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Si la notion de tiers est définie en droit civil, il n’en est pas de même en droit administratif. Il n’existe pas une définition unique des tiers, mais plusieurs. Ces notions particulières sont éparses, diverses et imprécises, empêchant toute définition globale et transversale. Pourtant, ces diverses notions donnent des indications pour permettre l’identification du tiers en droit administratif. La notion de tiers se fonde sur un postulat de base : le tiers est une personne extérieure à un groupe ou à une situation. L’analyse du droit administratif révèle que le tiers est une notion dont la fonction est de permettre une régulation, par le juge administratif, de l’accès à son prétoire. Le tiers constitue dès lors une notion fonctionnelle complétée par des critères de détermination. Synthétiser ces critères conduit à élaborer un protocole de détermination concrétisé par la mise en évidence d’une situation juridique génératrice d’obligations : un cercle générateur. Ce cercle générateur, composé d’un noyau défini par un rapport de droit et des sujets actifs obligés par ce rapport, illustre le caractère de proximité des tiers par rapport à ce noyau. Ils se positionnent sur des couches autour de ce noyau en fonction de leur lien plus ou moins proche avec le rapport de droit considéré. De l’application de ce protocole découle l’établissement d’une échelle des tiers, composée de deux catégories hétérogènes : le tiers pur et le tiers intéressé. Cette échelle caractérise la notion fonctionnelle du tiers : la régulation positive ou négative de l’accès au prétoire du juge. Cette régulation conduit ce juge à ne pas réserver le même sort aux actions contentieuses engagées par les tiers purs et celles engagées par les tiers intéressés. / Even if the concept of third party is well defined in civil law, it is not the same in administrative law. There is no single consensual definition but actually several. Indeed, these particular concepts are scattered, diverse, imprecise and prevent any comprehensive definition section. However, these various concepts provide guidance for identification of the third party administrative law. The third party concept is based on a basic assumption: the third party is a person external to a group or a situation. The analysis of administrative law reveals that the third party is a concept whose function is to allow a regulation, by the administrative judge, to access his courtroom. The third party is therefore a functional concept supplemented by criteria of determination. Compiling these criteria leads to develop a protocol for determination embodied by the demonstration of a legal situation which generates bonds : a ring generator. This generating circle is composed of a core of legal relationships and of active subjects bound to it indicates the proximity of identified third party to the core. They are depicted in concentric layers distant from the core depending on the degree of their relationships with that specific law. The implementation of this protocol induces the establishment of a “third party” scale composed of two heterogeneous categories: the pure and the interested third party. This scale characterizes the functional concept of third party: positive or negative regulation of access to the courtroom of the judge. This regulation implies that the judge stats differently on contentious actions whether they can incurred by pure or interested third party.

The flooring industry is a market that constantly changing every year with new products and improvements. The purpose of this report is to uncover which of the floors, linoleum and vinyl with or without PUR reinforced surface has the lowest life cycle cost for the customer over a 30-year period. The scope of the study is to investigate the three different floors in the public sector in Sweden, Norway, and Finland. A similar study was made many years ago where remarkable result was uncovered. The way used to determining the result in this study is made by two different methods within the LCC. The LCC calculations in this study are based on the primary data collections; qualitative interviews, time study, and observations. Secondary data have also been used in the report. When a customer invests in a floor there are three major costs purchasing, installation, and maintenance. Maintenance will ultimately be the biggest cost because it extends over the entire life cycle while the others are two fixed costs. The analysis uncover that the amount of water and chemical usage to maintain the floors has reduced since the old study. The consumption that has increased is the energy, a result from the increase usage of cleaning machines in the public sector. The most profitable floor to invest in is the vinyl with PUR reinforced surface. This floor has in Sweden and Norway a higher purchasing price than linoleum and vinyl without PUR reinforced surface but in the long run (30 years) its total life cycle cost are lesser than the two others. If the public sector in Sweden invests in a vinyl floor with reinforced PUR surface instead of a vinyl without PUR, the life cycle cost at a hospital or municipality will be reduced by 16,3 percent.

