Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-07T19:12:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000422673-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 2300017 bytes, checksum: 2442a220c237880099c56943e10dbc17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Comparative phylogeographic analyses are useful to shed light on common historical processes affecting regional faunas, as well as to identify species-specific life history features that may influence their genetic legacy. Here we performed phylogeographic analysis of two medium-sized Neotropical carnivores, the brown-nosed coati (Nasua nasua) and the crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers, in order to characterize and compare their patterns of genetic diversity and underlying evolutionary history. We also describe the isolation and characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for brown-nosed coatis (N. nasua). Both species are farily common in the wild and present in a wide variety of habitats, being sympatric throughout most of their ranges. However, different phylogeographic and diversity patterns were found for both markers: mitochondrial DNA analyses showed levels of diversity that were up to ten-fold higher for N. nasua relative to P. cancrivorus. Six reciprocally monophyletic mtDNA phylogroups were recognized for N. nasua, which were also supported as distinct populations by the microsatellite analyses. In contrast, the mtDNA data set for P. cancrivorus indicated the existence of three recognizable population units, but the magnitude of their differentiation was much less pronounced than that observed in N. nasua. Moreover, the microsatellite data did not support any genetic subdivision in this species, suggesting that full connectivity is maintain throughout all sampled areas. These results demonstrate that these species have very distinct evolutionary histories, which may at least in part be a consequence of differences in social structure and dispersal patterns. These results highlight the evolutionary complexity of the Neotropical biota, and underscore the need for multi-species analyses employing comparable data sets so that common and contrasting patterns can be adequately investigated. / Estudos filogeográficos comparados são úteis na compreensão de processos históricos compartilhados que afetam faunas regionais, bem como na identificação de padrões espécie-específicos que podem influenciar suas atuais características genéticas. Neste estudo, foram realizadas análises filogeográficas de dois carnívoros Neotropicais de médio porte, o quati de focinho marrom (Nasua nasua) e o mão pelada (Procyon cancrivorus), usando marcadores mitocondriais e microssatélites, afim de caracterizar e comparar seus padrões de diversidade genética e compreender sua história evolutiva. Adicionalmente, descreve-se o isolamento e a caracterização de oito loci polimórficos de microssatélites para Nasua nasua. Ambas as espécies são bastante comuns na natureza e estão presentes em uma ampla variedade de habitats, sendo simpátricas ao longo da maior parte de sua distribuição. No entanto, diferentes padrões filogeográficos e de diversidade genética foram encontrados para N. nasua e P. cancrivorus: análises de DNA mitocondrial mostraram níveis de diversidade até dez vezes superiores para N. nasua com relação a P. cancrivorus. Adicionalmente, os mesmos marcadores revelaram a existência de 6 filogrupos reciprocamente monofiléticos para N. nasua, os quais também são suportados como populações distintas pelas análises de microssatélites. De maneira distinta, as análises de DNA mitocondrial para P. cancrivorus indicam a existência de três unidades populacionais; no entanto, a magnitude desta diferenciação foi muito menos evidente do que a observada em N. nasua. Além disso, os dados de microssatélites não suportaram a existência de qualquer subdivisão genética para P. cancrivorus, sugerindo que persiste uma completa conectividade entre todas as áreas amostradas. Estes resultados demonstram que estas espécies apresentam uma historia evolutiva bastante distinta, a qual pelo menos em parte pode ser atribuída a diferenças na estrutura social e no padrão de dispersão das mesmas. Tais resultados destacam a complexidade evolutiva da biota Neotropical e ressaltam a necessidade de análises multi-espécies empregando conjuntos de dados comparáveis, de forma que padrões comuns e contrastantes possam ser adequadamente investigados.

