This research explores the complexities of the relationship between the police and young black people. This includes considerations on how young people specifically, young black minority ethnic groups are shaped by government policies and its agents, the police. Published research supports the notion that Black young people continue to be affected by a lack of services such as education, employment as well as other social inequalities. In addition, the stop and search practices have caused much damage to BME groups and has impacted negatively on the relationship between the police and Black communities. This thesis explores the issue of Black young people within a historical and social policy context, as well as exploring the views of young Black people and the police. There is a significant body of published research about policing in general. There are however not many in depth research studies on a particular police setting about the experiences of white and black youths and how they are affected by policing. This research explores young people's thoughts on exactly this theme. The empirical research was derived from qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 18 police officers, and 17 young people taken from diverse and economically active areas of London. The findings supports published research of police discriminatory practices to explain the disproportionate treatment of black young people within the criminal justice system. It also highlighted the feelings and the effect of police stop on the individuals being stopped. This study therefore suggests a move away from the notion that black young people are criminals to involving them as contributors to social policy by giving them a true voice in policing and social policy making process.

Colombia has one of the oldest democracies in Latin American, however it has a history of violence that stretches from the time of the breakup of Gran Colombia. Simón Bolívar's vision started to erode in the 1830s and ended in 1903 with the independence of Panama. Contemporary Colombia saw violence continue with peasant revolts in the 1920s and 30s, la Violencia in the 1940s, the formation of the insurgent groups like the FARC and ELN in the 1960s, the creation of drug cartels in the 1970s and their transformation into narco-terrorist groups and then micro traffickers in the 1980s and 1990s. There have been limited periods of peace for the citizens of Colombia. These events have consequently challenged Colombia's judiciary and police forces in the areas of general violence, inequality, geographical policing challenges, corruption, case backlog and Colombian police leadership. As former president Belisario Betancur states, 'Modern times have not been easy for Colombia' (1998, p.XV). The challenges in writing this thesis have been considerable. This author has utilised experience gained from living and working in Colombia for over five and a half years and the experience of his protected sources as well as the foundations laid by other academics and the media in order to present the most significant of the challenges to Colombian policing in the last forty years. The goal of this document is to form a compendium on these areas for those who are new to Colombian policing, its judiciary and the history that has helped to shape them.

Cheung, Man Wah. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-91). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction to Inverse Problems --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Major properties --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Typical examples --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis outline --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- Some Operator Theory --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Fredholm integral equation of the first kind --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Compact operator theory --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- Singular system --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- Moore-Penrose generalized inverse --- p.14 / Chapter 3 --- Regularization Theory for First Kind Equations --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1 --- General regularization theory --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2 --- Tikhonov regularization --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3 --- Landweber iteration --- p.26 / Chapter 3.4 --- TSVD --- p.28 / Chapter 4 --- Multilevel Algorithms for Ill-posed Problems --- p.30 / Chapter 4.1 --- Basic assumptions and definitions --- p.31 / Chapter 4.2 --- Multilevel analysis --- p.33 / Chapter 4.3 --- Applications --- p.37 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Preconditioned iterative methods with nonzero regularization parameter --- p.38 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Preconditioned iterative methods with zero regularization parameter --- p.38 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Full multilevel algorithm --- p.40 / Chapter 5 --- Numerical Experiments --- p.41 / Chapter 5.1 --- Integral equations --- p.41 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Discretization --- p.42 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Test problems --- p.43 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- "Singular values, singular vectors and condition numbers" --- p.45 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Effect of condition numbers on numerical accuracies --- p.49 / Chapter 5.2 --- Differential equations --- p.50 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Discretization --- p.51 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- "Singular values, singular vectors and condition numbers" --- p.53 / Chapter 5.3 --- Numerical experiments by classical methods --- p.55 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Tikhonov regularization --- p.55 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- TSVD --- p.56 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Landweber iteration --- p.63 / Chapter 5.4 --- Numerical experiments by multilevel methods --- p.63 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- General convergence --- p.63 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Numerical results --- p.65 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Effect of multilevel parameters on convergence --- p.76 / Bibliography --- p.89