Cette étude aborde l’œuvre de Toni Morrison à travers le prisme du sacré. Elle explore comment les romans offrent, d’un point de vue thématique et littéraire, une toile structurelle et formelle permettant l’accès au sacré – à cette transcendance dont le lecteur ne revient pas indemne. L’acte sacrificiel et la violence sont au cœur de la diégèse des romans. La reproduction du geste sacrificiel dans l’acte de « lecture-écriture » (terme emprunté à Henri Meschonnic) élabore le passage, au fil des romans, de la mise à mort des personnages au don (de l’être, de l’œuvre), comme en atteste le titre du dernier roman, A Mercy. L’idée de séparation véhiculée par l’étymologie du mot « sacré » est explorée à travers la dichotomie du pur et de l’impur ; le positionnement systématique des personnages d’un côté et de l’autre d’un écran de « pureté » participe au processus de sacralisation et tisse le fil rouge de la contagion, générée dans le texte même. Ce travail explore dans quelle mesure le sacré se répercute sur l’écriture, au point de devenir la condition du dé-pli et de l’expérience figurale du texte. La composition à l’œuvre dans les romans orchestre une écriture vivante, à haute voix, à l’orée du sentiment, qui rend très souvent compte de l’élément non rationnel du « divin ». Celui-ci est à même de souligner l’impact de l’écriture morrisonienne sur le lecteur, alors que le ressenti commun entre écrivain et lecteur, propre à l’écriture dialogique, génère la pulsion d’écrire. / This study investigates Toni Morrison’s oeuvre from the standpoint of the sacred, and in particular how the sacred bears upon the writing itself, thus transforming the text into the locus and condition of the reader’s experience. Morrison’s work is thematically and formally predicated upon an access to the sacred/holy. The concept of the sacred is indeed highly relevant in Toni Morrison’s work, since the very act of composing/conducting the novels is heard and set in an affective language which often renders the non-rational element of the divine, referred to here as the “holy”. Its ability to move and astound the reader is rendered through actual or textual sacrifice. As the title of her latest novel, A Mercy, suggests, the sacrificial gesture which is reproduced in the reading/writing experience (following Meschonnic’s concept of “lecture-écriture”) creates an intimate link between the characters’ sacrificial deaths and the gift of the book, thereby inscribing sacrifice and violence at the very heart of the novels. The idea of separation conveyed by the etymology of the word “sacred” is explored through the dichotomy of “purity” versus “impurity” in the novels, where characters labelled as either pure or impure participate in the sacralising process. The concept of the sacred/holy not only accounts for the impact of Toni Morrison’s writing on the reader; it also sheds light on the dialogical nature of her work from which arises the shared impulse that is the reading/writing of the book.

The topic of my diploma thesis is Bioproducts and their position in the present retailing. The thesis is divided in two parts, a theoretical one and a practical one. The theoretical part deals with the theory of bioproducts and their market position. It analyses ecology-agriculture tasks in Czech Republic as well as the legislation in the Czech Republic. The practical part describes bioproducts in Interspar and its own brand SPAR Natur*pur. In Interspar I did my research using questionnaires that were filled in by costumers of Interspar. These costumers answered questions about bioproducts and their market position in the Czech Republic. The results are presented in graphs and with a comment.

This thesis is focused on the effect of glue to bonding strength at DTD-L and ABS edge for increased moisture and heat interaction. This problems is concerned not only furniture, which is located in rooms with increased moisture, as are bathrooms and kitchens, but also furniture, which is exposed to these conditions in logistics during transport, storage etc. In this regard selection of right glue has a great impact on produce quality. This work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. There is description of methodology and formal view of problematics in the theoretical part. Experimental measurement of temperature and moisture conditions in interior and exterior are introduced in the practical part. Surface material DTD-L was used in practical part, when was tested strength of glued joints with using PUR adhesive. The samples were burden with increased moisture 90 % and 70 % and with temperatures from 25 ° C to 80 ° C. Subsequently was tested strength of gluent joints with using method of angle pressure shear angle-wise 45 ° and a peeling method angle-wise 90 °. The results were processed, analyzed and evaluated.

<p> The use of high flux research reactors, such as the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR), to produce a wide variety of both industrial and medical isotopes has been well documented and proven to be economically feasible. However, due to the lack of access to these high flux facilities by most countries, isotope production methods utilizing reactors with low to moderate flux levels are needed, especially for short lived medical isotopes whose production must be relatively close to the location where they will be administered. In recent years medical isotopes that can both be used for treatment and diagnostic uses have become of great interest. One of the most popular of these theragnostic radionuclides is lutetium-177. Production of high-grade Lu-177 can be achieved in both high and low flux reactors through two different production methods. The current work looks to determine the feasibility of producing Lu-177 via the indirect route, using the relatively low flux of PUR-1. This will be accomplished through the use of high-fidelity models and simulations to predict the resulting production rates of the desired products. The results of these models and simulations will then be compared to the results obtained from the experimental irradiation of various samples of ytterbium oxide in PUR-1. Many studies have successfully produced Lu-177 using moderate and high flux reactors and several papers have studied the predicted production rate for low to moderate flux reactors by using the reported thermal flux of various research reactors and the reported cross-section values for ytterbium. A Monte Carlo based model of PUR-1 will be developed to determine the radiative capture reaction rates for the ytterbium targets across all neutron energies. This model in conjunction with a simplified MATLAB model, to solve the series of partial differential equations describing the production and decay of each product isotope, will be used to predict isotope production rates and will be compared to experimentally obtained results. </p>

