiram tr?s categorias que descrevem como estes percebem a sua intera??o com a gestante no cuidado: reconhecimento das necessidades da gestante hospitalizada, compreens?o da mulher com pr?-ecl?mpsia e apresenta??o das dificuldades no processo de intera??o. No que diz respeito ?s gestantes, emergiram tr?s categorias: percep??o das especificidades do cuidado, aus?ncia de informa??o/acolhimento/v?nculo e percep??o do processo de intera??o. O significado das falas foi interpretado ? luz dos princ?pios do Interacionismo Simb?lico. Os resultados mostraram que tanto os profissionais quanto as gestantes percebem haver uma intera??o limitada entre eles, sendo necess?rio refletir sobre esta realidade nas institui??es de sa?de e no ensino de enfermagem

Justificativa e objetivo: O manejo hemodinâmico na pré-eclâmpsia grave (PEG) permanece um desafio, especialmente a reposição volêmica durante a cesariana. A sobrecarga de volume pode levar a edema agudo de pulmão, enquanto a restrição hídrica pode exacerbar a falência orgânica, como a injúria renal aguda (IRA). O objetivo do estudo foi a avaliação de IRA pósoperatória em pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia grave submetidas à cesariana, comparando pacientes que receberam estratégia restritiva, com os pacientes que receberam estratégia liberal de hidratação intraoperatória. Métodos: Um total de 46 pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos de acordo com a hidratação durante a cesariana: liberal (1500 mL de ringer lactato, n = 23); e restritivo (250 mL de ringer lactato, n = 23). Liberada dieta irrestrita 8 horas após a cirurgia. A disfunção renal pós-operatória foi estratificada pelos críterios de Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) modificados. Cistatina C e lipocalina associada à gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGAL) foram avaliadas no período pré-operatório imediato, no primeiro e no segundo dia pós-operatório (PO). Resultados: IRA pós-operatória ocorreu em 43,5% dos pacientes em cada um dos grupos. O débito urinário intraoperatório foi maior no Grupo Liberal do que no Grupo Restritivo (116 mL/h versus 80 mL/h, p = 0,032). Em ambos os grupos, a cistatina C foi significativamente menor no 2º PO do que no 1º PO (p = 0,006). No Grupo Liberal, os níveis de NGAL permaneceram inalterados ao longo do período analisado. No Grupo Restritivo, houve aumento de NGAL no 1º PO em relação ao pré-operatório (p = 0,005), seguida por diminuição no 2º PO em relação ao 1º PO (p = 0,006). Conclusão: A ocorrência de IRA pós-operatória em pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia grave parece não ser dependente da estratégia de hidratação intraoperatória utilizada / Background and objectives: Hemodynamic management in severe preeclampsia remains a challenge, especially for fluid replacement during cesarean section. Volume overload can lead to acute pulmonary edema, whereas volume restriction can lead to acute kidney injury (AKI). The aim of this study was to evaluate postoperative AKI in patients with severe preeclampsia who underwent cesarean section, comparing patients who received restrictive fluid therapy with those who received liberal fluid therapy. Methods A total of 46 patients were randomized into two groups according to fluid therapy during cesarean section: liberal (1500 mL of lactated Ringer\'s, n = 23); and restrictive (250 mL of lactated Ringer\'s, n = 23). Unrestricted diet 8 hours after surgery. Postoperative renal dysfunction was stratified using modified AKI Network classification. Cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL) were evaluated in the immediate preoperative period, postoperative (PO) days 1 and 2. Results: Postoperative AKI occurred in 43.5% of the patients in each of the groups. Intraoperative urine output was higher in the liberal group than in the restrictive group (116 mL/h versus 80 mL/h, p = 0.032). In both groups, serum cystatin C was significantly lower on PO2 than on PO1 (p = 0.006). In the liberal group, NGAL levels remained unchanged throughout the analyzed period. In the restrictive group, NGAL levels were significantly higher on PO1 than in the preoperative period (p = 0.005), although they subsequently dropped, being significantly lower on PO2 than on PO1 (p =0.006). Conclusion: The occurrence of postoperative AKI in patients with severe pre-eclampsia does not appear to be dependent on the type of intraoperative fluid therapy used