Wong, Wing Chun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-67). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Background Study --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Basic Definitions and Notations --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Tarjan and Trojanowski's algorithm --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Techniques --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Algorithm --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Fomin, Grandoni and Kratsch's Algorithm" --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Techniques --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Algorithm --- p.14 / Chapter 3 --- Improvements --- p.18 / Chapter 3.1 --- Tarjan and Trojanowski´ةs Algorithm --- p.18 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Correctness and Running Time Analysis --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Improvement --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Using more weights --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- The First Algorithm --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Standard Analysis --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Measure and Conquer --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Using more weights --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Second Algorithm --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Running Time Analysis --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Using More Weights --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4 --- The Third Algorithm --- p.46 / Chapter 4 --- Lower Bounds --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1 --- Tarjan and Trojanowski's Algorithm --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- The First Algorithm --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Second Algorithm --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Third Algorithm --- p.60 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.63 / Bibliography --- p.66

Shortest path problems arise in a variety of applications ranging from transportation planning to network routing among others. One group of these problems involves finding shortest paths in graphs where the edge weights are defined by probability distributions. While some research has addressed the problem of finding a single shortest path, no research has been done on finding multiple paths in such graphs. This thesis addresses the problem of finding paths for multiple robots through a graph in which the edge weights represent the probability that each edge will fail. The objective is to find paths for n robots that maximize the probability that at least k of them will arrive at the destination. If we make certain restrictions on the edge weights and topology of the graph, this problem can be solved in O(n log n)time. If we restrict only the topology, we can find approximate solutions which are still guaranteed to be better than the single most reliable path.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2007 / This qualitative study investigated the impact of water problems on the development of Mhangweni community in Limpopo Province. The study also assessed the Greater Tzaneen Municipality strategies for addressing water problems in the community. Mhangweni village is within the Greater Tzaneen Municipality’s area of jurisdiction and is about 34 km east of Tzaneen. Questionnaires, observation and informal discussions from the sample were used to collect data. Eighty households from Mhangweni residents, the municipality officials and the community ward councilor were sampled. Water shortage is a serious challenge facing the households from this area. It is heart breaking as the results showed that the households of Mhangweni do not receive regular municipal water services. Households suffer economically in order to have access to water; as a result they are financially affected due to buying of water. The Greater Tzaneen Municipality must find a common ground and strategy to serve the long term interest of the Mhangweni households, that is, to provide them with regular water services. Development of a shared vision among all stakeholders has been seen as a prerequisite for the improvement in provision of services in the community. In conclusion the study suggests and recommends that the community households and the municipality must work together in order to satisfy needs of the community.

The prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems in secondary school adolescents is regarded as widely spread globally. Their effects/pitfalls are also a concern that cannot be ignored. Thus, this study dealt with this issue among adolescents, as well as with pitfalls and practices of secondary schools in Ethiopia, with particular focus on East Showa Administrative Zone of Oromiya National Regional state. Consequently, the study intended to:  examine what social competence problems (activity problems, social activities problems and academic performance problems) are experienced by secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia.  determine the relationship between sex groups and social competence problems by secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia.  examine the trends of emotional/internalising and behavioural/externalising problems among secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia.  determine the relationship displayed between sex groups and emotional/internalising and behavioural/externalising problems by secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia.  examine the relationship display between age groups and emotional/internalising and behavioural/externalising problems by secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia. To address the objectives of the study, a descriptive survey and correlational study were employed. To achieve this target, the Amharic and the Afan-Oromo versions of Achenbach’s (2001) youth self-report (YSR) were used to collect data from 714 research participants of secondary school adolescents out of 27,643 in the East Showa Administrative Zone of Oromiya Regional State-Ethiopia, from 8 secondary schools. In analysing the data, basic descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, percentiles and T-scores as well as ANOVA were employed. In general, the results of the study demonstrated that the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems of Ethiopian secondary school adolescents was relatively lower (about 9%) in comparison to many other countries. Moreover, girls showed more internalising problems (11.58%) than boys (9.63%) and vice versa in externalising problems. Consequently, girls accounted for 8.6% who fell into a clinical category whereas amongst boys, 14.83% were classified into such as category. In contrary to the other findings males were scored higher than females in withdrawal/depressed subscales (4.23% and 2.74% respectively). Furthermore, statistically significant relationships between academic competences with activities, social activities, somatic complaints, social problems and externalising problems were discovered. Fulfilling and rendering appropriate guidance and counselling services in the schools comprised the first dimension of the recommendations of this work. Furthermore, establishing school based mental health services to alleviate the problems is another key point of the recommendation to assist adolescents with emotional and behavioural problems in secondary schools of Ethiopia. / Psychology / Ph.D. (Psychology)

