No description available.

<p dir="ltr">The rapid evolution of semiconductor technology, driven by the limitations of Moore's Law, necessitates innovative approaches to enhance device performance and miniaturization. This thesis explores the advancement of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) using flexible glass-based substrates, focusing on their application in extreme environments. Flexible glass emerges as a promising material for 3D-IC packaging due to its superior electrical insulation, thermal stability, chemical resistance, and mechanical strength. These properties are critical for maintaining device reliability and functionality under harsh conditions such as high temperatures, humidity, and radiation. Their unique properties make them particularly suited for applications in aerospace, military, and automotive industries, where electronics must endure severe operational environments. The research presented in this thesis provides a comprehensive examination of the processes involved in fabricating flexible glass-based 3D-ICs, detailing methodologies for integrating semiconductor components onto a flexible glass substrate using common platform technology (CPT). This approach ensures compatibility across diverse systems and enhances the scalability and cost-effectiveness of 3D-IC solutions. Experimental results indicate that 3D-ICs incorporating flexible glass substrates exhibit enhanced functionality and durability. This study underscores the transformative potential of flexible glass in revolutionizing the design and performance of future electronic systems, ensuring their operability and longevity in demanding settings. By addressing the challenges of traditional packaging materials, flexible glass represents a significant advancement in 3D-IC technology, promising to broaden the operational landscape of electronic devices and change how they are deployed across various high-stakes fields.</p>

Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Please refer to full text to view abstract. / Imported from http://etd.sun.ac.za. / np2011

The aim of this master thesis deals with the optimization of the preparation of thin hydrogel films based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with the possibility of incorporating suitable additives (polyelectrolytes, plasticizers, etc.) into the structure of the prepared film to modify its properties. DEAE-Dextran hydrochloride and polyglutamic acid (PGA) were used as polyelectrolytes. The basic characterization of the properties was performed on modified films, which were compared with pure PVA films. The films were characterized by thickness, swelling ability, barrier properties, tensile properties, specific surface area, antimicrobial tests, and thermogravimetric analysis. The swelling ability of PVA/PGA films was very high, which may be a disadvantage for their use in the packaging industry. Swelling increases the amount of water in the matrix of the PVA film, what leads to a higher growth of microorganisms and to degradation of thin film. The water vapor transmission rate was greatly affected by the addition of a plasticizer. The small specific surface area of the films indicates a smooth surface that promotes good barrier properties. Films with the addition of a plasticizer showed relatively good mechanical properties. The values of tensile strength, elongation and elastic modulus were comparable to commercially available films such as polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE). Based on all experiments, PVA, PVA/DEAEDextran films and their variants with the addition of glycerol as a plasticizer were evaluated as the best candidates for the use of these films as packaging materials. The follow-up work could be dealing with the optimization of PVA films for oxygen permeability. Furthermore, the possibilities of using these films in the packaging industry based on the relative humidity of the environment, could be defined as other interesting area of future research.