Abstract Type 2 diabetes can be prevented if the impaired glucose tolerance is found. Oral glucose tolerance test is needed in clinical practise for that but it is expensive and inconvenient. Obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hypertension in pregnancy are factors often found in persons with type 2 diabetes. When there are more than one factor in same person the risk of type 2 diabetes multiplies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism and risk factors of type 2 diabetes in middle aged Finnish population in Savitaipale municipality and develop a method to screen abnormal glucose metabolism in primary health care. It was also studied the correlation of blood pressure and body mass index during pregnancy and abnormal glucose metabolism in later life. The study population was 1561 people born 1933–1956. 77,5% participated and 1097 people of them not having known abnormal glucose metabolism were taken to the cross-sectional study to develop the screening method. All 325 women who have had childbirth and files of that were taken to the prospective pregnancy cohort study. Information was collected with interview, measurements, laboratory research and from childbirth files. According the World Health Organisation criteria 1999 the prevalence of diabetes was 8,7% in men and 7,4% in women, previously undiagnosed 3,9% and 3,1%. Every fourth had abnormal glucose metabolism (men 23,2%, women 23,5%). The prevalence of obesity, hypertension, use of long-term antihypertensive medication and dyslipidemia (only in women) was higher among those, who had abnormal glucose metabolism. Logistic models were made for the classified risk factors. The model (AUC 0.718 for men, 0.761 for women) containing age, gender, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and use of long-term antihypertensive medication was as good as model containing in addition family history of diabetes, smoking habits, serum lipids and long-term use of lipid lowering medication. Risk score tables were made from classified risk factors to evaluate the probability of the abnormal glucose metabolism. The blood pressure level and body mass index in pregnancy correlated independently with abnormal glucose metabolism in later life, blood pressure also adjusted with body mass index. Hypertension in pregnancy or after delivery correlated with abnormal glucose metabolism adjusted with body mass index. Hypertension in pregnancy doubled the risk of abnormal glucose metabolism in later life adjusted for body mass index in pregnancy and hypertension in later life. This information is important in prevention of type 2 diabetes. / Tiivistelmä Tyypin 2 diabetesta voidaan estää, mikäli heikentynyt glukoosinsieto tunnistetaan. Siihen tarvitaan glukoosirasituskoetta, jota on pidetty kalliina ja hankalana toteuttaa. Lihavuus, kohonnut verenpaine, dyslipidemia ja raskausdiabetes ovat tyypin 2 diabeteksen riskitekijöitä ja niiden ryvästyminen samaan henkilöön lisää diabetekseen sairastumisen todennäköisyyttä. Tyypin 2 diabeteksen riskitekijöiden ja poikkeavan glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan määrää ja raskauden aikaisen verenpaineen yhteyttä myöhemmin ilmaantuvaan poikkeavaan glukoosiaineenvaihduntaan tutkittiin 1933–1956 syntyneessä savitaipalelaisessa väestössä. Tavoitteena oli kehittää perusterveydenhuoltoon soveltuva poikkeavan glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan seulontamenetelmä. Kohdejoukosta (n = 1561) osallistui 77,5 %, joista 1097:llä henkilöllä ei tiedetty olevan diabetesta. Heistä kerättiin tietoa haastattelulla, mittauksilla ja laboratoriotutkimuksilla sekä äitiysneuvolakorteista. Raskausaineistoon ja takenevaan kohorttitutkimukseen otettiin kaikki ne 325 naista, myös diabeetikot, joista raskaudesta oli tiedot käytettävissä. Diabetesta sairasti 8,7 % miehistä ja 7,4 % naisista, aiemmin diagnosoimattomia oli 3,9 % ja 3,1 %. Poikkeava glukoosiaineenvaihdunta oli joka neljännellä. Lihavuutta, kohonnutta verenpainetta, verenpainelääkkeen käyttöä ja naisilla dyslipidemiaa oli enemmän niillä, joilla oli poikkeava glukoosiaineenvaihdunta. Tutkimuksessa luotiin luokitelluista muuttujista logistisia malleja. Malli, johon muuttujiksi valittiin ikä, sukupuoli, vyötärön ympärys, systolinen verenpaine ja verenpainelääkkeen käyttö, todettiin yhtä hyväksi (miesten ROC -käyrän AUC 0.718, naisten 0.761) ennustamaan heikentynyt glukoosinsieto ja diabetes kuin malli, johon lisäksi valittiin suvun diabetes, tupakointi, rasva-arvoja ja lipidilääkityksen käyttö. Muuttujista tehtiin taulut, joista voi nähdä poikkeavan glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan todennäköisyyden. Raskauden aikainen verenpaine ja painoindeksi olivat yhteydessä myöhemmin ilmaantuvaan poikkeavaan glukoosiaineenvaihduntaan, samoin loppuraskauden verenpaine painoindeksillä vakioituna. Raskaudessa todettu kohonnut verenpaine oli, mutta raskauden aiheuttama kohonnut verenpaine ei ollut, yhteydessä myöhemmin ilmaantuvaan poikkeavaan glukoosiaineenvaihduntaan painoindeksistä riippumatta, samoin loppuraskauden diastolinen verenpaine seulonnan diastolisesta verenpaineesta riippumatta. Raskaudessa tai sen jälkeen todettu kohonnut verenpaine kaksinkertaisti poikkeavan glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan riskin loppuraskauden painoindeksistä tai seulonnassa todetusta kohonneesta verenpaineesta riippumatta. Kahdella helposti mitattavalla muuttujalla voidaan päätellä glukoosirasituskokeen tarve. Diabetesta ehkäistäessä on tärkeä tietää, että raskauden kohonnut verenpaine ja ylipaino lisäävät myöhempää poikkeavaa glukoosiaineenvaihduntaa.

