No / The emergence of paid sex markets is a product of various locational economies. By this it is meant that coherent paid sex markets are intimately linked with various economies of agglomeration, synergy, complementarity and 'laddering' whereby an entrant to paid sex consumption may progress from low intimacy/low value added products to those of higher intimacy/higher value added. Physical clustering of traded sex commodities can also enhance the progression of the consumer's ladder by heightening the stimulus to enter such markets for the first time. This paper discusses the above factors in the context of the economic theory of clubs with particular reference to the use of zoning ordinances to control the location of adult entertainment providers

No / There is a large literature on the economics of crime and punishment, yet surprisingly little attention is paid to the receipt of money for crime. “Contract killing” is surprisingly neglected not only by economists but also by social scientists in general. In this paper, I look at the case not of professional gangster “hitmen” but of individuals who have found themselves in a position where they wish to have a killing carried out. This discussion does not condone the practice any more than an economic analysis of suicide is an inducement to individuals to kill themselves. To the lay reader, the cases where an individual feels the need to pay for killing may seem to be such that rationality is not a likely form of behaviour. However, the economics of crime has adopted the use of the rationality postulate as a heuristic for all types of crime.

В диссертации рассматривается понятие «платная образовательная услуга». Выделены основные особенности управления платными образовательными услугами. Определены основные тенденции и проблемы сферы платных образовательных услуг. Предложен проект по формированию и управлению платной образовательной услугой. / The dissertation discusses the concept of «paid educational services». The main features of the paid educational services’ management are highlighted. The main trends and problems in the paid educational services are determined. A project was proposed to create and manage a paid educational service.

This thesis looks at how parental leave and early child care policies in the U.S. can reshape our understanding of the role of government, parental responsibility, and gender within paid labor in order to dismantle the systems of oppression and domination that lead to motherhood inequality. The United States is the only developed economy without mandated paid parental leave, and privatized child care costs can be greater than tuition at public universities. As a result, mothers, still overwhelmingly the primary caregivers in families, are forced to juggle the responsibilities of paid and domestic labor in a way that leads to employment discrimination. Because policies have a unique power to incentivize behavior and change socially ingrained biases, I propose that Congress institute paid parental leave through the FAMILY Act and revives the Comprehensive Child Development Act of 1971 to establish public child care.

By taking the experiences and narratives of Indonesian women in Malaysia as the empirical material, this dissertation offers an analysis on spatialised power practices in the context of paid domestic workers. Family survival prompts these women to work abroad, but patriarchal norms shift their economic contribution as supplementary to the men’s role as the breadwinner. The interviews reveal that these women chose Malaysia as their destination country after having listened to oral stories, but despite the transnational mobility involved in their decisions, they are rendered immobile in the employers’ house. Furthermore, the analysis shows an intricate ensemble of power relations in which gender, class and nationality/ethnicity interact with each other, inform and reproduce spatialised domination and labour exploitation practices by the employers. Immigration status of the workers, meanwhile, puts them in a subordinated position in relation to the employers, citizens of the host country. Without the recognition from the state on this particular form of embodied labour, the employers are responsible for defining the working conditions of the workers, leading to precarious conditions. Findings on several resistance practices by the workers complete the analysis of power practices, where resistance is treated as an entangled part of power. Contributing to the study of gendered geographies of exploitation, the study identifies the home and the body as the main levels of analysis; meanwhile, practices at the national level by the state, media and recruitment/placement agencies and globalisation processes are identified as interrelated factors that legitimate the employers’ practices of exploitation. Finally, the dissertation contributes to feminist geography analysis on gender, space, and power through South-South migration empirics.

This text describes wide variety of models for IBNR reserve estimation, among them we can find chain ladder, Munich chain ladder, Cape Cod or regression methods. Especially, it aims at identification of model assumptions, its verification, impacts of their non-fulfillment and resulting model modification. Moreover, this work deals with anomalies and specificity of historical data and tries to suggest solutions for this problems. The last part of the thesis is dedicated to real analysis of motor third party liability.

