Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Brent C. Chamberlain / In the United States there are approximately 2.2 million people incarcerated in prisons and jails, making the U.S. incarcerated population the largest in the world (Kaeble and Glaze, 2016; Lindemuth, 2014). With the expansion of the prison population, women now comprise a larger portion than ever before (FBJS, 2010). There are approximately 100,000 women incarcerated in US federal and state prisons (FBJS, 2015). Many facilities do not contain adequate programs to help rehabilitate these women (Young, 2000). Prisons are often termed “correctional facilities”, but struggle to promote positive behavior and well-being (Pacholke, 2014; Haney, 2001; SuedFeld, 1980). When the prison environment is examined, it is often found that prisons are bleak, unwelcoming institutions (Lindemuth, 2014). This prompts the question: How can landscape architects design prison environments that improve psychological health and promote positive behavior? Evidence suggests that exposure to nature improves psychological health and promotes positive behavior (Moore, 1981; Ulrich, 1984, Ulrich, 1991, Hartig, 1991). Many studies report on the effects of therapeutic landscapes in healthcare settings, (e.g. Ulrich, 1999; Cooper Marcus & Barnes, 1995, 1999; Mitrione and Larson, 2007), however, limited literature exists on therapeutic landscapes within the prison context. The focus of this report is to explore how landscapes within women’s prison facilities can be designed to reduce stress and promote positive behavior.

This is an examination of the social structure of a women's prison. The prison has five primary tasks: custody, internal order, self-maintenance, punishment and reformation. Verbal priority is given to reformation, but custody and internal order take precedence in actual practice. Matrons prefer to play their roles in different ways. Those who subscribe to a habit-forming philosophy of reformation prefer working on the morning shift. Their views and practices are in harmony with the requirements of custody. Those who subscribe to a basic-change philosophy prefer the more relaxed and permissive atmosphere of the afternoon shift. Their views and practices are frequently in conflict with the requirements of custody. And structural pressure tends to force these matrons to become more custodial over time. In exchange for obedience and conformity in some spheres the matrons agree not to tamper with the attitudes and values of the inmates. This bargain for compliance seems essential given the present social structure of the prison. The inmates suffer from the deprivation of liberty, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, security and, at the Women's Unit, privacy. The addicts and "rounders" adopt cohesive modes of response to these deprivations. "Squealers", "hack lovers" and "part players" adopt alienative modes of response. The inmates differ by groups in their characteristic responses to official oppression. The younger addict groups rebel habitually, the older groups conform overtly but do not change their basic values. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

Previous research suggests that prisons may be fueling the spread of HIV infection in the general population. In 2005, the HIV rate was more than 2.5 times higher in US prison populations. Environmental factors in prisons such as illicit drug use and unprotected sexual activities can be conducive for HIV transmission. Because the vast majority of prison inmates are incarcerated for less than three years, transmission of HIV between prison inmates and members of the general population may occur at a high rate. The environment in which an individual lives and the entities that comprise it affect the health of that person. Thus the location of prisons within communities, as well as socio-demographic characteristics may influence the geography of HIV infection. HIV surveillance data, obtained from the Texas Department of State Health Services, were used to investigate the relationship between the location of prison units in Texas and HIV infection rates in the surrounding zip codes. The results suggest that HIV prevalence rates are higher among geographic areas in close proximity to a prison unit. With continued behavioral risks and low treatment adherence rates among individuals infected with HIV, there is a possibility of increased HIV prevalence. Vulnerable places, locations with higher HIV prevalence, should be targeted for resource allocation and HIV prevention and care service. This study illustrates the importance of spatial analysis of places vulnerable to increased HIV prevalence in creating more effective public health prevention strategies and interventions.

This thesis examines the state penitentiaries of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas that became sources of wartime supplies during the Civil War. A shortage of industry in the southwest forced the Confederacy to use all manufactories efficiently. Penitentiary workshops and textile mills supplied a variety of cloth, wood, and iron products, but have received minimal attention in studies of logistics. Penitentiary textile mills became the largest domestic supplier of cloth to Confederate quartermasters, aid societies, citizens, slaves, and indigent families. This study examines how penitentiary workshops converted to wartime production and determines their contribution to the Confederate war effort. The identification of those who produced, purchased, distributed, and used penitentiary goods will enhance our knowledge of overall Confederate supply.