L'effet des facteurs environnementaux physiques – conditions météorologiques sur la survenue d'une pré-éclampsie est une préoccupation relativement récente, mais diversement évalués par des études de méthodologie très hétérogène qui ne peuvent ainsi faire le tri des hypothèses physio-pathologiques. Comme le rappelait un rapport d'experts, les difficultés méthodologiques sont nombreuses, parmi lesquelles: la mesure de l’exposition et la détermination des fenêtres d'exposition, l’emploi d’une modélisation statistique adéquate, la prise en compte de l’ensemble des facteurs de confusion (facteurs de risque connus de morbidité chez les femmes enceintes ou prise en compte de la saisonnalité des naissances). Par ailleurs, l'intrication des facteurs physiques avec les facteurs sociaux, individuels ou de contexte vient compliquer l'interprétation. Aucune des études publiées jusqu'ici dans le domaine de la pré-éclampsie ne prend simultanément en compte ces 3 catégories de facteurs. Enfin, il n'existe guère d'étude française répondant à l'ensemble de ces questions alors que les modalités de suivi de la grossesse jouent un rôle important et dépendent étroitement de l'organisation socio-sanitaire du pays. Avec l’expérience d'un an dans la préparation du projet, nous proposons d'évaluer ces effets conjoints en étudiant un registre avec plus de 100 000 femmes enceintes /an suivies dans le réseau de maternités du département des Yvelines qui rassemble des territoires urbains et ruraux. / During two last decades, the effect of meteorological factors on human health, especially pregnancy, has become a growing public health concern. However, the influence of meteorological and environmental factors on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia still has to be precisely determined. The main objective of this work is to determine the influence of meteorological conditions at various time during pregnancy (date of conception, near date of conception) on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia in a large French registry of pregnant women and to determine at which moment are the women more susceptible.

No description available.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Pre-eclampsia is a common and dangerous condition of pregnancy. During clinical care the sensitive obstetrician will frequently recognise moral ambiguity and ethical conflicts. It is important to understand the pertinent issues and find ways of resolving them. Counselling is an important element of modern medicine. In deciding which counselling model to apply, clinicians must consider many variables including the particular clinical scenario, strength of evidence, and the justifiable limits of paternalism and autonomy in a position of shared responsibility. Couples have a moral right to procreate even when the pursuit of pregnancy involves significant risks. However, with their understanding of care ethics as well as rights ethics, informed women are well placed to negotiate the extremes of these positions when deciding whether to risk a pregnancy or not. The concept of the “fetal patient” is a helpful one. An autonomous woman may choose to confer or deny this status to her previable fetus, while obstetricians must balance autonomy- and beneficence-based obligations to the pregnant woman with beneficence-based obligations to her fetus. Maternal behaviour that harms the fetus and future child is categorised as maternal-fetal conflict. However, any pregnant woman is morally required to avoid harming the fetus, if this can be done without sacrificing her own important interests. The term non-compliance implies a hierarchical nature in the doctor-patient relationship. This reduces patient agency, erodes trust and conflicts with informed choice. Although sometimes justified, this “label” generally does more harm than good. Expectant management of early pre-eclampsia recognises that neonatal intensive care is an expensive and limited resource. The ultimate goal of expectant management remains the safety of the mother and the delivery of a live infant who will not require intensive and prolonged neonatal care. This judicious use of neonatal intensive care improves distributive justice but by consenting to expectant management as an inpatient, the pregnant woman voluntarily restricts her freedom. The decision is morally undergirded by the value accorded to the viable fetus and the scientific evidence informing the decision. When an extremely preterm, growth restricted fetus requires delivery, resuscitation may become an issue for consideration. The distinction between withholding resuscitation in such cases, or initiating but later withdrawing care is morally