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been manufactured and used in differentapplications for several decades, including food packaging materials. During the last 20 yearsthese compounds have been acknowledged as hazardous for humans and the environment, anddifferent regulations on PFAS have been established on both national and international levels.Companies started to phase-out long-chain PFAS, including both PFOA and PFOS, around 20years ago. Since PFAS are persistent, this cause concerns both for our health and theenvironment, as well as possible PFAS contamination in new products due to the recycling ofmaterials. The aim of this study was to find an effective method to extract PFAS from differentfood packaging materials; analyze the samples for their extractable organofluorine (EOF)content using combustion ion chromatography; as well as analyze targeted PFAS in the samplesusing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The findingsof this study suggest that none of the selected samples had EOF contents above the Danishindicator value of 20 mg/kg dw TOF set to determine whether PFAS has been intentionallyadded to a material, and that only two samples exceeded the limit of detection for EOF. Atakeaway bowl made out of 100% sugarcane contained the highest EOF content while the outerpackaging of a cereal box contained the second highest EOF. Both PFOA and PFOS, alongwith other long-chain PFAS were detected in a majority of the samples. The lowest total PFASconcentrations when analyzing for targeted PFAS was detected in the sugarcane take awaybowl. The highest total PFAS concentration was detected in an egg carton, followed by theouter packaging of a cereal box (same as above) and the outer box of a waffle mix. The targetedPFAS was detected in almost all samples, with PFNA and 6:2 diPAP being the most frequentlydetected PFAS. PFCAs, PFSAs, FTSAs, FOSAAs and PAPs were detected in a majority of thesamples. The highest concentrations were measured for diSAmPAP in a majority of thesamples. Mass balance calculations of the sugarcane bowl showed that the targeted PFAS onlyaccounted for 0.04% of the extractable organofluorine content. In conclusion, none of thesamples displayed EOF contents higher than the Danish indicator value, suggesting that noneof the samples were intentionally treated with PFAS. However, targeted PFAS analysis of thesesamples showed that they still contain PFAS, that could be further recycled along with therecycling of paper and board food packaging materials. Considering the persistence of PFASand that these compounds can remain in the recycling chain, with the risk of also being releasedinto the environment, it is of importance that PFAS is not introduced in any of the stages in apaper or board containers life cycle.

No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos métodos analíticos para a determinação de As, Cd, Cr, Hg e Pb em embalagens celulósicas para alimentos por espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização em forno de grafite e amostragem direta de sólidos (SS-GF AAS). Para a determinação direta de Hg, a solução de KMnO4 e a mistura oxidante (HNO3 + H2SO4) com a plataforma e parede interna do tubo modificadas com Pd apresentaram os melhores resultados. A mistura oxidante promoveu o pré-tratamento térmico in situ do papel, reduzindo o sinal de fundo. Foi investigada a viabilidade de empregar papéis de filtro, impregnados com concentrações conhecidas dos analitos e moídos por moagem criogênica, como padrões sólidos para calibração do equipamento. Os padrões sólidos produzidos apresentaram boa homogeneidade para As, Cd, Hg e Pb, adequada para microanálises e submicroanálises. Não foi desenvolvido método para determinação direta de Cr devido à contaminação durante a etapa de moagem. Foram construídas curvas analíticas de calibração utilizando-se massas crescentes de um único padrão sólido e massas similares dos padrões contendo diferentes concentrações dos analitos. As curvas obtidas foram concordantes em termos de coeficientes angulares, com razões de aproximadamente 1, indicando que ambos procedimentos de calibração podem ser empregados para SS-GF AAS. Materiais de referência certificados de matriz vegetal foram analisados para avaliar a exatidão dos métodos propostos empregando-se as curvas obtidas. Os resultados para As, Cd e Pb apresentaram boa exatidão e precisão. Os limites de detecção encontrados para a análise direta de sólidos foram: 0,36 &#181;g g-1 para As, 4,0 ng g-1 para Cd, 0,46 &#181;g g-1 para Hg e 0,036 &#181;g g-1 para Pb. O emprego dos métodos desenvolvidos na determinação direta de As, Cd, Hg e Pb em amostras de embalagens celulósicas para alimentos indicou que estes podem ser utilizados no controle de qualidade dessas embalagens, apresentando boa sensibilidade, precisão