Linoleum has been around for over a hundred years. With its invention by Frederick Walton in the 1860’s a new means of durable floor covering was introduced to the world. This new invention was promoted as durable, hygienic, and easy to maintain. In agreement with the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, a study was commissioned to seek the best means to conserve linoleum from a canal boat excavated in the summer of 2002 in Lake Champlain. The Sloop Island Canal Boat is part of an excavation project that is studying the ways of life on the lake. Conserving waterlogged linoleum is a new area of study in conservation, and there is very little information dealing with the topic. This study will provide a baseline for the conservation of linoleum.

Linoleum has been around for over a hundred years. With its invention by Frederick Walton in the 1860’s a new means of durable floor covering was introduced to the world. This new invention was promoted as durable, hygienic, and easy to maintain. In agreement with the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, a study was commissioned to seek the best means to conserve linoleum from a canal boat excavated in the summer of 2002 in Lake Champlain. The Sloop Island Canal Boat is part of an excavation project that is studying the ways of life on the lake. Conserving waterlogged linoleum is a new area of study in conservation, and there is very little information dealing with the topic. This study will provide a baseline for the conservation of linoleum.

Denna uppsats handlar hur samhällsströmningar i samhället under tidigt 1900-tal påverkade användningen av linoleum i hemmen och i arkitekturen i Sverige. Även utseendet på linoleummattor och tillverkningssätt undersöks. Undersökningen omfattar också den svenska linoleumtillverkaren Forshaga linoleum och andra typer av golvmattor som har tillverkats av dem.
 
 Linoleum uppfanns av Fredrick Walton på 1860-talet och hade sin storhetstid under de kommande 100 åren. Linoleum är tillverkat av oxiderad linolja, kork- eller trämjöl och pigment. Mönster skapas antingen genom att färga massan och sedan blanda ihop olika färger, stansa ut bitar i olika färger, så kallad inlaid, eller genom tryck. De tryckta mönstren har en fantastisk mönsterrikedom eftersom det var möjligt att trycka mycket detaljerade mönster och med många färger. De flesta av dessa mönster var imiterande, det vill säga att de skapades för att se ut som ett mer exklusivt golv, såsom parkett, textilmattor och klinkermosaik.
 Linoleum hade sitt genombrott i svenska hem i början av 1900-talet. Inledningsvis var det en exklusiv vara för medelklassen som placerades på hedersplats i finrummet för att markera status och ett modernt tankesätt. Några årtionden senare hade linoleumgolv blivit standard i de flesta hem och användes särskilt i rum som behövde vara lättstädade såsom kök och hall. Funktionalismen medförde att linoleumgolv lades in i moderna byggnader och i samlingslokaler och offentliga miljöer. Detta eftersom linoleum med sina många praktiska egenskaper tilltalade funktionalismens arkitekter. / This thesis explores the uses, appearance and making of Linoleum in Sweden in the twentieth century with focus on Linoleum as a part of the modernistic movement. 
 Linoleum was invented by Fredrick Walton in the eighteen-sixties and had one hundred years of popularity until its decline in the nineteen-sixties. It is composed of oxidised linseed oil mixed with cork or wooden flour and pigment. Patterns are made in several different ways. The most common method was to make prints on linoleum. This way it was possible to achieve complicated and detailed patterns using many different colours, and to an affordable price. Many of the patterns of the early twentieth century were made to imitate more exclusive materials such as carpets and parquet wooden flooring. Tile and stone imitations were also common. A more durable pattern could be created by mixing different coloured granulats and produce a streaked pattern such as granite, marble or jaspé. Inlaid linoleum is the third version of making patterns. It is made my puzzling different coloured pieces together by hand or in a mold. Sweden has only had one linoleum factory. This is Forshaga Linoleum, a company that was established in 1891. There was a lot of collaborations between Forshaga Linoleum and the manufacturers in the rest of Europe, as the knowledge and the machines were all imported from already existing factories. In 1928 there was a business treaty between Forshaga linoleum and thirteen other factories in Europe, among them Deutsche linoleum werke (DLW). DLW exited the organisation at the start of World War II. There were also other similar resilient flooring materials invented during this period. During World War II there was a shortage of linseed oil and there were experiments with other binders. For the Swedish factory this resulted in a material known as forbolin, a material based on cellulose nitrate that was produced 1942-44. Another material produced was the felt base flooring, a flooring that only has a thin printed protective surface and is made as a cheap and less lasting alternative. Vinyl flooring also began being produced in the nineteen-forties, and eventually came to dominate the market. In the very beginning of the twentieth century linoleum was a very novel and exclusive material. In Swedish middle class homes it was often bought as a smaller carpet and given a prominent place under the dining room table. A few decades later this had changed and linoleum had become an ordinary flooring often used in kitchens and hallways where easy cleaning was essential. Modernism in Sweden brought big changes regarding how linoleum was viewed and how it was used in homes and public spaces. It was the perfect material for the new architecture, since it was practical, affordable and very versatile as it came in various colours and patterns. Forshaga Linoleum wanted to be closely associated with the modernism movement and this is visible in their marketing strategies. Due to Sweden’s strong economic growth there was big increase in housing construction with the intention to improve living standards for the population, and linoleum was widely used in the new architecture.