irrelevant. Categories of optional and obligatory treatments are more helpful, but perinatologists must determine treatment thresholds through understanding the relevant data and ethics issues. Finally, women do not lose their rights when they become terminally ill. When an undelivered woman is declared brain dead following complications of pre-eclampsia, her doctors and family must formulate clear plans for her and her living fetus. She must still be treated with respect and her right to die with dignity not forgotten. Extension of somatic support to optimise the outcome of her fetus can be supported ethically provided that the fetus is at the threshold of viability, the support is not prolonged (distributive justice), advanced level support is available with a successful outcome likely, and that doctors and family are in clear agreement. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Pre-eklampsie is ‘n algemene en gevaarlike toestand van swangerskap. Die verloskundige met ‘n fyn waarnemingsvermoë sal dikwels morele dubbelsinnigheid en etiese konflik tydens kliniese sorg erken. Dit is belangrik om die kernaspekte te verstaan en maniere te vind om dit op te los. Berading is ‘n belangrike komponent van moderne geneeskunde. Tydens besluitneming oor watter model van berading toegepas moet word, moet klinici ‘n aantal veranderlikes teen mekaar opweeg insluitend die spesifieke kliniese senario, sterkte van die getuienis, die geregverdigde perke van paternalisme en outonomie in ‘n posisie van gedeelde verantwoordelikheid. Die egpare het ‘n morele reg om voort te plant selfs wanneer die verlange na swangerskap betekenisvolle risiko’s inhou. Vrouens wat goed ingelig is, het die vermoë om die uiterstes van etiek van sorg en regte teen mekaar op te weeg wanneer hulle besluit om die risiko van swangerskap te loop. Die konsep van “fetus as pasiënt” kan wel tot verdere besluitneming bydra. Die outonome vrou mag self besluit of die fetus daardie status het. Aan die ander kant moet die verloskundige outonomie en goedwilligheid- (“beneficence”) gebasseerde verpligtinge teenoor die swanger vrou opweeg teen die goedwilligheid-gebasseerde verpligting teenoor haar fetus. Moederlike gedrag wat die fetus en toekomstige kind skend, word as ‘n moeder-fetus konflik beskou. Enige swanger vrou is egter moreel verplig om nie die fetus skade te berokken nie, mits dit gedoen kan word sonder die prysgawe van haar eie noodsaaklike belange. Die term “nie-inskiklikheid” (“non-compliance”) impliseer hiërargie in die dokter-pasiëntverhouding. Hierdie hiërargie doen afbreuk aan die besluitneming van die pasiënt, ondermyn vertroue en bots met ingeligte keuses. Alhoewel besluitneming op grond van hiërargies-gebaseerde gesag soms geregverdig is, veroorsaak hierdie kategorisering gewoonlik meer kwaad as goed. Afwagtende hantering van vroeë pre-eklampsie gaan van die standpunt uit dat neonatale intensiewe sorg ‘n duur en skaars hulpbron is. Die uiteindelike doel van afwagtende hantering bly die veiligheid en gesondheid van die ma en die verlossing van ‘n lewendige baba wat nie verlengde intensiewe- en neonatale sorg benodig nie. Hierdie oordeelkundige gebruik van neonatale sorg bevorder distributiewe geregtigheid, maar wanneer sy toestemming gee tot afwagtende behandeling as binnepasiënt, beperk die swanger vrou vrywilliglik haar vryheid. Hierdie besluit word moreel ondersteun deur die waarde wat aan die lewensvatbare fetus toegevoeg word en die wetenskaplike gronde waarop die besluit berus. Wanneer ‘n erge voortydse, groeivertraagde fetus verlossing benodig, word ressussitasie soms iets wat oorweeg moet word. Die onderskeid tussen die weerhouding van ressussitasie in sulke gevalle en die onttrekking van sorg waar dit aanvanklik begin is, is moreel irrelevant. Kategorieë van opsionele en verpligte behandelings is meer behulpsaam, maar perinatoloë moet die behandelingsdrempels bepaal deur die relevante data en etiek te verstaan. Laastens, vroue verloor nie hul regte wanneer hulle terminaal siek word nie. Wanneer die komplikasies van pre-eklampsie breindood van die vrou veroorsaak voor die verlossing van haar baba, moet haar dokters en familie duidelike planne vir die hantering van haar en haar fetus ontwikkel. Sy moet nogsteeds met respek behandel word en haar reg om met waardigheid te sterf, mag nie uit die oog verloor word nie. Verlenging van die ondersteuning van lewensfunksies om die uitkoms van haar fetus te verbeter, kan eties ondersteun word, mits die fetus na aan lewensvatbaarheid is, die ondersteuning nie te lank duur nie (distributiewe geregtigheid), gevorderde ondersteuning beskikbaar is met ‘n goeie kans vir suksesvolle uitkoms en dat die dokters en familie ten volle saamstem.

