Engineered resistance mediated by RNA interference to control viral diseases in plants has shown great promise. However, the discovery that most known plant viruses encode RNAi suppressors which interfere with RNAi raised the issue to whether this type of engineered resistance can be durable in the presence of heterologous viruses in mixed infection. The overall goal of this study was to investigate the mechanism of suppression of RNAi-mediated resistance in transgenic plants in the presence of a virus carrying a strong suppressor of RNAi. Nicotiana benthamiana plants were transformed with a 1.2 kb from the 5' end of RCNMV RNA-1. Transgenic resistant lines were obtained. Resistance in two different transgenic lines was shown to be mediated by two different types of RNAi: constitutive RNAi in D2 line induced by doubles-stranded (ds) transgene transcripts and virus-induced RNAi in B1 line. We demonstrated that PVY differentially affected RNAi-mediated resistance in the two lines. D2 line is completely immune to RCNMV infection. D2 line contained multiple copies of the 1.2 kb transgene which are rearranged and produced dsRNAs. PVY did not break the resistance in this transgenic line however data showed that PVY interfered with RNAi which correlated to an increase of the 1.2 kb transgene mRNA. In addition, PVY infection induced accumulation of 21 nt siRNAs and did not alter the transcription of the transgene. In contrast, PVY infection suppressed resistance mediated by virus-induced RNAi in B1 line. B1 contains a single copy of the1.2 kb transgene and is initially susceptible to RCNMV infection however became resistant to RCNMV in newly merging leaves after 14 days post inoculation. PVY infection did not affect the accumulation of the 1.2 kb transgene mRNA nor the accumulation of 21 nt siRNA corresponding to the transgene. The differential effect of PVY infection on the two RNAi-mediated resistances in the two transgenic lines suggests that properly designed resistant plants might withstand mixed virus infections and the presence of a strong suppressor of RNAi. In addition, the differential effect of PVY on RNAi suggests that parallel but distinct pathways are involved in dsRNA-induced, virus-induced, and sense RNAi.

Orientadores: Dagmar Ruth Stach-Machado, Gisele Abigail Montan Torres / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T19:49:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lorenzi_MarcelSalmeron_M.pdf: 4641112 bytes, checksum: 98293f35d81cf7287376bbbf8a203993 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: No Brasil a batata é considerada uma das principais hortaliças produzidas, tanto em área plantada quanto em consumo. A produção anual é em torno de 2 milhões de toneladas, ocupando uma área superior a 130 mil hectares, gerando cerca de 500 mil empregos. Nos últimos anos, a bataticultura brasileira vem sofrendo perdas significativas devido ao aumento da incidência de viroses, principalmente provocadas pelo vírus Y da batata (Potato virus Y - PVY). Mundialmente, são conhecidas pelo menos três linhagens distintas do vírus Y: PVYO, PVYC e PVYN, cujos sintomas variam de acordo com o ambiente e a planta hospedeira. A linhagem PVYN apresenta uma variante denominada PVYNTN, que provoca sintomas de mosaico foliar mais intenso e a indução de formação de anéis necróticos nos tubérculos. A presença de focos de infecção de PVY em índices acima de 4% (limite de tolerância regulamentada pelo Ministério de Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento) é suficiente para condenar o uso de determinadas lavouras para a produção de batata-semente, além de representar grandes danos em cultivos comerciais de batata para consumo. Já o PVX pode representar um grande problema quando em associação com o PVY. É um vírus cosmopolita, sendo transmitido mecanicamente e caracterizado por mosaico leve nas folhas, mais visíveis na metade inferior da planta. Atualmente, a análise de fitossanidade e a indexação viral da batata-semente destinada à multiplicação comercial no Brasil são efetuadas através da combinação da utilização de plantas indicadoras, que demanda tempo, e por testes sorológicos como ELISA, os quais representam custos adicionais à cadeia produtiva, uma vez que o Brasil é dependente da importação dos antisoros de detecção. Deste modo, considerando a relevância do estabelecimento de testes de diagnóstico nacionais que permitam a identificação específica dos vírus Y e X, em virtude da grande incidência de infecções do PVY e da grande necessidade de proteção contra o aumento da introdução do PVX, com oagravante de grandes prejuízos na co-infecção, os objetivos específicos deste projeto foram produzir soros policlonais específicos para o PVX e PVY, estabelecer ELISA indireto e desenvolver diagnóstico molecular dos vírus através de primers específicos e do IC-RTPCR. Esse trabalho conseguiu isolar e purificar os vírus X e Y através da indexação biológica e protocolos de extração. Com isso, foi possível produzir e caracterizar os anticorpos policlonais para o PVY e o PVX, com grande especificidade e poder de detecção. Após essas etapas, foi realizado a construção de primers específicos, e o desenvolvimento de técnicas moleculares de detecção baseadas