This thesis investigated whether highly concentrated sodium solutions ([HS] 126-164 mmol.L-1 NaCl) could provide viable strategies before during and after exercise in the heat to improve cardiovascular and thermoregulatory functioning and exercise performance. To do this it also examined the gustatory responses to HS drinks before, during and after exercise. All studies compared HS with a low sodium control ([LS] 10-27 mmol.L-1). Chapter 4 found that during 3 h recovery from dehydration, ingestion of 120 % body mass losses of HS restored fluid balance to a greater extent (121 vs. 84 %) than LS. Chapter 7 was the first to investigate the effects of ingesting HS during exercise in the heat and in an untrained population. HS attenuated the decline in stroke volume [SVDrift] and increase in heart rate [HRDrift], but did not affect rectal temperature [TRec], cardiac output, or oxygen uptake during the second of two consecutive 45 min bouts at 55% . In Chapters 8 and 9 untrained participants ingested either HS or LS during 30-45 min pre-exercise rest. HS reduced HRDrift and SVDrift but did not affect TRec during 45-60 min exercise at 10% of the difference between and gas exchange threshold [∆]. HS also increased both time to exhaustion and exercise toleranceduring subsequent exercise bouts at 60-70% ∆. Chapters 5 and 6 found that taste perceptions act as physiological regulators, in this case, one reflecting the priority to restore hyperosmolality over hypovolemia. Exercise-induced dehydration increased the palatability of water, and decreased the palatability HS, when measured before, immediately after and during 3 h recovery. The changes were highly correlated with physiological indicators of fluid balance. The ingestion of highly concentrated sodium solutions can be both an efficient and acceptable means to improve hydration, reduce cardiovascular stress, and improve exercise performance in the heat. Whilst highly effective, caution should apply since the unpleasant taste evoked by these solutions persists for at least three hours post exercise.

Os medidores de vazão contribuem de forma significante para a otimização industrial onde o deslocamento contínuo de massa é parte integrante do sistema produtivo, sendo, portanto, cruciais para a indústria permitindo assim padronizar produtos e automatizar ações reduzindo a força de trabalho humana e minimizando erros. Este é o caso da produção de palatabilizantes, substâncias produzidas a partir da hidrólise enzimática da proteína animal para conferir aroma e sabor aos alimentos, onde existe um deslocamento continuo de massa com dosagem de fluidos acionadas em várias etapas do processo. Podem-se destacar duas etapas principais: a etapa onde ocorre a dosagem de soluções alcalinas para a hidrólise enzimática e a etapa onde ocorre a acidificação para garantir a segurança microbiológica do produto. No trabalho em questão foi desenvolvido e analisado um medidor de vazão de turbina por sensoriamento via efeito Hall, para determinar a vazão volumétrica de fludos no processo produtivo de palatabilizantes. O sistema utilizado na avaliação do medidor de vazão foi desenvolvido em escala piloto. A calibração do medidor permitiu-se calcular o fator K (coeficiente do medidor) tanto para água, onde o coeficiente foi de 5,5, quanto para palatabilizantes, onde o coeficiente calculado foi de 7. A partir dos dados obtidos pelo medidor de vazão pode-se observar um alto nível de correlação dos dados. O medidor de vazão apresentou-se eficaz para os fluidos testados (água e palatabilizante); e, com uma precisão de ± 2%, mostra-se uma alternativa viável para o processo de produção de palatabilizantes. / Flowmeters contribute significantly to the industrial optimization where mass continuous displacement is an integral part of the production system, is therefore crucial for the industry allowing standardize products and automate actions reducing human labor and minimizing errors. This is the case of the production of flavors, substances produced from the enzymatic hydrolysis of animal protein to impart flavor and aroma to food, where there is a continuous mass displacement with fluids dosage triggered in several process steps. They can point out two main steps: a step where dosing occurs alkaline solutions for enzymatic hydrolysis and acidification stage which takes place to ensure the microbiological safety of the product. At work in question was developed and analyzed a turbine flowmeter for sensing via Hall effect to determine the volumetric flow fludos in the production of palatability process. The system used to assess the flow meter was developed on a pilot scale. The meter calibration allowed to calculate the K factor (the ratio meter) for both water where the ratio was 5.5, and for palatability, where the coefficient was calculated 7. From the data obtained by the flowmeter one can observe a high degree of correlation of the data. The flowmeter is made effective for the tested fluids (water and palatability); and with an accuracy of ± 2%, there is shown a viable alternative for the production of flavors process.