Introdução: A Síndrome HELLP é uma complicação das formas graves de préeclampsia caracterizada por hemólise, elevação das enzimas hepáticas e plaquetopenia. O tratamento gera discussão principalmente nos casos abaixo de 34 semanas. Objetivos: Caracterizar a população internada com diagnóstico de Síndrome HELLP no HCFMUSP entre 2001 a 2011. Associar os parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais maternos como preditores de complicações maternas e perinatais. Caracterizar os resultados perinatais e complicações maternas na conduta conservadora. Método: Estudo retrospectivo observacional e analítico. Resultados: Foram internadas 51 pacientes. A idade média foi de 27,48 anos, a maioria foi da cor branca (47%) e com pelo menos mais de 1 gestação (62,75%). Apenas 15,69% apresentavam hipertensão arterial crônica. A idade Gestacional média foi 30,94 semanas. Os sintomas clínicos e exames laboratoriais maternos não apresentaram relação com as complicações maternas e resultados perinatais. As complicações maternas não apresentaram relação com resultados perinatais, exceto a Idade gestacional. A conduta conservadora foi possível em 16 pacientes com ganho médio de 12,94 dias na gestação. As complicações maternas foram insuficiência renal aguda em 3 casos, descolamento de placenta em 2 casos e iminência de eclampsia em 1 caso. As complicações perinatais foram sepse em 10 casos, angústia respiratória em 10 casos, hemorragia intracraniana em 2 casos, enterocolite necrosante em 2 casos, Apgar < 7 no 5° min. em 2 casos e óbito neonatal tardio em 2 casos, permanência no berçário em média de 41,47 ± 21,75 dias. A idade gestacional média no parto foi de 30,56 ± 3,41 semanas. O peso médio dos recém-nascidos foi 1.116,64 ± 393,52 g. A conduta resolutiva foi necessária em 19 pacientes e as complicações maternas observadas foram insuficiência renal aguda em 5 casos, descolamento de placenta em 1 caso, iminência de eclampsia em 4 casos e eclampsia em 4 casos. As complicações perinatais foram sepse em 12 casos, angústia respiratória em 10 casos, hemorragia intracraniana em 4 casos, Apgar < 7 no 5° min. em 3 casos e óbito neonatal tardio em 2 casos, permanência no berçário em média de 58 ± 23 dias. A idade gestacional média no parto foi de 28,93 ± 2,11 semanas. O peso médio dos recém-nascidos foi 1.090 ± 307,49 g. Conclusão: Não há relação direta entre a gravidade da doença materna e resultados perinatais adversos. A Idade gestacional foi a única variável determinante para os resultados perinatais. Na conduta conservadora houve ganho de 2 semanas na gestação e 17 dias a menos de permanência no berçário / Introduction: The HELLP syndrome is a complication of severe forms of preeclampsia characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and thrombocytopenia. The treatment is questioned especially in cases before 34 weeks. Objectives: This study aims to characterize the population of hospitalized patients with HELLP Syndrome at HCFMUSP 2001-2011. To associate maternal clinical and laboratory parameters as predictives for maternal complications and adverse perinatal outcomes. Other aim is to charaterize maternal and perinatal outcomes in the expectant management. Methods: This is a retrospective observational and analytical study. Results: There were 51 patients hospitalized. The mean age was 27.48 years, most were white (47%) and had at least one pregnancy (62.75%). Only 15.69% had chronic arterial hypertension. The average gestational age was 30.94 weeks. The maternal clinical symptoms and laboratory tests did not correlate with maternal complications and perinatal outcomes. Maternal complications were not associated with perinatal outcomes except gestational age. Expectant management was possible in 16 patients with in average gain of 12.94 days of pregnancy. Maternal complications were acute renal failure in 3 cases, placental abruption in 2 cases and imminent eclampsia in 1 case. Perinatal complications were neonatal sepsis in 9 cases, respiratory distress syndrome in 10 cases, intracranial hemorrhage in 1 case, Apgar score less than 7 at 5° minute in 2 cases and neonatal late death in 2 cases, period of hospitalization in average of 41.47 ± 21.75 days. The gestational age at delivery was in average 30.8 ± 3.41 weeks. The weight of the newborns was in average 1116.64 ± 393.52 in average. Immediate interruption was need in 19 patients and the maternal complications were acute renal failure in 5 cases, placental abruption in 1 case and imminent eclampsia in 3 cases, eclampsia in 4 cases; Perinatal complications were: neonatal sepsis in 12 cases, respiratory distress syndrome in 14 cases, intracranial hemorrhage in 4 cases, necrotizing enterocolitis in 1 case, Apgar score less than 7 at 5° minute in 3 cases and neonatal late death in 1 case, period of hospitalization in average of 58 ± 23 days. The gestational age at delivery was in average 29.4 ± 2.4 weeks. The weight of the newborns was in average 1090 ± 307.49 in average. Conclusion: There is no direct relationship between the severity of maternal disease and adverse perinatal outcomes. The gestational age of delivery was crucial to perinatal outcomes. There were gain of 2 weeks of gestational age between hospitalization and delivery and 17 days less of hospitalization for newborns in the expectant management