e exatidão. As concentrações de Cd e Pb nas embalagens analisadas variaram, respectivamente, de 0,015 a 0,099 &#181;g g-1 e de 0,05 a 6,70 &#181;g g-1. As concentrações de As e Hg nas embalagens ficaram abaixo dos limites de detecção. Foi possível a determinação de Cr nos digeridos de pedaços das embalagens, obtendo-se concentrações de 1,8 a 4,1 &#181;g g-1. / In the present work analytical methods for determination of As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb in paper and board food packaging materials by solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-GF AAS) were developed. For direct determination of Hg, the best results were achieved using KMnO4 solution and an oxidant mixture (HNO3 + H2SO4) in combination with the graphite platform and inner wall of graphite tube modified with palladium as permanent modifier. The oxidant mixture allowed the \"in situ\" thermal pretreatment, reducing the background signals. The feasibility of using cryogenic ground spiked filter papers with different concentrations of the analyte as synthetic calibrating standards was investigated. The calibrating standards showed good homogeneity for As, Cd, Hg and Pb being suitable for both microanalysis and submicroanalysis. The method for the direct determination of Cr was not developed due to the contamination during the grinding step. The analytical calibration curves were made by increasing masses of one calibrating standard and similar masses of the calibrating standards containing different concentrations of the analyte. The ratio between slopes of analytical curves were approximately 1 for As, Cd, Hg e Pb, indicating the adequacy of using both calibrating procedures for SS-GF AAS. Vegetable certified reference materials were analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed methods. The results for As, Cd e Pb presented good accuracy and precision. The detection limits for the solid sample analysis were: 0,36 &#181;g g-1 for As, 4,0 ng g-1 for Cd, 0,46 &#181;g g-1 for Hg and 0,036 &#181;g g-1 for Pb. The direct determination of As, Cd, Hg and Pb in paper and board food packaging material samples were successfully done indicating that the developed methods can be employed in the quality control of these samples with good sensibility, precision and accuracy. The concentration of Cd and Pb in analyzed packaging materials ranged from 0,015 to 0,099 &#181;g g-1 and from 0,05 to 6,70 &#181;g g-1, respectively. The concentration of As and Hg in packaging materials were below to the detection limits. It was possible the determination of Cr in solution after pieces of packaging materials digestion. The concentrations of Cr ranged from 1,8 to 4,1 &#181;g g-1.

<p>Predmet doktorske disertacije obuhvata izbor ambalažnog materijala i uslova pakovanja, pakovanje tradicionalnog pekarskog proizvoda pite sa sirom, kao i očuvanje proizvoda tokom skladi&scaron;tenja.<br />Polupečene pite sa sirom su proizvedene i pakovane u petoslojne i sedmoslojne polimerne kese, pri atmosferskim i u uslovima modifikovane atmosfere pakovanja, sa dodatkom i bez dodatka sakupljača kiseonika. Nakon pakovanja, pite su skladi&scaron;tene i ispitivane po sledećoj dinamici: 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 i 16 nedelja skladi&scaron;tenja. Izvr&scaron;ena su ispitivanja ambalažnih materijala i ambalaže, kao i upakovanog proizvoda. Tokom ispitivanja ambalažnih materijala i ambalaže određivana su: fizičko-hemijska i strukturna svojstva ambalažnih materijala, barijerna svojstva ambalaže, koncentracija gasova u ambalaži i kvalitet formiranih varova. Ispitivanja upakovanog proizvoda su se odnosila na: fizičko-hemijska svojstva pite sa sirom, senzorska svojstva pite sa sirom i mikrobiolo&scaron;ka ispitivanja pite sa sirom.<br />Primenjeni ambalažni materijali su pokazali odgovarajuća fizičko, mehanička i strukturna svojstva. Takođe, oba ambalažna materijala pokazuju dobre barijerne karakteristike na ispitivane gasove. Izračunavanjem ukupne zapremine kiseonika koja može biti propu&scaron;tena kroz ambalažu tokom skladi&scaron;tenja je utvrđeno da je upotreba sakupljača kiseonika od 100 ml dovoljna da omogući skladi&scaron;tenje pite sa sirom, pakovane u obe vrste ambalaže, u vremenskom periodu od 122 dana (16 nedelja), bez promene koncentracije kiseonika veće od 1%. Analizom koncentracije gasova u ambalaži je utvrđeno da su najmanje oscilacije merenih gasova tokom skladi&scaron;tenja pokazali uzorci pakovani u petoslojne, kao i sedmoslojne kese, u atmosferi vazduha sa dodatkom sakupljača kiseonika. Fizičko-hemijska svojstva (kiselinski stepen, peroksidni broj, sadržaj vlage, aw vrednost) uzoraka pita sa sirom su se menjala tokom skladi&scaron;tenja, zavisno od vrste ambalaže i uslova pakovanja. Period skladi&scaron;tenja utiče na senzorski kvalitet proizvedenih pita sa sirom. Nakon 16 nedelja skladi&scaron;tenja pita sa sirom upakovanih usa sirom kese od petoslojnog i sedmoslojnog ambalažnog materijala, u atmosferskim uslovima, sa dodatkom sakupljača kiseonika, ne dolazi do promena ukupnog broja kvasaca i plesni.