Estudaram-se os efeitos da administração diária do extrato seco de maracujá, Passiflora incarnata, sobre o bem-estar, comportamento social e desempenho de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus. Machos juvenis desta espécie (86,02 ± 5,72g) foram mantidos na condição de isolamento químico, térmico e visual em aquários de vidro (30L) durante sete dias para aclimatação, coletando-se a seguir, por punção da veia caudal, amostras de sangue para determinação dos níveis plasmáticos basais de glicose (método enzimático) e cortisol (método imunoenzimático). Após este período, todos os peixes receberam diariamente ração comercial (32% PB) contendo extrato seco de maracujá veiculado em alginato de sódio (5%) nas doses de 0, 50, 100 e 200 mg/kg, oferecida duas vezes ao dia (9:00h e 16:00h) na proporção de 2% da biomassa. Semanalmente os peixes foram submetidos à reflexão da própria imagem em espelho durante 30 minutos, registrando-se nos primeiros 10 minutos a coloração dos olhos e do corpo e seu comportamento agonístico (freqüências de ameaças, confrontos frontais e laterais). Após 30 minutos foram capturados e anestesiados para realização da biometria (comprimento padrão e peso) para cálculo do ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico e fator de condição, coletando-se novamente amostras de sangue para determinação dos níveis plasmáticos de glicose (aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias) e de cortisol (aos 14 e 28 dias). Os dados comportamentais foram analisados por meio do teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis (p=0,05) e teste de comparação múltipla de Dunn. Os demais parâmetros foram submetidos à ANOVA, utilizando-se para tais análises o procmixed do SAS (p=0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos parâmetros analisados para nenhum tratamento. Todos os peixes cresceram e, embora não tenham sido detectados efeitos dos diferentes tratamentos, os níveis de cortisol reduziram e os níveis de glicose aumentaram significativamente em relação aos níveis basais. Concluiu-se que os peixes foram mantidos em condições adequadas que preservaram seu bem-estar, que o agente estressor e o modo como este foi imposto não foi adequado para promover o estresse social, que o extrato de maracujá não contribuiu para o aumento do bem-estar da tilápia do Nilo e que, na forma como foi administrado, não afetou a palatabilidade da ração e nem o desempenho dos peixes. Sugere-se, porém, que o extrato de maracujá interfira na expressão dos comportamentos agonísticos da tilápia. / The effects of daily administration of passion fruit (Passiflora incarnata) dry extract, on welfare, social behavior and performance of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus were studied. Juvenile males of this species (86.02 ± 5.72g) were maintained under chemical, thermal and visual isolation in glass aquariums (30L) during seven days for acclimatization. Blood samples were collected by puncture of the caudal vein, and used for determination of basal plasma levels of glucose (enzymatic method) and cortisol (immunoenzimatic method). After this period, the fish received commercial ration (32% PB) containing dry extract of passion fruit in sodium alginate (5%) as carrier in doses of 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, offered twice a day (9:00h and 16:00h) in the proportion of 2% of the biomass. Weekly, the fish were submitted to the reflection of their own image in a mirror for 30 minutes, registering during the first 10 minutes the coloration of the eyes and of the body and agonistic behavior (frequencies of threats, front and lateral confrontations). After 30 minutes they were captured and anesthetized for biometric measures (standard length and weight) for calculation of weight gain, specific growth rate and condition factor, with blood samples collected again for determination of plasma levels of glucose (at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days) and cortisol (at 14 and 28 days). The data of behavior were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis non parametric (p=0.05) test and Dunn’s multiple comparison test. The other parameters were submitted to ANOVA, using procmixed of the SAS (p=0.05). No significant differences were observed for the parameters analyzed for any treatment. All the fish grew and, although effects of the different treatments were not detected, cortisol levels reduced and glucose levels increased significantly in relation to basal levels. It is concluded that the fish were maintained under appropriate conditions that preserved their welfare, that the stressor agent and the way it was imposed did not promote social stress, that the passion fruit extract did not contribute to the increase in welfare of the Nile tilapia and that the form of administration did not affect the palatability of the ration nor fish growth. It is suggested, however, that the passion fruit extract interferes in the expression of agonistic behaviors in Nile tilapia.