The flooring industry is a market that constantly changing every year with new products and improvements. The purpose of this report is to uncover which of the floors, linoleum and vinyl with or without PUR reinforced surface has the lowest life cycle cost for the customer over a 30-year period. The scope of the study is to investigate the three different floors in the public sector in Sweden, Norway, and Finland. A similar study was made many years ago where remarkable result was uncovered. The way used to determining the result in this study is made by two different methods within the LCC. The LCC calculations in this study are based on the primary data collections; qualitative interviews, time study, and observations. Secondary data have also been used in the report. When a customer invests in a floor there are three major costs purchasing, installation, and maintenance. Maintenance will ultimately be the biggest cost because it extends over the entire life cycle while the others are two fixed costs. The analysis uncover that the amount of water and chemical usage to maintain the floors has reduced since the old study. The consumption that has increased is the energy, a result from the increase usage of cleaning machines in the public sector. The most profitable floor to invest in is the vinyl with PUR reinforced surface. This floor has in Sweden and Norway a higher purchasing price than linoleum and vinyl without PUR reinforced surface but in the long run (30 years) its total life cycle cost are lesser than the two others. If the public sector in Sweden invests in a vinyl floor with reinforced PUR surface instead of a vinyl without PUR, the life cycle cost at a hospital or municipality will be reduced by 16,3 percent.

<p>NR 20140804</p>

Antalet personer som skadas bland golvläggare är ca 1.5 % per år och de skador som uppkommer är hand och knäskador. Det är inte den grupp inom byggindustrin som har störst skadefrekvens men endast en låg andel klarar av att arbeta ända till pensionen.  Detta examensarbete har haft till syfte att ge en objektiv bild av arbetsmiljön för golvläggare, och ta fram brister och förslag på förbättringar. Det har gjorts efter önskemål från Golvbranschen Öst och Lars Johnsson som under lång tid sett problem i branschen.  Jag har gjort intervjuer med golvläggare och leverantörer (se sidan 34) och observationer på arbetsplatser, tagit fram statistiskt underlag från arbetsmiljöverket över skador och gjort litteraturstudier på forskning inom området. Jag kom fram till att arbetsskador framför allt orsakas av dåligt anpassad skyddsutrustning och även golvmaterial levererade i för stora förpackningar. Golv levereras i längder som är svåra att hantera manuellt och väger ofta hundratals kilo. Därför blir hjälpmedel som bygghissar mycket viktigt för att förebygga arbetsskador, trots att dessa ofta plockas bort i förtid. Det finns mycket som kan förbättras på området, bland annat bättre anpassad utrustning och golv/mattbeläggning som levereras i mindre storlekar och vikter. / Yearly injuries among flooring contractors caused from work are 1.5 %. And the most common body part to be injured is hand and knee. This group is not the most injured in the building industry but a very low percent manage to work until retirement. The purpose of this essay has been to give a view of the working environment in this industry, with deficiencies and improvement possibilities. The method has been interviews and observation studies at construction places, processing of statistics from Swedish work environment authority and literature studies of research in the area. The findings made was that injuries mostly are caused by badly adapted safety equipment and extremely heavy building material with very high weight. Limitations in working environment when building elevators is taken away too early also causes problems. Work is often done with piecework pay and this induce higher speed and increase risk of injuries. Today many areas can be improved, for example safety equipment and size/weight of building material.

This project involved a series of linoleum, woodcut, and intaglio prints whose subject matter was derived from my imagination. The inspiration for this work is the ocean and the myriad life forms found there. I perused books on the ocean and created characters from these images. These prints also have a psychological edge and emotional aspect reflecting the state of mind I was in when 1 created them. Putting these ideas together in the intaglio prints as well as using different techniques was the challenge in making this work. My goal was also to explore linoleum and woodcut prints where I used multiple blocks and/or rolled more than one color on a block to achieve a multitude of hues for one image. I found this complex way of making images exciting and feel that the works created have been successfully resolved. / Department of Art

Byggsektorn är en stor bidragande faktor till den globala miljöpåverkan. Hur stor miljöpåverkan ett byggprojekt orsakar baseras utifrån hela livscykeln. En del av livscykeln är material då materialval är ett kritiskt skede i byggprocessen. Genom att välja ett material med en miljöcertifiering som är grundad utifrån ett livscykelperspektiv kan miljöpåverkan begränsas. Till exempel Svanen är en svensk miljöcertifiering som baserar sina kriterier utifrån ett livscykelperspektiv. I många situationer är det ekonomin som styr materialvalet. I den här undersökningen kommer ekonomiskt begränsade materialval att jämföras med miljövänliga material. Kan miljövänliga material hålla samma budget eller hur stor blir annars prisskillnaden? Definitionen av miljövänligt kommer i den här rapporten att grundas på Svanens kriterier.

This thesis focuses on an African-American female artist, Valerie Maynard, examining how she synthesizes African and American elements in her works. It provides detailed formal and iconographical analyses, revealing concealed meanings and paying special attention to those works with which the artist mirrors the Black experience in the United States and Africa on the other side of the Atlantic. In the process, the thesis sheds new light on the significance of Valerie Maynard's work and how she has used some of them to embody the Black quest for freedom and social justice during the Civil Rights struggle of the 1960s and 1970s and beyond.

By way of an analysis of the lino-cuts executed by Muafangejo, firstly elements and influences that are evident in terms associated with his works, will be traced, for example 'primitive' and 'traditional' elements. Secondly, the characteristics that are particular to this artist's work will be defined. It is believed that by using this avenue of approach, a clearer understanding of the artist's traditional world and possibly the stylistic placement of the artist can be attained. However, to rely only on historical and cultural influences to give a perspective of his work, will not be sufficient. It will only highlight a portion of the evidence needed to fully understand his work. (From the introduction).