Although five genera of procyonids are currently present in South America, only two of the extant genera, Procyon and Nasua are represented in the South American fossil record. A recent discovery of a procyonid lower second molar in Late Pleistocene deposits of Aurora do Tocantins, northern Brazil, offers potential to further our understanding of the stratigraphic and temporal range of South American fossil procyonids. We use geometric morphometric analysis of two-dimensional landmarks and semilandmarks to explore morphological variation in the lower second molars of extant Procyon lotor and Procyon cancrivorus and multivariate methods to support the identification of the Pleistocene specimen as P. cancrivorus. This material represents the second fossil record of P. cancrivorus in South America Procyonids entered South America in two phases: the first comprising by Cyonasua and Chapadmalania during the Late Miocene, and the other recent genera, beginning in the Late Pleistocene. These Late Miocene procyonids were more carnivorous than Late Pleistocene-Recent omnivorous taxa and possible went extinct due to competition with other placental carnivorans that entered South America and diversified during the latest Pliocene-Early Pleistocene.

Although five genera of procyonids are currently present in South America, only two of the extant genera, Procyon and Nasua are represented in the South American fossil record. A recent discovery of a procyonid lower second molar in Late Pleistocene deposits of Aurora do Tocantins, northern Brazil, offers potential to further our understanding of the stratigraphic and temporal range of South American fossil procyonids. We use geometric morphometric analysis of two-dimensional landmarks and semilandmarks to explore morphological variation in the lower second molars of extant Procyon lotor and Procyon cancrivorus and multivariate methods to support the identification of the Pleistocene specimen as P. cancrivorus. This material represents the second fossil record of P. cancrivorus in South America Procyonids entered South America in two phases: the first comprising by Cyonasua and Chapadmalania during the Late Miocene, and the other recent genera, beginning in the Late Pleistocene. These Late Miocene procyonids were more carnivorous than Late Pleistocene-Recent omnivorous taxa and possible went extinct due to competition with other placental carnivorans that entered South America and diversified during the latest Pliocene-Early Pleistocene.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Kleber Fernando Pereira.pdf: 1118848 bytes, checksum: 4671bfd9ffd403997392e07dda224e2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-02 / The raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) is a wild carnivore, reaching one meter in length including the tail, and weigh up to 10 kg. Known as raccoon or mouse naked hand washer has the peculiarity to dive in the water everything she eats. It has nocturnal and crepuscular, terrestrial and arboreal climber, a resident of shrub areas, preferably near water courses, is a good swimmer with great ability to dig, climb and is living alone. This thesis has generated the production of two articles. In the first article, entitled "Origin and anatomical distribution of the ischiatic nerve of raccoon", it was proposed to study the anatomy of the ischiatic nerve of raccoon in order to build morphological basis of this nerve with the aim of comparative neurology, and thus provide necessary support especially for the practices used in clinical medicine and surgery. The ischiatic nerve of the raccoon comes from the ventral ramus of the sixth and seventh nerves lumbar and first sacral nerve, resembling the origin of the guinea pig. Leaves the pelvic cavity through the greater ischiatic foramen, presenting themselves surrounded by the superficial gluteal muscles, biceps femoris and caudal crural abductor, this path similar to the dog and is distributed to the gluteus biceps, gluteus medius, gluteus deep, as well as observed in goats Saanen, and quadratus femoris muscles twin, resembling in dog, cat and pig, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, observed in all specimens analyzed and adductor magnus, only observed raccoon. In all specimens are compared, the ischiatic nerve ends by bifurcating into the tibial and common peroneal nerve. In the second article, entitled "Morphological Aspects of the salivary glands of crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus)" were described morphological aspects of salivary glands and their ducts located in Procyon cancrivorus and compare with literature data on the morphology of domestic and wild animals such as dogs, cats, skunks and raccoons. The salivary glands of the raccoon are formed by the parotid, mandibular, sublingual and zygomatic. The parotid gland shows irregular triangular shape and mandibular rounded contour is observed surrounded by a fibrous