Die Schwangerschaft ist ein komplexer Vorgang, bei dem es zu einer Interaktion zwischen dem mütterlichen Immunsystem und dem Fetus kommt. Der allogene Fetus kann als natürlich auftretendes Allotransplantat angesehen werden. Man nimmt daher an, dass die Toleranzmechanismen, die im Rahmen einer erfolgreichen Schwangerschaft auftreten, den Mechanismen zur Akzeptanz eines Transplantates ähnlich sind. HO-1 wurde als ein gewebe-schützendes und anti-apoptotisches Molekül beschrieben, welches eine wichtige Rolle bei der Akzeptanz von Transplantaten spielt. Verschiedene Studien konnten zeigen, dass HO-1 in der Plazenta verschiedener Spezies exprimiert wird und dass die Expression von HO-1 bei Schwangerschaftskomplikationen, wie dem spontanen Abort, vermindert ist. Dies lässt vermuten, dass HO im Laufe der Schwangerschaft eine Rolle spielt. In diesem Kontext sollte die vorliegende Arbeit das Verständnis über die Funktion von HO-1 bei den beiden Schwangerschaftskomplikationen spontaner Abort und Präeklampsie (Schwangerschaftshypertonie) erweitern. Mit Hilfe des Mausmodells für einen spontanen Abort, bei dem weibliche CBA/J Mäuse mit männlichen DAB/2J Mäusen verpaart werden, wurde der Einfluss der HO-1 Expression auf die Abortrate untersucht und mit BALB/c-verpaarten CBA/J Weibchen, welche eine normale Schwangerschaft aufweisen, verglichen. In Mäusen mit spontanem Abort zeigte sich eine Reduktion der HO-1 und HO-2 Expression. Die Induktion von HO-1 mittels Co-PP war in der Lage, die Abortrate zu senken, wohingegen eine Reduktion der HO-1 mittels Zn-PP die Abortrate erhöhte. Es zeigte sich, dass es neben der Induktion von HO-1 auch zu einer erhöhten Expression des anti-apoptotischen Moleküls Bag-1 kam. Im Mausmodell für Präeklampsie wurde ebenfalls die Expression von HO-1 und möglicher Interaktionspartner untersucht. Des Weiteren wurde der Einfluss einer erhöhten bzw. verminderten HO-1 Expression auf die Präeklampsie-ähnlichen Symptome in diesem Mausmodell analysiert. Im Laufe der Arbeit zeigte sich jedoch, dass HO-1 Veränderungen keinen Einfluss auf die Präeklampsie-ähnlichen Symptome hat. Die Daten dieser Arbeit lassen vermuten, dass eine erhöhte Expression von HO-1 zum Zeitpunkt der Implantation den Fetus vor einem spontanen Abort schützt und dass die protektive Funktion von HO-1 durch eine Interaktion mit anti-apoptotischen Molekülen wird. Bei der Präeklampsie hingegen scheint HO-1 keine bzw. nur eine untergeordnete Rolle zu spielen. / Pregnancy maintenance is a very complex phenomenon, involving interactions between the maternal immune system and the semiallogenic foetus, which does not lead to immune rejection but to tolerance. Thus it is thought that the tolerance mechanisms involved in a successful pregnancy are closely related to those allowing graft acceptances. Heme Oxygenases (HO) were described to be tissue-protective and to have anti-apoptotic properties. Up-regulation of HO, particularly of HO-1, allows tissue tolerance after transplantation. The presence of HO-1 had been reported in the placenta of different species during normally progressing pregnancies; in pregnancy complications like spontaneous abortion the levels of HO-1 were reduced. This led to the proposal that HO-1 may play a protective role. The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of HO-1 changes in the outcome of pregnancy, using two different murine models for pregnancy complications, namely of spontaneous abortion and pre-eclampsia. The influence of HO-1 expression on the abortion rate was analysed in DBA/2J-mated CBA/J females, which spontaneously show high abortion rates compared to BALB/c-mated CBA/J females, having fully normal pregnancy. The induction of HO-1 by Co-PP led to diminished abortion rates, while the blocking of HO-1 and HO-2 by Zn-PP boosted abortion. In mice with reduced abortion rates after HO-1 induction, up-regulated levels of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bag-1 could be observed. In mice showing signs for preeclampsia after transfer of Th1 activated cells, the expression of HO-1, Th1/Th2 and eNOS was analysed. Furthermore HO-1 was of up- or down-regulated by using Co-PP or Zn-PP respectively. HO-1 changes did not influence the outcome of the disease, as we could not observe a diminution in the blood pressure levels. In summary, the results of this study indicate that high levels of HO-1 during implantation are able to prevent foetal rejection and that the beneficial effects of the HO-1 induction are related to the up-regulation of tissue protective molecules as Bag-1. No relationship could be observed between HO-1 levels and preeclampsia outcome.

