Attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects a sizable number of children ages 4 to 17 and can be impairing into adulthood. Genetics are partly responsible, but research shows that psychosocial disparity and the interaction of select demographic factors significantly influence ADHD prevalence. There is limited research on the primary factors for an ADHD diagnosis in Hispanic elementary school-aged children. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional survey research was to determine the impact of disparity and interaction of psychosocial factors on an ADHD diagnosis. The research questions asked whether there was a relationship between the independent variables (mother's marital status, family income, insurance coverage, gender, age, Spanish spoken at home) and the dependent variable (an ADHD diagnosis) and whether the independent variables were predictive of an ADHD diagnosis. The theoretical framework was derived from Vygotsky and Bronfenbrenner who posited that an individual's culture influences development and a child's development is affected by the environment and external forces, respectively. Elementary school parents (N = 105) completed a self-administered survey to assess the independent variables' impact on an ADHD diagnosis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, and binary logistic regression. Results showed males (23.8%) more likely than females to be diagnosed with ADHD. Results also found gender (p = .002) and age [X2(7) = 15.302, p = .032] to be significant overall, R2 = .31. These findings could result in positive social change by fostering awareness, early identification, and treatment of ADHD in Hispanic children and similar communities and may also decrease health care costs.

abstract: The label-feedback hypothesis (Lupyan, 2007, 2012) proposes that language modulates low- and high-level visual processing, such as priming visual object perception. Lupyan and Swingley (2012) found that repeating target names facilitates visual search, reducing response times and increasing accuracy. Hebert, Goldinger, and Walenchok (under review) used a modified design to replicate and extend this finding, and concluded that speaking modulates visual search via template integrity. The current series of experiments 1) replicated the work of Hebert et al. with audio stimuli played through headphones instead of self-directed speech, 2) examined the label feedback effect under conditions of varying object clarity, and 3) explored whether the relative prevalence of a target’s audio label might modulate the label feedback effect (as in the low prevalence effect; Wolfe, Horowitz, & Kenner, 2005). Paradigms utilized both traditional spatial visual search and repeated serial visual presentation (RSVP). Results substantiated those found in previous studies—hearing target names improved performance, even (and sometimes especially) when conditions were difficult or noisy, and the relative prevalence of a target’s audio label strongly impacted its perception. The mechanisms of the label feedback effect––namely, priming and target template integrity––are explored. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2019

Background: The prevalence of substance use in the general population is commonly mapped, as is the issue of substance prevalence among drug users themselves. There is no official research in the Czech Republic that deals with the prevalence of substance use among workers in addictology services. Objectives: The aim of the research is to map the prevalence of the use of legal and illegal addictive substances in a selected research population. The results of the mapping will show which addictive substances are most frequently used by members of the research population, which substances have the highest lifetime prevalence and which substances are not very popular in this population. Methods: The basic orientation of the empirical survey was quantitative. Data were obtained through an online questionnaire survey. Out of the total number of 589 employees, 41.9% of employees of outpatient or low-threshold addictology services participated in the research, ie 247 respondents. The research was carried out in the period from March 28, 2021 to April 17, 2021. Results: The prevalence of experience with legal and illegal addictive substances, both living, in the last 12 months or in the last 30 days is significantly higher for workers in drp-in centres and outpatient addictology services in the Czech...

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IntroductionChildren with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) are at risk of developing sight threatening JIAassociated uveitis (JIA-U). Swedish children with JIA are included in an ophthalmologicalscreening program, based on European studies, to ensure early detection and treatment of JIAU.AimThe aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics andassociated ocular complications of JIA-U and pharmacological therapy in a cohort of Swedishchildren with JIA. MethodsThe study was conducted as a retrospective review of medical records of children with JIAtreated at Örebro University Hospital, Sweden in 2010-2019, with a minimum of one year ofophthalmological follow-up.ResultsMedical records of 200 children with JIA were reviewed, of which 96 children were includedin the study. Uveitis was detected in 21/92 (22.8%) children. Boys developed uveitisproportionally more often than girls. JIA-U onset within the first four years after JIA diagnosisoccurred in 52.4% and onset occurred later in boys than in girls (p = 0.019). Oligoarthritis wasthe only significant risk factor for uveitis development (OR 3.111, 95% CI 1.029-9.409, p =0.044). Uveitis associated complications occurred in 7/21 (33.3%) children. ConclusionIn this regional cohort study, we found a higher prevalence of JIA-U, a higher proportion ofboys developing uveitis and a lower portion of children developing uveitis within the four yearsof high frequency screening compared to recent Swedish respectively European studies. Ourfindings indicated the need of future Swedish studies to revise and optimize the currentSwedish guidelines for ophthalmological JIA-U screening.