Estudaram-se os efeitos da administração diária do extrato seco de maracujá, Passiflora incarnata, sobre o bem-estar, comportamento social e desempenho de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus. Machos juvenis desta espécie (86,02 ± 5,72g) foram mantidos na condição de isolamento químico, térmico e visual em aquários de vidro (30L) durante sete dias para aclimatação, coletando-se a seguir, por punção da veia caudal, amostras de sangue para determinação dos níveis plasmáticos basais de glicose (método enzimático) e cortisol (método imunoenzimático). Após este período, todos os peixes receberam diariamente ração comercial (32% PB) contendo extrato seco de maracujá veiculado em alginato de sódio (5%) nas doses de 0, 50, 100 e 200 mg/kg, oferecida duas vezes ao dia (9:00h e 16:00h) na proporção de 2% da biomassa. Semanalmente os peixes foram submetidos à reflexão da própria imagem em espelho durante 30 minutos, registrando-se nos primeiros 10 minutos a coloração dos olhos e do corpo e seu comportamento agonístico (freqüências de ameaças, confrontos frontais e laterais). Após 30 minutos foram capturados e anestesiados para realização da biometria (comprimento padrão e peso) para cálculo do ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico e fator de condição, coletando-se novamente amostras de sangue para determinação dos níveis plasmáticos de glicose (aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias) e de cortisol (aos 14 e 28 dias). Os dados comportamentais foram analisados por meio do teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis (p=0,05) e teste de comparação múltipla de Dunn. Os demais parâmetros foram submetidos à ANOVA, utilizando-se para tais análises o procmixed do SAS (p=0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos parâmetros analisados para nenhum tratamento. Todos os peixes cresceram e, embora não tenham sido detectados efeitos dos diferentes tratamentos, os níveis de cortisol reduziram e os níveis de glicose aumentaram significativamente em relação aos níveis basais. Concluiu-se que os peixes foram mantidos em condições adequadas que preservaram seu bem-estar, que o agente estressor e o modo como este foi imposto não foi adequado para promover o estresse social, que o extrato de maracujá não contribuiu para o aumento do bem-estar da tilápia do Nilo e que, na forma como foi administrado, não afetou a palatabilidade da ração e nem o desempenho dos peixes. Sugere-se, porém, que o extrato de maracujá interfira na expressão dos comportamentos agonísticos da tilápia. / The effects of daily administration of passion fruit (Passiflora incarnata) dry extract, on welfare, social behavior and performance of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus were studied. Juvenile males of this species (86.02 ± 5.72g) were maintained under chemical, thermal and visual isolation in glass aquariums (30L) during seven days for acclimatization. Blood samples were collected by puncture of the caudal vein, and used for determination of basal plasma levels of glucose (enzymatic method) and cortisol (immunoenzimatic method). After this period, the fish received commercial ration (32% PB) containing dry extract of passion fruit in sodium alginate (5%) as carrier in doses of 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, offered twice a day (9:00h and 16:00h) in the proportion of 2% of the biomass. Weekly, the fish were submitted to the reflection of their own image in a mirror for 30 minutes, registering during the first 10 minutes the coloration of the eyes and of the body and agonistic behavior (frequencies of threats, front and lateral confrontations). After 30 minutes they were captured and anesthetized for biometric measures (standard length and weight) for calculation of weight gain, specific growth rate and condition factor, with blood samples collected again for determination of plasma levels of glucose (at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days) and cortisol (at 14 and 28 days). The data of behavior were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis non parametric (p=0.05) test and Dunn’s multiple comparison test. The other parameters were submitted to ANOVA, using procmixed of the SAS (p=0.05). No significant differences were observed for the parameters analyzed for any treatment. All the fish grew and, although effects of the different treatments were not detected, cortisol levels reduced and glucose levels increased significantly in relation to basal levels. It is concluded that the fish were maintained under appropriate conditions that preserved their welfare, that the stressor agent and the way it was imposed did not promote social stress, that the passion fruit extract did not contribute to the increase in welfare of the Nile tilapia and that the form of administration did not affect the palatability of the ration nor fish growth. It is suggested, however, that the passion fruit extract interferes in the expression of agonistic behaviors in Nile tilapia.