Apesar de sua importância clínica e epidemiológica, a fisiopatologia da préeclâmpsia ainda não foi completamente compreendida. Sabe-se que a doença constitui-se de uma fase pré-clínica e um estágio clínico. Durante a última década muito esforço tem se concentrado na identificação precoce da doença, ainda em sua fase pré-clínica. A literatura científica tem demonstrado claramente um desequilíbrio na regulação da angiogênese das gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia, marcado por níveis elevados do fator antiangiogênico soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) e níveis diminuídos do fator pró-angiogênico placental growth fator (PlGF). Embora um número crescente de estudos em populações de alto risco tenha avaliado o papel desses biomarcadores no diagnóstico de pré-eclâmpsia, dados sobre sua utilização para a predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada, cujo diagnóstico pode ser particularmente difícil, permanecem relativamente escassos e controversos. Com o presente estudo pretendemos avaliar o desempenho de medidas seriadas dos níveis maternos circulantes dos fatores sFlt-1 e PlGF, bem como da razão sFlt-1/PlGF, para predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada e compará-lo ao seu desempenho na predição de pré-eclâmpsia em sua forma \"pura\", não superajuntada. Para este propósito, estudamos uma coorte prospectiva composta de dois braços, um de gestantes com hipertensão arterial crônica e outro de gestantes normotensas, e avaliamos os níveis séricos de sFlt-1 e de PlGF e a razão sFlt-1/PlGF nas idades gestacionais de 20, 26, 32 e 36 semanas, tendo como desfecho principal o diagnóstico de pré-eclâmpsia. Um total de 97 gestantes foram acompanhadas, 37 normotensas e 60 com hipertensão arterial crônica. Entre elas, 4 (10,8%) desenvolveram pré-eclâmpsia e 14 (23,3%) desenvolveram pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada. Para predição de pré-eclâmpsia, a análise ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) apresentou área sob a curva (AUC - area under curve) de 0,83 (IC 95% = 0,68-0,99, P = 0,035) para dosagem de PlGF com 20 semanas e AUC = 0,92 (IC 95% = 0,81 - 1,00, P = 0,007) para a razão sFlt-1/PlGF com 26 semanas de gestação. A variação percentual dos níveis de PlGF entre 26 e 32 semanas de gestação apresentou AUC = 0,96 (IC de 95% = 0,89-1,00, P = 0,003). Para a predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada, a razão sFlt-1/PIGF na idade gestacional de 32 semanas apresentou AUC = 0,69 (IC de 95% = 0,53-0,85, P = 0,039). Entre 20 e 26 semanas de gestação, a variação percentual do PIGF e da razão sFlt-1/PlGF apresentaram, respectivamente, AUC = 0,74 (IC de 95% = 0,58-0,90, P = 0,018) e AUC = 0,71 (IC 95% = 0,52-0,91, P = 0,034). Por nossos resultados podemos concluir que, embora os níveis de PlGF e a razão sFlt-1/ PlGF tenham apresentado bons desempenhos na predição de pré-eclâmpsia, é preciso ter cuidado ao usá-los para a predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada. Nessas gestantes, a dosagem dos fatores angiogênicos apresenta capacidade de predição menor e mais tardia. Avaliações seriadas dos fatores podem melhorar o desempenho dos testes para predição de pré-eclâmpsia superajuntada em idades gestacionais mais precoces / Despite being a major public health problem, the pathophysiology of preeclampsia is incompletely understood. Preeclampsia progression comprises a pre-clinical stage and a clinical stage. During the last decade much work has focused on identifying the pre-clinical stage of preeclampsia. Many researchers have clearly demonstrated an anti-angiogenic imbalance that is marked by higher levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and lower levels of placental growth factor (PlGF) in the subjects who develop preeclampsia compared with those who do not. Although a growing number of studies in the high-risk population have shown the role of these biomarkers in diagnosing preeclampsia, superimposed preeclampsia, which can be a challenging diagnosis, remains partially understudied and the literature regarding this subject continues to be relatively scarce as well as controversial. By this study, we aimed to evaluate the performance of serial measurements of maternal circulating sFlt-1 and PlGF levels for the prediction of superimposed preeclampsia in chronic hypertensive subjects and to compare it to the prediction of preeclampsia in normotensive control subjects. For this purpose, we evaluated a two-armed prospective cohort of women with normotensive and chronic hypertensive pregnancies and assessed the serum levels of sFlt-1 and PlGF and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio at gestational ages of 20, 26, 32 and 36 weeks, having preeclampsia as the primary outcome to be predicted. A total of 97 women were followed-up, 37 in the normotensive group and 60 in the chronic hypertensive group. Among them, 4 (10.8%) women developed preeclampsia and 14 (23.3%) developed superimposed preeclampsia. For predicting preeclampsia, PlGF at 20 gestational weeks presented an AUC=0.83 (CI 95% = 0.68 - 0.99, P=0.035) and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio at 26 gestational weeks presented an AUC=0.92 (CI95% = 0.81 - 1.00, P=0.007). The percent change of the PlGF levels between 26 and 32 gestational weeks presented an AUC=0.96 (CI 95% = 0.89 - 1.00, P=0.003). For predicting superimposed preeclampsia, the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio at 32 gestational weeks presented an AUC=0.69 (CI 95% = 0.53 - 0.85, P=0.039). Between 20 and 26 gestational weeks, the percent change of PlGF and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio presented, respectively, an AUC=0.74 (CI 95% = 0.58 - 0.90, P=0.018) and an AUC=0.71 (CI 95% = 0.52 - 0.91, P=0.034). By our results, we concluded that, although the PlGF level and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio present good performances in the prediction of preeclampsia, caution is required when using them for the prediction of superimposed preeclampsia. Sequential assessments slightly improve the test performances for predicting superimposed preeclampsia at earlier gestational ages