na extração de material genético de folhas infectadas e PCR com os respectivos primers, obtendo-se os respectivos fragmentos esperados, concluindo com sucesso o estabelecimento do teste. Por fim, tentouse estabelecer o IC-RT-PCR, todavia o tamanho reduzido das partículas virais inviabilizou a realização do teste, mas a execução da detecção por ELISA e molecular separadamente foi estabelecido com sucesso, permitindo agregar novas tecnologias nacionais e contribuindo com a redução dos custos para a execução dos testes de fitossanidade, importantes e imprescindíveis para o controle das viroses predominantes na bataticultura nacional. / Abstract: The potato culture (Solanum tuberosum L.) represents the fourth major vegetal production in the world, reaching productivity indexes which overcome that of cerals in 5 times. Potato crop may be affected by several disease. Actually, some references point out near 40 in a total of 70 disorders are caused by viral agents. Among the most important viruses of potato, virus X and Y usually cause major concern, due to their harmfull effects in productivity and comercialization of potato. Nowadays, the viral infecctions have found their way into Brazil's potato production reagions in a very fast maner. The state of São Paulo is the most afeccted. Althought potato crop is among the stocks 10 major crops in the country, its production relies on virus-free imported potato-seeds to mantain its production. This is not only responsable by a considerable part of the production costs, but also represents a dangerous entrance door for a number of exotic pathogens inexistent in our territory. Thus, a fitosanity control of imported seed-potato lots, which enter Brazil via Santos harbor in the State of São Paulo, has fundamental importance. The usage of imunodiagnosis like ELISA, althought being efficient and widely applied, results in an additional cost due to the dependency of Brazil on the importation of policlonal antisera and monoclonal antibodys necessaries for the proper detection of the most important virus afeccting the national potato plantations. It has becoming a must for the seed-potato production a program in Brazil to have our independence of the diagnoses antiserum reagents for ELISA to at least the most important seed-potato viruses. The independence on importation of these biotecnological products and the modernization of imunodiagnosis by applying molecular techniques with specifics primers and like IC-RT-PCR (ImmoCapture - Reverse Transcriptase - Polimerase Chain Reaction), which makes possible to detect the major potato's virus in a fast, efficient and cheap way in order to screen the sanity of the material produced in the country, leading to a increase in production and stating the quality of it. This work isolated and purified the virus X and Y by biological indexing and extraction protocols. Therefore, it was possible to produce and to characterize the polyclonals antiserum to PVX and to PVY, with great specificity and power of detection. After these steps, it was made specifics primers and the development of molecular detection techniques based on extraction of genetic material from infected leaves and PCR with the primers. The expected fragments was obtained, concluding with successful the establishment of the test. Finally, there was the attempt to establish the IC-RT-PCR, however the small size of viral particles prevented the test, but the implementation of detection by ELISA and molecular separately was successful, add new national technologies allowing and contributing to the reduction of costs for implementing of the fitosanitty tests, importants and essentials for the control of viruses prevailing in the national potato culture. / Mestrado / Imunologia / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

In this project the effect of viral infection on the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Petit Havana SR1) was studied. The tobacco plants were infected with Potato virus Y, strain NTN, ELISA confirmed the presence of the virus. Enzymes that participate in C4 plants in Hatch-Slack cycle fosfoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31, PEPC), NADP-dependent malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40, NADP-ME), pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (EC 2.7.9.1, PPDK) are present also in C3 plants and are related to plant responses to stress conditions. As a result of viral infection, the activities of all these enzymes were increased. Infection caused by PVYNTN decreased activity of nitrate reductase (EC 1.7.1.1, NR), an enzyme catalyzing reduction of nitrates to nitrites. The activity of enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonium ions: glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.2.1, GS) and glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.1.14, GOGAT) was enhanced. In addition to this main route of nitrogen fixation the plant can still use glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2, GDH). This enzyme can also catalyze the opposite reaction, deamination of glutamate. The direction of response depends on environmental conditions. In this case a significant increase of oxidative-deaminating activity...