Many factors control, contribute to, stimulate and limit forage selection. It is apparent that cattle prefer certain cultivars compared to others. This study sought to test if cattle displayed preferences for certain cultivars over a two-year period in 2008 and 2009. Determining the effect of endophyte status on preference was another objective. Previous research showed rapid increase in the selection of preferred cultivars, i.e., diet learning. We attempted to replicate those results. Forty cultivars (34 tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.) cultivars), two festuloliums (Festuca pratensis x Lolium perenne), two meadow fescue (Lolium pratense) and one meadow brome (Bromus biebersteinii), and one orchard grass (Dactylis glomerta L.)) were used to determine preference and to investigate factors contributing to preference. From this two-year study, we observed that cattle preferred certain cultivars compared to others, e.g. KYFA9819 > Latar-OG > Barfest-FL and AU-Triumph < 97TF1-EF < Seine, the most and least preferred cultivars, respectively. During drought conditions, both novel and toxic endophyte cultivars were preferred significantly (P < 0.05) to endophyte free counterparts. The cattle showed rejection of unpalatable grasses but did not clearly show learning to increase selection of desired cultivars.

Os medidores de vazão contribuem de forma significante para a otimização industrial onde o deslocamento contínuo de massa é parte integrante do sistema produtivo, sendo, portanto, cruciais para a indústria permitindo assim padronizar produtos e automatizar ações reduzindo a força de trabalho humana e minimizando erros. Este é o caso da produção de palatabilizantes, substâncias produzidas a partir da hidrólise enzimática da proteína animal para conferir aroma e sabor aos alimentos, onde existe um deslocamento continuo de massa com dosagem de fluidos acionadas em várias etapas do processo. Podem-se destacar duas etapas principais: a etapa onde ocorre a dosagem de soluções alcalinas para a hidrólise enzimática e a etapa onde ocorre a acidificação para garantir a segurança microbiológica do produto. No trabalho em questão foi desenvolvido e analisado um medidor de vazão de turbina por sensoriamento via efeito Hall, para determinar a vazão volumétrica de fludos no processo produtivo de palatabilizantes. O sistema utilizado na avaliação do medidor de vazão foi desenvolvido em escala piloto. A calibração do medidor permitiu-se calcular o fator K (coeficiente do medidor) tanto para água, onde o coeficiente foi de 5,5, quanto para palatabilizantes, onde o coeficiente calculado foi de 7. A partir dos dados obtidos pelo medidor de vazão pode-se observar um alto nível de correlação dos dados. O medidor de vazão apresentou-se eficaz para os fluidos testados (água e palatabilizante); e, com uma precisão de ± 2%, mostra-se uma alternativa viável para o processo de produção de palatabilizantes. / Flowmeters contribute significantly to the industrial optimization where mass continuous displacement is an integral part of the production system, is therefore crucial for the industry allowing standardize products and automate actions reducing human labor and minimizing errors. This is the case of the production of flavors, substances produced from the enzymatic hydrolysis of animal protein to impart flavor and aroma to food, where there is a continuous mass displacement with fluids dosage triggered in several process steps. They can point out two main steps: a step where dosing occurs alkaline solutions for enzymatic hydrolysis and acidification stage which takes place to ensure the microbiological safety of the product. At work in question was developed and analyzed a turbine flowmeter for sensing via Hall effect to determine the volumetric flow fludos in the production of palatability process. The system used to assess the flow meter was developed on a pilot scale. The meter calibration allowed to calculate the K factor (the ratio meter) for both water where the ratio was 5.5, and for palatability, where the coefficient was calculated 7. From the data obtained by the flowmeter one can observe a high degree of correlation of the data. The flowmeter is made effective for the tested fluids (water and palatability); and with an accuracy of ± 2%, there is shown a viable alternative for the production of flavors process.

Background: Dopamine levels has been implicated in obesity, feeding behaviour, and hedonic control of appetite like olfactory cues and food palatability. Methylphenidate (MPH) is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor that increases brain dopamine levels and has been shown to reduce appetite and promote weight loss in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As such, the objectives of this study were to test the possible effect of MPH on appetite, olfaction, and food palatability as well as its effects on energy intake and body weight of healthy individuals with obesity. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind study, 12 participants (age 28.9±6.7 yrs) (BMI 36.1±4.5 kg/m2) were assigned to receive MPH (0.5mg/kg) (n=5) or placebo (n=7) twice daily for two months. Appetite and palatability (Visual Analog Scale (VAS)), odour threshold (Sniffin’ Sticks®), in-lab energy intake (ad libitum buffet), free-living energy intake (3-day food boxes) and body weight (DEXA scan) were measured at baseline (day 1) and final visit (day 60). Results: MPH intake caused significantly greater suppression of appetite sensations (desire to eat (p=0.001), hunger (p=0.008), and prospective food consumption (p=0.003)) and increase in fullness (p=0.028) over time compared to placebo. There was a significant increase in odour threshold scores in the MPH group (6.3±1.4 vs. 9.4±2.1) compared to placebo (7.9±2.3 vs. 7.8±1.9) (p=0.029). Both placebo and MPH groups showed decreases in their energy intake (p=0.021) and body weight (p=0.005) over time but with large effect sizes favouring greater reduction in the MPH group compared to placebo. Conclusions: Compared to placebo, MPH intake over 60 days suppressed appetite and improved olfactory sensitivity in individuals with obesity. These data provide novel findings into the possible efficacy of MPH to favourably impact appetite and therefore promoting weight loss in individuals living with obesity.