The aim of this dissertation is to describe socioeconomic development of Central - Bohemian region and one of the Operational program, which is the Joint Regional Operational Programme (JROP). It contains the comparison of the chosen demographic and socioeconomic indicators during the period 2000-2009 and the benefits of JROP in the Central - Bohemian region. The dissertation is divided into two main parts. In the first one is presented Central - Bohemia region, and the description of the covered indicators, e.g. the structure of the inhabitants in detail of sex and age, natality, structure of abortions, marriages, divorces, migration, and the measurement of these indicators. Further, the basic socioeconomic parameters as the labor market and the associated unemployment, trend of the GDP, transport infrastructure, and opportunities in tourism are described, followed by description of particular Priorities of the operational program. In the analytical part, the comparison and evaluation of the covered indicators in detail of districts in Central Bohemia Region and successfulness of JROP priority axis covering all the Central Bohemian Region is included. Successful projects, amount of paid financial sources to final beneficiaries in detail of particular regions according to priorities.

The aim of this study is to examine how female influencers on Instagram build relationships and trust against their young female followers and how the followers experience and relate to the influencers paid collaborative-marketing. A qualitative interview method is used to fulfill the aims of the study. The theoretical starting points used in this study are feminism and word-of-mouth, and also femvertising as a useful concept for this study. The results show that the effect influencers have varies depending on their communication, relevance to their character narrative, and the authenticity felt by the young women followers towards the influencers. The relationship toward the influencers are very similar and usually described as some sort of ”friendship”. The use of femvertising is seen as natural as these influencers are considered genuine empowered women.

This thesis examines the moderating role of trade union representation in addressing the gap in employer-provided training between permanent workers and workers with fixed-term contracts (FTCs) from a cross-country, comparative perspective. The impact of trade union representation is measured on two different levels: (1) access to trade union representation at the workplace at the individual-level (2) average trade union representation at the country-level, measured as trade union power. The statistical analyses are performed using data from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) and multilevel modelling. Our result suggests that, across the European countries, workers with FTCs receive less employer-paid training than permanent workers. Regarding the impact of trade union representation, statistically significant result is found only at the individual-level, where access to trade union representation increases employer-paid training regardless of employment contract. For the interaction between access to trade union representation at the individual-level and FTC, no significant relationship is found. However, the models with the cross-level interaction between trade union power and FTC indicate that employer-paid training increases for permanent workers only. Our findings suggest that trade union representation at the workplace could operate as an equalizer between permanent workers and FTC workers, while at the country-level, their lobbying effect is beneficial for permanent workers only

The patterns of paid and unpaid work adopted by migrants families with dependent children are more or less similar to that of prevailing working pattern of men and women of Australian born couples. A case study with 28 couple families, 14 husbands and 14 wives who migrated from Nepal under "skill" or "professional" category and the literature review on paid and unpaid work of couple families with dependent children show that in both families the trend of change of working pattern in paid and unpaid work is similar. With the increased participation of married women in the paid labour force, men increased participation in household work. There is increased household work for both husbands and wives, but women tend to do more household "inside" and childcare work than men. In the mean time, men tend to do more work in the "masculine" sphere of "outside" work in house maintenance, repair and car care. The only factor that differentiates working pattern of migrant families with Australian born families is the experience of migration and the category that they migrated. The change of working practice of paid and unpaid work of migrant families are affected by the change of family type from extended family to two generational family and their education and previous work experience that they brought along with them. Professional migrants who migrated family as a "unit" migrated spouse and dependent children together and they made their own decision to migrate, unlike other categories of migrants who migrated from political or economic pressure. One of the important experiences of migrant families is that there are new opportunity, new lifestyle, new intimacy and companionship and new sharing of work between husbands and wives after migration. At the same time, there are losses of extended family relatives, close friends and cultural event which affects their day to day lives. There are Australian based friends who provided support in the initial period of migration but these families do not provide regular assistance or support which family relatives provided in Nepal.