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-23T12:26:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renata Maria de Oliveira - 2014.pdf: 1638787 bytes, checksum: a5a8313e7628fbfc7f10155653ba0f08 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-23T12:29:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renata Maria de Oliveira - 2014.pdf: 1638787 bytes, checksum: a5a8313e7628fbfc7f10155653ba0f08 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-23T12:29:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renata Maria de Oliveira - 2014.pdf: 1638787 bytes, checksum: a5a8313e7628fbfc7f10155653ba0f08 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Tomato is one of the most cultivated vegetables worldwide, and this is an important factor in their vulnerability to attack by pests and diseases, which contribute to the decrease in production and affects the quality of the fruit. Among diseases affecting tomato production, the ones caused by viruses are of the utmost importance, which are more difficult to control, highlighting those caused by species of the genus Tospovirus, which can cause losses of up to 100 %. The tospoviruses are responsible for the disease known as 'tomato spotted wilt' and are transmitted by thrips. In Brazil, four species of tospoviruses occur in tomato: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV), Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) and Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV), with a greater incidence of GRSV. The first TSWV resistance gene identified was the Sw-5, which is effective against all species of tospoviruses infecting tomato and is widely used in breeding programs for this reason, because the resistance gene presents a dominant trait. Sources of resistance were found in other wild accessions of the species S. chilense, S. habrochaites, S. pimpinellifolium, S. corneliomuelleri and S. lycopersicum, showing promising results as sources of resistance for use in breeding programs. To identify a source of tospovirus resistance in wild accessions of the Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Hortaliças, and to perform the evolutionary analysis of the Sw-5 gene through the phylogeny of wild accessions, grouping them into evolutionary groups, this work was realized. The wild accessions of S. chilense and S. habrochaites species that showed compatible type of bands with resistance, can provide differentiated alleles of the resistance source based in S. peruvianum, since they grouped in other branches of the phylogenetic tree, with the potential to contribute with maintenance of resistance conferred by SW-5. The species of Potyvirus, Potato virus Y (PVY) and Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV), have been reported causing severe damage (qualitative and quantitative) to the production of tomatoes for their various purposes. Symptomatic plants have whitening ribs, mottling and leaf distortion when infected by PVY, and necrotic spots that may progress to death of the plant when infected by PepYMV. Because of the recessive characteristic of the typical resistance to potyvirus, the search for new species that confer genetic resistance to this genus occurring in tomato is important. The pot-1 gene, which confers resistance to potyviroses in tomato is governed by a restriction mechanism of cell-to-cell movement of the capsid protein, which prevents viral accumulation in tissues. Sources of resistance have been reported in wild Solanum species in S. peruavianum, S. chilense, S. pimpinellifolium and S. habrochaites, but it is necessary to evaluate the inheritance of this resistance, since the reported resistance is conferred by a monogenic recessive gene. This study aimed to identify in wild species accessions of the Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Hortaliças conferring multiple resistance to PVY and PepYMV, making them candidates for potential sources of resistance for use in breeding programs. Species wild the Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Hortaliças were evaluated for resistance to PVY and PepYMV and identified in accessions of the species S. peruavianum and S. habrochaites via serological analysis (DOT-BLOT) possible sources of resistance. / O tomateiro é uma das hortaliças mais cultivadas em todo o mundo, e isso constitui um fator importante para a sua vulnerabilidade ao ataque de pragas e doenças, que contribuem para a diminuição da produção na cultura e afeta a qualidade do fruto. Dentre as doenças na cultura do tomateiro, destacam-se as de etiologia viral, que apresentam maior dificuldade de controle, sobressaindo àquelas causadas por espécies do gênero Tospovirus e Potyvirus, que podem causar perdas de até 100% na cultura. Os tospovírus são responsáveis pela doença conhecida como ‘vira-cabeça do tomateiro’, e são transmitidos por espécies de tripes. No Brasil há a ocorrência de quatro espécies de tospovírus afetando tomateiros: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV), Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) e Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV), sendo a GRSV a espécie de maior incidência. O primeiro gene de resistência a TSWV identificado foi o Sw-5, que