<br />Na osnovu ciljeva doktorske disertacije, izvr&scaron;enih ispitivanja i postignutih rezultata, može se zaklučiti da su predloženi ambalažni materijali, kao i uslovi pakovanja doprineli produženju održivosti tradicionalnog pekarskog proizvoda - pite sa sirom.<br />Primenom barijernih ambalažnih materijala, kombinovanjem atmosferskih uslova pakovanja i sakupljača kiseonika, moguće je skladi&scaron;titi pite sa sirom u dužem periodu.</p> / <p>The subject of doctoral thesis includes the selection of packaging material and packaging conditions, packaging of traditional bakery product phyllo dough pastry with cheese, as well as the preservation of the product during the storage period. Partially baked phyllo dough pastry with cheese have been produced and packed into five and seventh layer polymeric bags, by using atmospheric and modified atmospheric packaging conditions, with and without the addition of the oxygen scavengers. After the packaging, phyllo dough pastries have been stored, and the dynamics of researches has been referred to: 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 week of storing.<br />Researches of packaging material and the product of packaging have been conducted. Examination of packaging material includes: physicochemical and structural properties, barrier properties, concentration of gases inside the packaging and the quality of welds. Examination of the product of packaging includes: physicochemical properties, sensorial properties and microbiological properties of the phyllo dough with cheese.<br />Applied packaging materials have shown an adequate physical, mechanical and structural performances. Furthermore, both packaging materials have shown good barrier characteristics against examined gases. By the calculation of total oxygen volume, which might penetrate throughout packaging materials during storing period, it can be concluded that the application of 100 ml oxygen scavenger is sufficient to provide the storing of phyllo dough pastry, packed in both packaging materials, during a period of 122 days (16 weeks) without oxygen concentration changes higher than 1%. The analysis of gas concentration in packaging has shown that the smallest oscillations of gas concentration during the storage have been determined inside the packaging of five and seven layer packaging material, in air conditions by using oxygen scavengers.<br />Physicochemical performances (acid number, peroxide value, moisture content and aw value) of the samples vary depending on the packaging material and the packaging conditions, during the storage period. The storage period affects the sensorial quality of phyllo dough pastries. After sixteen weeks of storage, phyllo dough pastry with cheese, packed into five and seven layer packaging material, in air atmosphere, with the addition of oxygen scavenger, did not show the increase of the total number of yeasts and molds.<br />Based on the goals, conducted research and results obtained, it might be concluded that suggested packaging materials, as well as the packaging conditions contribute to the additional sustainability of traditional bakery product - phyllo dough pastry with cheese. By the application of barrier packaging material, and combining the atmosphere packaging conditions and the oxygen scavenger it is possible to store phyllo dough pastry for a longer period.</p>