capsule. The sublingual is divided into two parts: a caudal part which lies in the region occiptomandibular the digastric muscle and the rostral part lies between the mucous membrane of the mouth and mylohyoid muscle with its respective duct. The zygomatic gland is small and rounded, situated in the rostral part of the pterygopalatine fossa. The anatomical knowledge of the origin and distribution of the ischiatic nerve and the morphology of the salivary glands when compared with bare hand domestic and wild animals, provides contributions to medicine and surgery in wild animals and for future studies on the general biology of the species. / O mão-pelada (Procyon cancrivorus) é um carnívoro silvestre, podendo chegar a 1 metro de comprimento incluindo a cauda, e pesar até 10 kg. Conhecido como guaxinim, mão-pelada ou rato lavador têm a peculiaridade de mergulhar na água tudo o que come. Possui hábito noturno e crepuscular, escalador arborícola e terrícola, habitante de áreas arbustivas, preferencialmente próximas a cursos de água, é um bom nadador com ótimas habilidades para cavar, escalar e tem vida solitária. A presente tese gerou a produção de dois artigos. No primeiro artigo, Origem e distribuição anatômica do nervo isquiático de mão-pelada , propôs-se estudar a anatomia do nervo isquiático de mão-pelada, a fim de assentar bases morfológicas deste nervo visando à neurologia comparativa, e assim fornecer subsídios necessários especialmente para as práticas utilizadas nas clínicas médica e cirúrgica. O nervo isquiático do mão-pelada origina-se do ramo ventral do sexto e sétimo nervos lombares e primeiro nervo sacral, assemelhando-se com a origem em preá. Deixa a cavidade pélvica através do forame isquiático maior, apresentando-se envolvido pelos músculos glúteo superficial, bíceps femoral e abdutor caudal crural, trajeto este semelhante com o cão e distribui-se para os músculos glúteo bíceps, glúteo médio, glúteo profundo, assim como observado em caprinos da raça Saanen, músculos quadrado femoral e gêmeo, assemelhando-se em cão, gato e suíno, músculos bíceps femoral, semitendíneo, semimembranáceo, observado em todos os espécimes analisadas e adutor magno, verificado apenas em mão-pelada. Em todos os espécimes comparados, o nervo isquiático termina bifurcando-se em nervo tibial e fibular comum. No segundo artigo, Morphological aspects of the salivary glands of crab-eating racoon (Procyon cancrivorus) foram descritos os aspectos morfológicos das glândulas salivares e a localização dos seus ductos em Procyon cancrivorus, e comparar com dados literários sobre a morfologia de animais domésticos e silvestres, como cão, gato, gambás e quatis. As glândulas salivares do mão-pelada são formadas pelas glândulas parótida, mandibular, sublingual e zigomática. A glândula parótida apresenta formato irregularmente triangular e a mandibular observa-se contorno arredondado circundada por uma cápsula fibrosa. A sublingual se divide em duas partes: uma parte caudal que se situa na região occiptomandibular do músculo digástrico e a parte rostral situa-se entre a túnica mucosa da boca e o músculo milo-hióideo com seu respectivo ducto. A glândula zigomática é pequena e arredondada, situada na parte rostral da fossa pterigopalatina. O conhecimento anatômico da origem e distribuição do nervo isquiático e da morfologia das glândulas salivares do mão-pelada, quando comparado com animais domésticos e silvestres, oferece contribuições para a clínica médica e cirúrgica em animais silvestres e para futuros estudos sobre a biologia geral da espécie.

The family Procyonidae (raccoons, coatis, olingos, ringtails, kinkajous, and their extinct relatives) consists of six extant genera and is restricted to North and South America. Currently recognized fossil species suggest that procyonid diversity was previously much greater, including six extinct genera throughout South America. However, it is unusual that so many confamilial taxa are represented in a relatively brief span of time and restricted geographic region, and, considering that six of ten are based on badly preserved specimens, often fragments of bone with worn teeth, the validity of many of these taxa is suspect. As a step towards reevaluating past procyonid diversity in South America, we sought to identify the degree of intra- and interspecific variation in six molariform teeth of extant Procyon, particularly to identify which teeth are potentially most useful for identifying fossil procyonids. The six molariform cheek teeth analyzed consistently yielded smaller intra- than interspecific variation, permitting high accuracy of taxonomic classification. However, this accuracy varied by tooth, and the upper and lower first molars proved to be the most reliable. Thus, these particular teeth should be preferred, if available, as bases for recognizing extinct species of procyonids or reevaluating currently recognized extinct species, as a means to prevent nomina dubia.