Ce travail s’ancre dans une démarche compréhensive des expériences individuelles du quotidien carcéral. De nombreux entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de différents acteurs des prisons (personnes détenues, personnels de surveillance, CPIP, membres de la direction) constituent les principales références et sources de cette recherche ; c’est en cela qu’ils sont présentés et donnés à lire au même titre que le développement qu’ils nourrissent. Cette enquête tend à comprendre et à montrer que, si la prison a des conséquences désocialisantes et désaffliantes pour les personnes détenues, le drame social de la prison se joue avant tout dans les nouvelles formes de sociabilité qu’elle induit. Le concept de « théâtre carcéral », fil rouge de ce travail, permet notamment de saisir et de questionner les logiques de « représentation » et de « rôles » (Cf. Erving Goffman) qui sont au cœur des interactions entre les différents acteurs sociaux des prisons ; ces « rôles » sont entendus comme les attentes, les fonctions et les comportements qui sont induits par le statut interne de chaque acteur (qu’il soit CPIP, surveillant ou «détenu»). Malgré des micro « sorties de rôles » et l’existence de nombreuses pratiques d’entraide et de convivialité en détention, les logiques interactionnelles du « théâtre carcéral » restreignent les formes de « présentation de soi » de chaque acteur aux yeux des autres, et dévoilent une appréhension généralisée de la relation à l’autre comme un risque. Ce travail pose l’art, dans le cadre d’expériences artistiques collectives, comme possibilité de sortir du « théâtre carcéral » pour les personnes détenues, et de (re)créer du « commun » à l’intérieur de la détention, mais aussi entre l’intérieur des prisons et l’extérieur. Cette proposition est illustrée par l’expérience-exposition « Des traces et des Hommes. Imaginaires du château de Selles », réalisée au CD de Bapaume à l’initiative du musée des beaux-arts de Cambrai en 2016. Il s’agit de montrer que les expériences artistiques se distinguent d’autres activités proposées en détention, dans la mesure où elles permettent aux personnes de construire un interstice dans lequel explorer des possibilités de vie (ensemble), et de se (re)connaître dans l’expression créative de leurs individualités ; l’engagement individuel au sein d’un collectif peut en cela changer la donne en termes de rapport à l’autre, en détention d’abord puis dans la perspective de la sortie de prison. / This investigation is based on a comprehensive approach to individual experiences of prison. The methodology includes many semi-structured interviews with various social actors in prison (inmates and prison administration staff). These testimonies are presented as part of the analysis. The purpose of this investigation is to demonstrate that the experience of prison involves generating new forms of sociability, in addition to having “de-socialising” and “disaffiliating” consequences for detained people. The concept of “prison theatre” is an interesting guideline for understanding the logics of “representation” and “roles” that are at the centre of social interactions in prison (Cf. Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical analysis approach). The potency of the established and expected “roles” in prison (as “inmate” or as “prison guard” for example) reduces the forms of “presentation of Self” and of socialization among the different social actors in prison. This work proposes collective arts experiences as a way out of the “prison theatre” for detained people and as an opportunity to create a common living world inside the prison and between “inside” and “outside”. Such a proposition is illustrated by the experience-exhibition “Traces and Humans: imaginations of the castle of Selles” initiated in 2016 by the Museum of Cambrai in the prison of Bapaume. This experience raises the power of art as a universal language which allows the possibility for inmates to express themselves inside the prison, to have contact with the “outside world” and to feel like they are still taking part in the society.

Thesis deals with female prisoners in the American prison system and their overall position within the system. The research question is whether the American prison system is able to reflect the increase of incarcerated females as well as the differences between needs of incarcerated males and females. Likewise, the thesis also aims at researching whether the prison system offers the care incarcerated females need. The thesis outlines a brief history of the U.S. modern prison system's origin and development as well as its current main attributes together with financing. The main part is devoted to incarcerated women, their positions and conditions that await them in the prison. Because the needs of incarcerated women differ from men's, for example regarding the health care, this thesis tries to describe their needs as well as how they differ from the needs of male inmates. An important part of the thesis is devoted to health care provision in the prison. Health care is a good example that illustrates that female inmates have different needs regarding check-ups, diagnosis and needed medications. It is also described how pregnant and mentally ill inmates are treated. As an answer to different needs of female prisoner a possibility of gender- responsive treatment is discussed. This treatment would...

This secondary analysis represents a cross-sectional quantitative test of Reintegrative Shaming Theory (Braithwaite 1989) on inmates in the Mississippi Department of Corrections. The sample consists of 726 questionnaires split evenly between male and female respondents. The questionnaire includes measures central to Braithwaite’s theory (1989) as well as modifications that address the particular experiences of inmates including the frequency and communication with family, participation in prison programming, child-parent attachment, and moral conscience. Twenty Nine hypotheses incorporated in three analytical frameworks correspond to the following research questions: (1) Do indicators of interdependency predict shame and do the same indicators of interdependency predict shame for both men and women? (2) Do indicators of stigmatization, disintegration, and child-parent attachment predict reintegration better than interdependency? (3) Do the basic theoretical constructs of reintegrative shaming explain projected criminality and projected shame in a sample of inmates? Findings indicate partial support for the general claims of Reintegrative Shaming Theory (Braithwaite 1989). First, results indicate that reported shame, reintegration, and moral consciousness predict projected criminality and those effects are stronger for women than men. Second, inmates with stronger bonds to children are less likely to recidivate. Lastly, prior shame predicts projected criminality but not projected shame, and reintegration predicts projected shame but not projected criminality.

The project concerns the subject of prisons. How should architects handle buildings that no one wants to enter and should comfort still be the aim of the building? These questions lead me to define my project with two main research questions: ”What is the purpose of a prison?” and ”How can the architecture aid the purpose of a prison?” Prisons are generally known to have four major purposes: Retribution, Prevention, Deterrance and Rehabilitation. Generally, rehabilitation have been prioritized the least. My focus was how the architecture can aid the purpose of rehabilitation, while still considering the balance of control, security, freedom and liberties. Swedish prisons today have one of three different levels of security. If a prisoner needs to change to a different security-level, it means moving them to a different prison, which is a security risk, among other things. My prison instead consists of four different levels of security within the same prison, and they are all organized around a “central park of opportunities”. This strategy is based on the current prison system in Sweden and the notion of free will. These four levels are connected to the park in different ways to emphasize the gradual release back to society. The park offers different places of work, education and variations in the landscape. It gives the inmates the opportunity to change their own circumstances for the better.

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Literature about prisons is dealing with issues concerning prison officers very rarely, since attention is usually paid to inmates. Therefore, this work is addressing prison officers and their perception of inmates. By means of semi-standardized interviews, key sources and kinds of information were discovered. These aspects are crucial for prison officers to develop their attitude about inmates with focus on category of guilt. Prison officer's approach and inmate's approach arose as dynamic categories changing according to the certain circumstances, which are described in individual subchapters in more detail, and also according to time. Differences were noticed not only among prisons, but also among positions of uniformed staff (escorts, wardens and guards). Since this issue is overlooked, but essential for gaining awareness, understanding and improving situation in prisons, it is crucial to do more researches on it.