This study describes the changes in prevalence odds ratios (PORs) for Alzheimer disease (AD) in the northeast Tennessee region (NTR) during a 3-year period, describes the statistical assessment process, and critically assesses the database from which the statistical association was derived. The article also examines several beliefs pertinent to the clinical management of AD in the NTR from the perspective of professionals delivering services. Methods We extracted prevalence data for NTR counties for 2013, 2014, and 2015 from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Geographic Variation Public Use File. We used the crude prevalence and the 2010 US Census Data fixed population for each county to compute the POR. The 2013 Economic Research Service Rural-Urban Continuum Codes were used to identify rural and urban counties in the NTR. We collected primary data on the perceived observation of the increasing prevalence in the NTR during the last 3 years and barriers to early diagnosis through an online survey from 44 experts and professionals working in AD-related fields within the NTR. Results The PORs of AD in rural counties in NTR increased by 18.3%, 4.7%, and 19% compared with urban counties for 2013, 2014, and 2015, respectively. The POR of AD for the entire NTR region increased by 22.7%, 22.5%, and 21.2% compared with other regions in Tennessee for 2013, 2014, and 2015, respectively. Compared with 2012, 68.4% of respondents currently work with more individuals with AD; 71.8% reported that the NTR has a higher number of late-stage diagnoses of AD. A total of 92.3% strongly agreed that early detection of AD is important, and 95% agreed that early diagnosis could prolong the lives of patients with AD; 51.2% were unaware of existing AD screening services. Reported barriers were denial, lack of patient awareness, inefficient screening methods, communication, and lack of community resources. Conclusions Increased prevalence of AD among inhabitants in the NTR and identified barriers to early screening or diagnosis in the management of AD were identified. Access to early screening techniques must be prioritized in deprived areas within the NTR. Healthcare providers and medical professionals in the NTR must be well equipped with the required training and resources to respond adequately to the increasing prevalence of AD.

Auf der Grundlage einer epidemiologischen Untersuchung an 3021 Probanden im Alter von 14-24 Jahren (Ausschöpfung 71%) werden Prävalenz von Gebrauch, Miβbrauch und Abhängigkeit von Ecstasy, verwandten Amphetaminen und Halluzinogenen bestimmt sowie Gebrauchsmuster und Korrelate des Gebrauchs untersucht. Als diagnostisches Interview wurde das computerisierte und standardisierte M-CIDI verwendet. Ergebnisse: (1) 14-24jährige gebrauchen Ecstasy häufig (4% aller Manner und 2,3% aller Frauen), XTC-verwandte Amphetamine werden mit 3,6% (Manner) bzw. 1,6% (Frauen) etwas seltener konsumiert. Die LSD-Gebrauchs-Prävalenz liegt bei 2,8% (Manner) bzw. 1,4% (Frauen); verwandte Halluzinogene werden von insgesamt 1,5% der Befragten angegeben. (2) Vergleiche mit Erhebungen aus dem Jahr 1990 lassen eine erhebliche Steigerung (Verdoppelung bzw. Verdreifachung) des Konsums sowohl von Ecstasy und verwandten Präparaten wie auch von Halluzinogenen erkennen. (3) Die Prävalenz klinisch manifester Miβbrauchs– und Abhängigkeitsdiagnosen nach DSM-IV liegen in der Altersgruppe 14-24jähriger bezüglich Ecstasy bei fast 1%, bei Halluzinogenen etwas darunter. Das Verhältnis Gebrauchs-Prävalenz zu diagnostischer Prävalenz von zirka 6:1 läβt auf ein signifikantes «Sucht»potential dieser Substanzen schlieβen. (4) Altersrisikoanalysen lassen erkennen, daβ sich das Einstiegsalter für beide Substanzen in jüngere Altersgruppen verschiebt. Nur für Ecstasy läβt sich über alle Altersstufen hinweg ein stetiger Anstieg von Erstgebrauchsraten nachweisen, demgegenüber bleibt die Rate von Erstkonsumenten bei Halluzinogenen nach dem 18. Lebensjahr stabil. (5) Bezüglich Einstiegs-und Ausstiegsmotivationen ergaben sich für beide Stoffgruppen recht unterschiedliche Muster, die als Hinweis für die Notwendigkeit substanz-spezifischer Präventionskonzepte interpretiert werden. Folgerungen: Die Verbreitung von Ecstasy und Halluzinogenen bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen nimmt offensichtlich weiter in beschleunigter Form zu. Im Zusammenhang mit einem bislang häufig unterschätzten «Sucht»potential wird ein rapid wachsender Präventions– und Therapiebedarf absehbar, der für die Verhaltenstherapie eine besondere Herausforderung darstellt.

This study explores the accuracy of prevalence estimations for suicide attempts. Data came from the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology (EDSP) Study, a prospective community study (mean follow-up period was 42 months) of 3,021 respondents aged 14 to 24 years at the outset of the study. Suicide attempters are at least 1.6 times more likely to drop out than subjects with no suicide attempts and suicidal ideas. A total of 8% of all suicide attempters answered in the negative the depression-related gate questions of all surveys. One-third of all baseline suicide attempters did not report their suicide attempt again at the four years later assessment. In particular, 80% of all nonreporters were female, and almost 60% were aged 14–17 at baseline.

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Child psychosocial concerns in rural areas are assumed to be greater than national averages due to mental health provider shortages, however, there is minimal empirical support for this claim. The present study aimed to replicate findings showing a higher prevalence of child psychosocial concerns in rural areas. In addition, this study evaluated six distinct definitions of “rural” to determine whether the operational definition of rurality was associated with prevalence of psychosocial concerns. Caregivers presenting with their child at 8 pediatric primary care sites (N = 2,672) completed a demographic questionnaire and the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC). Logistic regression models tested associations between operational definitions of rurality and prevalence of clinically significant child psychosocial concerns. Multiple logistic regression models were used to test additional independent effects of maternal education level while controlling for child age. The effects of rurality on prevalence of clinically significant psychosocial concerns were inconsistent across the 6 measures of rurality; when significant, however, effects were small and in the opposite direction than hypothesized. These findings highlight discrepancies in results based on disparate operational definitions and measures of rurality. When rurality was associated with child psychosocial concerns, children in more highly populated areas reported more psychosocial concerns than children in smaller rural areas.