ADHD is a common behavioral problem among children and adolescents and has been studied extensively. However, this disorder is still understudied in ethnic, immigrant minorities in the U.S. such as Arab families. Thus, this descriptive, qualitative study was important and needed because a gap exists in the literature concerning Arab immigrant mothers' perceptions of the children's behavioral problems such as ADHD and the implications of such child behavioral problems within the Arab immigrant family. The available literature has focused on other minorities in the United States and not Arab minorities. Accordingly, this study focused on and took a qualitative approach in order to gain an in-depth understanding of how Arab immigrant mothers perceive, describe and respond to children behavioral problems. The main purpose of this study was to elicit mothers' perceptions of and responses to behavioral problems in children, especially those behaviors associated with ADHD, in a purposeful sample comprised of Arab immigrant Muslim mothers. The findings of this study indicate that generally, mothers used several terms to describe problematic behaviors in children, words like "active", "overactive", "spoiled", "concentration problems,"...etc. Also, mothers reported several strategies for how they would respond to a child's behaviors if the child exhibited behavioral problems as well as the use of many resources available for handling a child with behavioral problems. Mothers reported various issues they considered to be triggers that would cause them to seek help for a child's behaviors. Moreover, mothers emphasized the issues of social stigma, lack of knowledge, and lack of resources as problems that would hinder them from seeking professional mental health assistance for treating behavioral problems for children in the mothers' country of birth. The results indicated that the mothers' unfavorable attitudes toward seeking formal mental health services are most likely to be affected by cultural and traditional beliefs about mental health problem. Interestingly, mothers reported that their attitudes toward children's behavioral problems differ when in the U.S. than the generally accepted attitudes held in their home countries. This study added new knowledge and also provided information to social scientists, health care providers, mental health professionals, educators, and policy makers to better understand the needs of Arab immigrant families with children who may suffer from behavioral problems/ADHD. Finally, this study provided information for future researchers who wish to study child behavioral problems/ADHD with immigrant families other than Arabs.

There are numernus social, emotional, and behavioral problems toddlers and preschool children can exhibit. Some of the more common problems reported by parents of young children are daytime behavior problems and sleep disturbances. This study investigated sleep difficulties in toddler and preschool-age children with (n = 31) and without (n = 59) significant behavior problems. Furthermore, the current study investigated the relationship between sleep difficulties and other psychological constructs (i.e., maternal general stress, maternal depression, and parenting stress), which might be related to sleep and behavior problems. Mothers of clinically referred children with behavior problems and nonclinically referred children without behavior problems completed measures regarding their children's sleep and behavior as well as their own general stress, parenting stress, and depressive symptomology. Overall, children with behavior problems showed significantly more sleep difficulties than children without behavior problems. Specifically, when compared to children without behavior problems, children with behavior problems took more time to initiate sleep, showed increased bedtime resistance, had more night wakings, and had shorter sleep durations. Additionally, the results showed that other factors (i.e., maternal depression, family stress, parent-child relationship stress) likely contribute to and/or maintain sleep disturbances in children. The findings from this study suggest a complex relationship between childhood sleep, daytime externalizing behaviors, and maternal health. Potential clinical implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed.

The problems and dissatisfactions experienced by thirty Ute Indian families as they relocated into new federally subsided homes were studied. A researcher administered interview guid was developed which produced data that could be analyzed using descriptive statistics. Four recommendations to improve the relocation process in future housing projects were framed.