Introdução: A Síndrome HELLP é uma complicação das formas graves de préeclampsia caracterizada por hemólise, elevação das enzimas hepáticas e plaquetopenia. O tratamento gera discussão principalmente nos casos abaixo de 34 semanas. Objetivos: Caracterizar a população internada com diagnóstico de Síndrome HELLP no HCFMUSP entre 2001 a 2011. Associar os parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais maternos como preditores de complicações maternas e perinatais. Caracterizar os resultados perinatais e complicações maternas na conduta conservadora. Método: Estudo retrospectivo observacional e analítico. Resultados: Foram internadas 51 pacientes. A idade média foi de 27,48 anos, a maioria foi da cor branca (47%) e com pelo menos mais de 1 gestação (62,75%). Apenas 15,69% apresentavam hipertensão arterial crônica. A idade Gestacional média foi 30,94 semanas. Os sintomas clínicos e exames laboratoriais maternos não apresentaram relação com as complicações maternas e resultados perinatais. As complicações maternas não apresentaram relação com resultados perinatais, exceto a Idade gestacional. A conduta conservadora foi possível em 16 pacientes com ganho médio de 12,94 dias na gestação. As complicações maternas foram insuficiência renal aguda em 3 casos, descolamento de placenta em 2 casos e iminência de eclampsia em 1 caso. As complicações perinatais foram sepse em 10 casos, angústia respiratória em 10 casos, hemorragia intracraniana em 2 casos, enterocolite necrosante em 2 casos, Apgar < 7 no 5° min. em 2 casos e óbito neonatal tardio em 2 casos, permanência no berçário em média de 41,47 ± 21,75 dias. A idade gestacional média no parto foi de 30,56 ± 3,41 semanas. O peso médio dos recém-nascidos foi 1.116,64 ± 393,52 g. A conduta resolutiva foi necessária em 19 pacientes e as complicações maternas observadas foram insuficiência renal aguda em 5 casos, descolamento de placenta em 1 caso, iminência de eclampsia em 4 casos e eclampsia em 4 casos. As complicações perinatais foram sepse em 12 casos, angústia respiratória em 10 casos, hemorragia intracraniana em 4 casos, Apgar < 7 no 5° min. em 3 casos e óbito neonatal tardio em 2 casos, permanência no berçário em média de 58 ± 23 dias. A idade gestacional média no parto foi de 28,93 ± 2,11 semanas. O peso médio dos recém-nascidos foi 1.090 ± 307,49 g. Conclusão: Não há relação direta entre a gravidade da doença materna e resultados perinatais adversos. A Idade gestacional foi a única variável determinante para os resultados perinatais. Na conduta conservadora houve ganho de 2 semanas na gestação e 17 dias a menos de permanência no berçário / Introduction: The HELLP syndrome is a complication of severe forms of preeclampsia characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and thrombocytopenia. The treatment is questioned especially in cases before 34 weeks. Objectives: This study aims to characterize the population of hospitalized patients with HELLP Syndrome at HCFMUSP 2001-2011. To associate maternal clinical and laboratory parameters as predictives for maternal complications and adverse perinatal outcomes. Other aim is to charaterize maternal and perinatal outcomes in the expectant management. Methods: This is a retrospective observational and analytical study. Results: There were 51 patients hospitalized. The mean age was 27.48 years, most were white (47%) and had at least one pregnancy (62.75%). Only 15.69% had chronic arterial hypertension. The average gestational age was 30.94 weeks. The maternal clinical symptoms and laboratory tests did not correlate with maternal complications and perinatal outcomes. Maternal complications were not associated with perinatal outcomes except gestational age. Expectant management was possible in 16 patients with in average gain of 12.94 days of pregnancy. Maternal complications were acute renal failure in 3 cases, placental abruption in 2 cases and imminent eclampsia in 1 case. Perinatal complications were neonatal sepsis in 9 cases, respiratory distress syndrome in 10 cases, intracranial hemorrhage in 1 case, Apgar score less than 7 at 5° minute in 2 cases and neonatal late death in 2 cases, period of hospitalization in average of 41.47 ± 21.75 days. The gestational age at delivery was in average 30.8 ± 3.41 weeks. The weight of the newborns was in average 1116.64 ± 393.52 in average. Immediate interruption was need in 19 patients and the maternal complications were acute renal failure in 5 cases, placental abruption in 1 case and imminent eclampsia in 3 cases, eclampsia in 4 cases; Perinatal complications were: neonatal sepsis in 12 cases, respiratory distress syndrome in 14 cases, intracranial hemorrhage in 4 cases, necrotizing enterocolitis in 1 case, Apgar score less than 7 at 5° minute in 3 cases and neonatal late death in 1 case, period of hospitalization in average of 58 ± 23 days. The gestational age at delivery was in average 29.4 ± 2.4 weeks. The weight of the newborns was in average 1090 ± 307.49 in average. Conclusion: There is no direct relationship between the severity of maternal disease and adverse perinatal outcomes. The gestational age of delivery was crucial to perinatal outcomes. There were gain of 2 weeks of gestational age between hospitalization and delivery and 17 days less of hospitalization for newborns in the expectant management