A process in which low methoxyl pectin is applied to the surface of meat carcasses and poultry to reduce shrinkage, maintain color and improve shelf life was evaluated. A 3.0 percent aqueous low methoxyl pectin (acidified with 1.4 percent acetic acid if required) was applied to beef, lamb and turkey carcasses by spraying and caused to form a gel coating by overspraying with a 3.5 percent calcium chloride salt solution. Turkey carcasses treated with acidified pectin or acidified pectin after 3.0 percent acetic acid dip for 30 seconds were not significantly improved in shelf life over carcasses which were acid dipped 30 seconds. Pectin coating of turkey carcasses was determined infeasible due to discoloration. Pectin coated lamb carcasses were significantly lower in shrinkage (0.71 ±0.04 percent) (p Pectin coated beef carcasses were significantly lower in shrinkage (0.44 ±0.38 percent) (p Both acidified pectin (pH 3.5) and unacidified pectin (pH 4.1) significantly (p

For decades scientists believed that herbivory had minimal impact on freshwater ecosystems. We now know that herbivory in freshwater systems equals or exceeds herbivory in terrestrial and marine systems. In extreme cases, herbivores can change clear, macrophyte dominated ecosystems into turbid plankton dominated ecosystems. Even though research on plant-herbivore interactions in freshwater systems has increased, there is still much that is unknown. This thesis is comprised of four studies investigating freshwater plant-herbivore interactions across multiple spatial scales. The first study investigated how induced chemical defenses in Cabomba caroliniana suppress herbivore consumption and growth as well as how this herbivore-generated change in plant chemistry affects the growth of plant associated microbes. At the spatial scale of individual ponds or lakes, consumers that induce their host plants may also be indirectly affecting other consumers and microbial pathogens via changes in this shared resource. The second study moves to an ecosystem scale and investigates how exotic versus native apple snails may impact Everglades' habitats. We investigated plant preference, consumption, growth and conversion efficiencies in the singly native apple snail to occur in the U.S. (Pomacea paludosa) versus four introduced species (P. canaliculata, P. insularum, P. haustrum and P. diffusa). We found that even though plant preferences are similar, invasive snails tend to eat more, grow more rapidly, and sometimes more efficiently than natives. This suggests that invasive species could have a large impact on the environment, especially the abundance of submerged plants. The third study investigated how palatability of freshwater plants varies with latitude (i.e. geographic scale). Increased herbivory at lower latitudes is hypothesized to select for increased plant defenses, which has been shown to be true for tropical forests, salt marshes, and seaweeds. When we contrasted eight confamilial plants collected in Indiana versus Southern Florida, three of four herbivores significantly preferred northern plants. When we evaluated a second set of plants collected from Indiana versus Central Florida, only one of three herbivores preferred the northern plants. Overall, our results suggest a preference for northern plants, but the strength of this relationship was variable. We hypothesize that this variability may be driven by 1) local variance in herbivore pressure that creates variance in plant defenses, and/or 2) the effect of winter length on the survival and feeding rate of herbivores. The final study expanded to a world scale, and investigated herbivore preference for native vs exotic plants. We found that both N. American crayfish and S. American snails preferred exotic plants over confamilial natives, despite responding to different plant characteristics. The single species of apple snail that occurs in N. American showed no preference for native or exotic plants from a N. American perspective, but instead exhibited preferences that correlated with its history of evolution in S. America. As the N. American species is a sister species of the S. American snails, feeding by the N. American snail appears more affected by its S. American lineage than its recent history in N. America. This suggests that phylogenetic legacy will affect choices of the herbivore as well as resistance or susceptibility of plants.