é eficiente contra todas as espécies de tospovírus que infectam o tomateiro, sendo amplamente utilizado em programas de melhoramento por este motivo e por ser um gene de resistência com característica dominante. Fontes de resistência foram encontradas em outros acessos selvagens de S. chilense, S. habrochaites, S. pimpinellifolium, S. corneliomuelleri e S. lycopersicum, sendo estas espécies fontes promissoras de resistência para serem utilizados em programas de melhoramento. Visando identificar em acessos selvagens do Banco de Germoplasma da Embrapa Hortaliças fontes potenciais de resistência a tospoviroses, e a partir da análise evolutiva do gene Sw-5 através da filogenia de acessos selvagens, agrupando-os em grupos evolucionários, executou-se o presente trabalho. A análise evolucionária apresentou espécies de tomateiros diferentes que conferem resistência ampla às espécies de tospovírus e possuem o gene Sw-5, se enquadrando em grupos evolucionários distintos. Os acessos selvagens das espécies S. chilense e S. habrochaites que apresentaram padrão de bandas compatível com a resistência podem fornecer alelos diferenciados da fonte de resistência baseada em S. peruvianum, já que se agruparam em outros ramos da árvore filogenética, com potencial para contribuir com a manutenção da resistência conferida por Sw-5. As espécies de Potyvirus, Potato virus Y (PVY) e Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV), tem sido relatadas causando danos severos (qualitativos e quantitativos) à produção de tomate para seus diversos fins. Plantas sintomáticas apresentam clareamento de nervuras, mosqueado e deformação foliar quando infectadas por PVY; e pontos necróticos que podem evoluir até a morte da planta quando infectada por PepYMV. Devido a característica de resistência recessiva a Potyvirus, a busca por novas espécies que confiram resistência genética a potyviroses de ocorrência na cultura do tomateiro é importante. O gene pot-1, que confere um padrão de resistência recessiva a potyviroses no tomateiro, tem seu mecanismo regido pela restrição do movimento célula-a-célula da proteína do capsídeo, que impede o acúmulo viral nos tecidos. Fontes de resistência tem sido relatadas em espécies silvestres de Solanum, em S. peruavianum, S. chilense, S. pimpinellifolium e S. habrochaites, mas se faz necessário avaliar a herança da resistência, já que a resistência relatada é conferida por um gene recessivo monogênico. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo confirmar am acessos selvagens do Banco de Germoplasma da Embrapa Hortaliças espécies que confiram resistência múltipla a PVY e PepYMV, tornando-as pontenciais candidatas a fontes de resistência para serem utilizadas em programas de melhoramento. Espécies selvagens do Banco de Germoplasma da Embrapa Hortaliças foram avaliadas para resistência a PVY e PepYMV e identificou-se em acessos das espécies S. habrochaites e S. peruavianum via análise sorológica (DOT-BLOT) possíveis fontes de resistência.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-27T14:16:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Raque Bartz Kneib.pdf: 709774 bytes, checksum: ed9b7474064e09348586e51c9221a9fa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T17:06:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Raque Bartz Kneib.pdf: 709774 bytes, checksum: ed9b7474064e09348586e51c9221a9fa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T17:06:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Raque Bartz Kneib.pdf: 709774 bytes, checksum: ed9b7474064e09348586e51c9221a9fa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A batata é o terceiro principal alimento produzido no mundo, e é um dos cultivos mais promissores para suprimir a fome em países em desenvolvimento. Cerca de 40 viroses infectam a cultura da batata, entre estas, o Potato virus Y (PVY) é, atualmente, o que causa maior impacto negativo na cultura. O PVY é transmitido de diversas formas, todas com controle e manejo deficitários, tornando a resistência genética a medida de controle mais eficaz. Esta resistência é controlada pelos genes Ry encontrados em espécies silvestres de batata. Marcadores do tipo SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region), os quais amplificam a região que contém o gene Ry, foram desenvolvidos e estão disponíveis para uso pelos programas de melhoramento de batata. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de aumentar a eficiência dos programas de melhoramento de batata em relação à resistência ao PVY fazendo uso da seleção assistida por marcadores moleculares. A dissertação foi dividida em dois capítulos. No primeiro, visando estimar a dosagem alélica do gene Ry e selecionar clones com múltiplas cópias do gene Ry para serem usados como genitores no programa de melhoramento de batata, foram genotipadas sete famílias clonais, envolvendo cinco genitores com resistência ao PVY, utilizando os marcadores SCAR RYSC3 e M45. Para o gene Ryadg, com base no marcador RYSC 3, dos cinco genitores resistentes ao PVY avaliados, quatro, C1883-22-97, C2372-02-02, C2388-01-02, e MB9846-1, são simplex, e o genitor C2389-01-02 é duplex. Para o gene Rysto, com base no marcador M45, dois genitores, C2388-01-02 e MB9846-1, são