Nuclear systems heavily depend on Instrumentation and Control (I&C) entities for their protection, monitoring and control processes, all of which play an important role for their safety and security. The obsolescence of analog I&C systems, along with the increased costs for their maintenance, has rendered the adoption of digital control systems inevitable. Digitization offers numerous advantages to systems, ranging from precision in measurements to reduction in equipment and costs. However, it also comes with a number of challenges, most of which are related to increased failure risk, either from human or control systems error, and vulnerability to attacks, which can be a major threat to non-proliferation. These characteristics point to the category of Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs), namely collections of computational components that receive physical inputs from sensors, and are connected to feedback loops in order to adapt to new circumstances. The ever growing use of CPSs may increase the risk for cyber attacks, that threaten a system’s integrity and security. Plenty of research has been conducted on this topic. The focus of this work is to implement an architecture that can protect the system under review, namely Purdue University Reactor Number One (PUR-1), from these types of attacks. The reactor is physically modelled, through the use of point kinetics equations and reactivity calculations. Controllers existing in the plant are modelled and tuned for the purpose of controlling the reactor’s power. Mitigation of the cyber attacks is later examined through fault tolerance. One of the main ways to achieve fault tolerance in systems of this type is through redundant components, the so-called replicas. Replicas are later used in a process of voting, in order to detect failures. According to the Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) protocol, which is the most popular protocol for this purpose, a maximum number of t faults can be tolerated by the system, when there are in total 3t+1 replicas in the system architecture. Redundancy, however, is not capable to keep a system safe by itself under all circumstances. For this purpose, software diversity is explored. According to this, software in the controllers gets diversified into distinct variants. Different software variants execute instructions, and other variants are expected to execute other actions. In the case where some tampered inputs crash (or deactivate) one of the variants, other variants take control and the system is tolerant against failures. Lastly, CPS inertia is exploited along with rollback recovery methods for the rebooting of the system after a failure. The actual algorithm for the system studied in this work uses three redundant controllers and performs as follows; the error term from the subtraction of the output from the setpoint is fed as input to the first two controllers, as well as to the delay queue connected to the third controller. The outputs of the first two controllers are compared, and then there are two cases of operation. In the case of a good message in the input, the variants in the controllers do not crash, thus the signal from the top two controllers reaches the plant. In the case of a bad message, at least one of the two controllers crashes, because at least one of the code variants fails due to the diversity. This automatically triggers the comparator, which sends a signal so that the output of the isolated controller is used and propagates towards the plant. After implementing a Graphical User Interface (GUI), which acts as a simulator and visualizes the system’s state, it is shown that PUR-1 is able to overcome bad messages regarding scram or control rod positions, when the protection architecture is activated. More specifically, when a bad message for scram is sent, the reactor manages to not drop its power level and continues to adjust the rod positions in order to achieve a specific power setpoint. Moreover, in the case of a bad message for the control rod positions, which means that the system is running open loop and thus is uncontrolled, the reactor manages to recover the rod positions and power level after some seconds. Conversely, when the protection system is deactivated, it is shown that bad messages regarding scram or rod positions are able to affect the reactor's state. In the case of the scram bad message, the reactor power drops immediately, while in the case of the rod position bad message, the power level changes uncontrollably.

PurA is an abundant and an evolutionary conserved protein that is known to bind to single stranded DNA or RNA and regulate both transcription and translation. PurA has been shown to be implicated in many neurological and neurodevelopmental deficits due to its multifunctional roles. In this study, we have studied the cells’ stress response in the presence and absence of PurA by introducing oxidative stress to the cells derived from wildtype (PurA+/+) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) and (PurA -/-) knockout mice. Our observations indicated that the presence of PurA is making cells more sensitive to toxicity compared to those cells lacking PurA, emphasizing on the importance of PurA in cell survival and cell cycle regulation. Our MTT results and western blot analysis were in agreement with each other confirming PurA ‘s importance in normal cell response against stress, in particular oxidative stress induced by Paraquat. PurA+/+ wildtype MEFs showed more sensitivity and a decrease in relative cell viability after 24 Hrs. exposure to 1.5 mM paraquat while less sensitivity was observed in PurA -/- knockout MEFs under same conditions. Western blot analysis showed a significantly increased expression of the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase3 in PurA+/+ wildtype MEFs under oxidative stress induction compared to PurA -/- knockout MEFs. Also, autophagy activation was measured by checking the expression of LC3-I and LC3-II in both MEFs under control and stressed conditions and the results were confirming that autophagy induction under oxidative stress is greater in the presence of PurA. PurA appears to be very critical for cell survival, and any alteration in its expression may lead to undesired consequences. / Biology