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate carcass characteristics, the non carcass components, the lipid profile and the sensorial characteristics of meat from steers finished in feedlot fed diets containing different levels of inclusion of soybean soapstock. We used 30 Nellore and Charolais-Nellore crossbred steers with initial mean age of 20 months and initial mean weight of 20 months and 328.3 kg (±18.8 kg) were allotted to five dietary treatments: 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 g of soybean soapstock/kg dry matter (DM) of diet . The diet consisted of forage(corn silage):concentrate ratio of 39:61 (DM basis), and was offered "ad libitum" during 84 days. A inclusão de até 120 g de borra de soja/kg de MS na dieta não alterou o peso de abate e os rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria, assim como os componentes teciduais músculo, gordura e osso. The inclusion up to 120 g of soybean soapstock/kg DM in the diet did not alter the slaughter weight and hot and cold carcass yields, as well as the muscle, fat and bone tissues. It also did not alter the empty body weight and yield, and hot and cold carcass yields adjusted for the empty body weight. The relative weight of the blood decreased with the addition of up to 55 g of soybean soapstock/kg DM in the diet, but the inclusion of up to 120g/kg DM in the diet promoted a linear increase in the relative weight of the lung and spleen, a linear reduction of the relative weight of the omasum and rumen fat. The kidney fat deposition, when adjusted for empty body weight, increased with the inclusion of up to 50 g of soybean soapstock/kg DM. The total weight of external components, vital, gastrointestinal and internal fat did not differ. With respect to meat quality, including between 83 to 91 g soybean soapstock/kg of diet DM promoted the highest levels of Vacenic (C18: 1 trans -11) and CLA (C18: 2 cis-9 trans-11) fatty acids, however, promoted also the highest levels of trans fats in the steers meat. The levels of fatty acids of the omega-3 group decreased linearly with the inclusion of dietary soybean soapstock , increasing the omega-6:omega-3 ratio in the steers meat. The lipid content increased linearly with the addition of soybean soapstock , but the content of cholesterol remained similar. The inclusion of dietary soybean soapstock did not affect meat marbling, color, palatability, juiciness, tenderness, and losses of the thawing and cooking liquid. / Objetivou-se nesse estudo avaliar as características da carcaça, dos componentes não integrantes da carcaça e do perfil lipídico e sensorial da carne de novilhos terminados em confinamento, alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de inclusão de borra de soja. Foram usados 30 novilhos Nelore e cruzas Charolês-Nelore com idade média inicial de 20 meses e peso médio inicial de 328,3 kg (±18,8 kg), distribuídos em cinco tratamentos alimentares: 0; 30; 60; 90 e 120 g de borra de soja/kg de matéria seca (MS) da dieta. A dieta foi constituída de volumoso (silagem de milho):concentrado com relação de 39:61 (com base na MS), e ofertada à vontade durante 84 dias. A inclusão de até 120 g de borra de soja/kg de MS na dieta não alterou o peso de abate e os rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria, assim como os componentes teciduais músculo, gordura e osso. A inclusão de até 120 g de borra de soja/kg de MS na dieta também não alterou o peso e rendimento de corpo vazio, e rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria, ajustada ao peso do corpo vazio. O peso relativo do sangue reduziu com a inclusão de até 55 g de borra de soja/kg de MS na dieta, porém a inclusão de até 120g/kg de MS na dieta promoveu aumento linear no peso relativo do pulmão e baço, redução linear no peso relativo do omaso e da gordura ruminal. A deposição de gordura renal, quando ajustada ao peso de corpo vazio, aumentou com a inclusão de até 50 g de borra de soja/ kg de MS. Os pesos totais dos componentes externos, vitais, gastrintestinais e das gorduras internas não diferiram. Com relação a qualidade da carne, a inclusão entre 83 a 91 g de borra de soja/kg de MS da dieta promoveu os maiores teores dos ácidos graxos Vacênico (C18:1 trans-11) e CLA (C18:2 cis-9 trans-11), entretanto, promoveu também os maiores teores de gorduras trans na carne dos novilhos. Os teores de ácidos graxos da família ômega-3 reduziu linearmente com a inclusão da borra de soja na dieta, refletindo com isso, no acréscimo da relação ômega-6:ômega-3 na carne de novilhos. O teor de lipídios aumentou linearmente com a inclusão da borra de soja, porém o de teor de colesterol se manteve semelhante. A inclusão da borra de soja na dieta não alterou a marmorização, cor, palatabilidade, suculência, maciez, e perdas de líquidos ao descongelamento e cocção da carne.