simplex, e o genitor C2389-01-02 é duplex. Para os genitores C1883-22-97 e C2372-02-02, as frequências observadas de presença do gene Rysto, nas progênies avaliadas, não se adequaram estatisticamente a nenhuma das constituições genotípicas propostas. No segundo capítulo, com objetivo de identificar germoplasma de batata com resistência extrema ao vírus Y associada aos componentes da aparência e do rendimento de tubérculos, além verificar as associações entre esses caracteres, foram avaliados clones portadores do gene Ry, oriundos de oito combinações genéticas distintas. As combinações genéticas C2389-01-02 x Asterix, e, BRS Ana x C1883-22-97, mostraram maior potencial para serem exploradas visando agregar a resistência ao vírus Y aos caracteres desejáveis de rendimento e de aparência de tubérculo. O grau de correlação entre caracteres indica fortíssima e direta associação entre aparência geral e aspereza de tubérculo; forte e direta associação da intensidade da cor de película com aspereza e aparência geral de tubérculo, entre número e massa média de tubérculo, entre massa média e cor da película, e entre massa total e número total de tubérculos; e forte e inversa associação de formato com cor da polpa, cor da película e massa média de tubérculos. Os resultados encontrados no nosso estudo mostraram que os marcadores moleculares RYSC3 e M45 são uma importante ferramenta para ser usada pelos programas de melhoramento de batata visando acelerar o processo de desenvolvimento de cultivares com resistência ao PVY. / Potato is the third main food crop in the world, and is one of the most promising crop to suppress hunger in developing countries. From the 40 viruses which infect potato growing fields, Potato virus Y (PVY) is currently considered the most important one. PVY is transmitted by several ways, all of them with limited control, begin genetic resistance the main way to control this important disease controlled by Ry genes. Molecular markers, which amplify the region containing Ry gene have been developed and are available to be used by potato breeding. This work was developed with the aim of increasing the efficiency of potato breeding programs for resistance to PVY making use of molecular assisted selection. The dissertation is divided into two chapters. In the first chapter, in order to estimate allelic dosage of Ry genes in clones used as genitors in the breeding program, progenies from seven families were genotyped with the markers RYSC3 and M45. For Ryadg gene, based on the marker RYSC, from the five PVY resistant parents analysed, four are simplex, C1883-22-97, C2372-02-02, C2388-01-02 and MB9846-1, and one is duplex, C2389- 01-02. For Rysto gene, based on the marker M45, both parents, C2388-01-02 and MB9846-1, are simplex, and the parent C2389-01-02 is duplex. For the C1883-22-97 and C2372-02-02, it was not possible to estimate the allelic dosage of the Rysto gene. In the second chapter, in order to identify germplasm with extreme resistance to PVY associated to desirable agronomic traits, clones carrying the Ry gene, belonging from eight different genetic combinations, were evaluated for characteres related to tuber appearance and yield. The genetic combinations C2389-01-02 x Asterix and BRS Ana x C1883-22-97 showed good potential to be exploited in order to add resistance to virus Y to traits related to yield and tuber appearance. The correlation between traits indicates very strong and direct association between tuber general appearance and roughness of tuber; strong and direct association of the intensity of the periderm color and tuber general appearance; between number of tubers per plant and average tuber weight; between average tuber weight and intensity of the periderm color and between the total mass of tubers per plant and total number of tubers per plant. Also, strong and inverse associations between tuber shape and flesh color and between periderm color and average tuber weight were detected. The results of our study showed that the molecular markers RYSC3 and M45 are important tools to be used by potato breeding programs to accelerate the development of cultivars with resistance to PVY.

Potato Virus Y (PVY) infection and nitrogen (N) deficiency cause similar symptoms (chlorosis and stunting) on potato foliage. While conventional methods, including ELISA and petiole testing, require destructive sampling and a longer time to diagnose, spectral analysis can be non-destructive, rapid and efficient. Spectral reflectance for potato cultivars representing three market types, chip processing, red-skinned fresh, and fresh and processing russets, were assessed in separate greenhouse trials in response to three N rates (90, 200, and 290 kg/ha) and two PVYN:O infection levels (clean and infected) at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after inoculation (WAI). Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was able to differentiate clean and PVYN:O infected samples of red-skinned and chip processing cultivars, at 4 and 8 WAI, respectively. Overall, cultivars differed in their spectral responses, indicating the importance of studying cultivar-specific spectral responses against PVY infection in future.

No description available.