Paper and cellulosic materials hold a good promise of being candidates for flexible packaging materials provided suitable barrier properties such as water repellence and grease resistance are imparted to them. One of the methods to achieve these objectives is to surface modify paper/cellulose by applying thin fluorocarbon coatings on the surface. Fluorocarbon thin films produced by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) offer several advantages over the films produced by conventional polymerization means. Plasma deposited films are pinhole-free, chemically inert, insoluble, mechanically tough, thermally stable and highly coherent and adherent to variety of substrates. In this work, we investigate the use of PECVD technique to produce barrier films on paper and cellulosic materials. These films, with composition and properties not much different from PTFE, repel water and act as a good barrier to lipophilic materials. Two different monomers, pentafluoroethane (PFE; CF3CHF2) and octafluorocyclobutane (OFCB; C4F8), were investigated and compared in terms of deposition rates and final film properties. Various analytical techniques (XPS, FT-IR, SEM, Ellipsometry, Contact Angle Goniometry, etc.) were used to characterize the fluorocarbon films. The fluorocarbon coated paper exhibited hydrophobic character as evidenced by high water contact angles. Although the films allow water vapor diffusion, the films are hydrophobic and are not wetted when liquid water contacts these layers. Based on various thickness of these films deposited on surface of cellulose, there was a minimum PFE film thickness required to achieve a stable hydrophobic behavior. The fluorocarbon films investigated in this work also exhibited good resistance to lipophilic materials (e.g. oils, fatty acids, etc.). While techniques such as oleic acid penetration and TAPPI "oil-kit" test are commonly used in paper industry to qualitatively test the grease barrier properties of paper/cellulose, this work attempts to quantify the grease barrier properties of fluorocarbon coated paper using techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Finally, the feasibility of deposition of dual layer films by PECVD was investigated using PFE and n-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM) as precursors for applications in barrier packaging and printing.

Es wird gezeigt, dass mit dem Fluoreszenzmesssystem sowohl die Schichtdicke als auch die Aushärtung detektiert werden kann. Durch das Erstellen von Eichkurven ist es so möglich, vollflächig, die genaue Schichtdicke der Beschichtung im laufenden Prozess inline zu bestimmen und Abweichungen in Echtzeit entgegenzuwirken. Zudem können so Unregelmäßigkeiten bei der Aushärtung der Lacke direkt erkannt und bei unzureichender Aushärtung der Anteil von Fehlproduktionen minimiert werden. Auch bei hochvernetzten Acrylatklebstoffen konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit dem System eine genaue Analyse der inneren Festigkeit vorgenommen werden kann. Diese Klebstoffe, mit teilweise unterschiedlichem chemischen Aufbau, aber gleichem E-Modul, emittieren dasselbe Maß an Fluoreszenz. Somit konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit der Fluoreszenzmessung, unabhängig von der chemischen Struktur, gleichbleibende Intensitäten gemessen und damit der Aushärtegrad bestimmt werden kann. Zur genauen Bestimmung der Schichtdicken mit dem Fluoreszenzmesssystem ist es notwendig genaue Eichkurven für jedes einzelne System zu erstellen. Auch ist es, im Falle der Molkeprotein Beschichtungen notwendig weitere Formulierungen zu testen um eine exakte Vorhersage des Vernetzungsgrads zu gewährleisten. Durch die Ergebnisse die mit den Acrylatklebstoffen erzielt wurden stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit eine Korrelation zwischen der chemischen Struktur des untersuchten Materials und der gemessenen Fluoreszenz dabei besteht. Es sollte die Fluoreszenz von weiteren Materialien, unterschiedlicher chemischer Struktur, gemessen und überprüft werden, ob ein Zusammenhang zu deren E-Modul besteht. Außerdem sind Materialien wie z.B. Klebstoffe und Lacke auf Polyurethanbasis, deren Aushärtung erst nach mehreren Tagen oder Wochen abgeschlossen ist, interessant. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, ob Abweichungen der Aushärtung schon direkt nach der Beschichtung, durch das Fluoreszenzmesssystem, detektiert und somit Fehlproduktionen schon frühzeitig erkennt werden können. [... aus Zusammenfassung und Ausblick]

No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos métodos analíticos para a determinação de As, Cd, Cr, Hg e Pb em embalagens celulósicas para alimentos por espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização em forno de grafite e amostragem direta de sólidos (SS-GF AAS). Para a determinação direta de Hg, a solução de KMnO4 e a mistura oxidante (HNO3 + H2SO4) com a plataforma e parede interna do tubo modificadas com Pd apresentaram os melhores resultados. A mistura oxidante promoveu o pré-tratamento térmico in situ do papel, reduzindo o sinal de fundo. Foi investigada a viabilidade de empregar papéis de filtro, impregnados com concentrações conhecidas dos analitos e moídos por moagem criogênica, como padrões sólidos para calibração do equipamento. Os padrões sólidos produzidos apresentaram boa homogeneidade para As, Cd, Hg e Pb, adequada para microanálises e submicroanálises. Não foi desenvolvido método para determinação direta de Cr devido à contaminação durante a etapa de moagem. Foram construídas curvas analíticas de calibração utilizando-se massas crescentes de um único padrão sólido e massas similares dos padrões contendo diferentes concentrações dos analitos. As curvas obtidas foram concordantes em termos de coeficientes angulares, com razões de aproximadamente 1, indicando que ambos procedimentos de calibração podem ser empregados para SS-GF AAS. Materiais de referência certificados de matriz vegetal foram analisados para avaliar a exatidão dos métodos propostos empregando-se as curvas obtidas. Os resultados para As, Cd e Pb apresentaram boa exatidão e precisão. Os limites de detecção encontrados para a análise direta de sólidos foram: 0,36 &#181;g g-1 para As, 4,0 ng g-1 para Cd, 0,46 &#181;g g-1 para Hg e 0,036 &#181;g g-1 para Pb. O emprego dos métodos desenvolvidos na determinação direta de As, Cd, Hg e Pb em amostras de embalagens celulósicas para alimentos indicou que estes podem ser utilizados no controle de qualidade dessas embalagens, apresentando boa sensibilidade, precisão e exatidão. As concentrações de Cd e Pb nas embalagens analisadas variaram, respectivamente, de 0,015 a 0,099 &#181;g g-1 e de 0,05 a 6,70 &#181;g g-1. As concentrações de As e Hg nas embalagens ficaram abaixo dos limites de detecção. Foi possível a determinação de Cr nos digeridos de pedaços das embalagens, obtendo-se concentrações de 1,8 a 4,1 &#181;g g-1. / In the present work analytical methods for determination of As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb in paper and board food packaging materials by solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-GF AAS) were developed. For direct determination of Hg, the best results were achieved using KMnO4 solution and an oxidant mixture (HNO3 + H2SO4) in combination with the graphite platform and inner wall of graphite tube modified with palladium as permanent modifier. The oxidant mixture allowed the \"in situ\" thermal pretreatment, reducing the background signals. The feasibility of using cryogenic ground spiked filter papers with different concentrations of the analyte as synthetic calibrating standards was investigated. The calibrating standards showed good homogeneity for As, Cd, Hg and Pb being suitable for both microanalysis and submicroanalysis. The method for the direct determination of Cr was not developed due to the contamination during the grinding step. The analytical calibration curves were made by increasing masses of one calibrating standard and similar masses of the calibrating standards containing different concentrations of the analyte. The ratio between slopes of analytical curves were approximately 1 for As, Cd, Hg e Pb, indicating the adequacy of using both calibrating procedures for SS-GF AAS. Vegetable certified reference materials were analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed methods. The results for As, Cd e Pb presented good accuracy and precision. The detection limits for the solid sample analysis were: 0,36 &#181;g g-1 for As, 4,0 ng g-1 for Cd, 0,46 &#181;g g-1 for Hg and 0,036 &#181;g g-1 for Pb. The direct determination of As, Cd, Hg and Pb in paper and board food packaging material samples were successfully done indicating that the developed methods can be employed in the quality control of these samples with good sensibility, precision and accuracy. The concentration of Cd and Pb in analyzed packaging materials ranged from 0,015 to 0,099 &#181;g g-1 and from 0,05 to 6,70 &#181;g g-1, respectively. The concentration of As and Hg in packaging materials were below to the detection limits. It was possible the determination of Cr in solution after pieces of packaging materials digestion. The concentrations of Cr ranged from 1,8 to 4,1 &#181;g g-1.