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The Arab Middle East began indigenous nation building relatively late in the twentieth century. Issues of legitimacy, identity, and conflicts with the West have plagued Arab nations. Arab states have espoused universal ideologies as solutions to the problems of Arab nation building. The two ideologies of Pan-Arabism and Islamic modernism provided universal solutions to the Arab states. Both Pan-Arabism and Islamic modernism gained validity in political polemics aimed against colonialism, imperialism, Zionism, and the West. Both ideologies promised simple solutions to complex questions of building modern Arab society. Irrespective of ideology, Arab states have always acted in self-interest to perceived external threats. The West has perpetuated universal solutions to Arab nation building through continued intervention in the Middle East. The Arabs perpetuated universal solutions to Arab- nation building as panacea to the problems of becoming modern nations.

Este trabalho é fruto de uma reflexão que busca explicações acerca tanto do apogeu quanto do declínio do nacionalismo árabe, na história, mas, sobretudo, em cinco teorias da nação e do nacionalismo, a saber, a de Ernest Gellner, a de Benedict Anderson, a de John Plamenatz, a de Elie Kedourie e, finalmente, a de Anthony Smith. Para tanto, apresentamos, em primeiro lugar, cada uma das abordagens teóricas supracitadas. Em seguida, discorremos sobre o nosso objeto, ou seja, o nacionalismo árabe, de uma perspectiva histórica (origens, auge e declínio). Por fim, procurando teorizar sobre um tema basicamente dominado por historiadores, analisamos o pan-arabismo à luz das referidas teorias e daí tiramos nossas conclusões sobre seu crescimento e sua decadência. / This research is outcome of the thinking that seeks explanations about arab nationalism\'s apogee and decline by the history, but, over all, by the Ernest Gellner\'s, Benedict Andersons, John Plamenatz\'s, Elie Kedourie\'s and, finally, Anthony Smith\'s nation and nationalism\'s theory. For that, first of all, we explain each one of the mention theoretical approach. Soon after, present the arab nationalism in the historical perspective (origins, apogee and decline). Finally, we analyze the research\'s object (pan-arabism or arab nationalism) by the five theory and get conclusions about its zenith and fall.

Este trabalho é fruto de uma reflexão que busca explicações acerca tanto do apogeu quanto do declínio do nacionalismo árabe, na história, mas, sobretudo, em cinco teorias da nação e do nacionalismo, a saber, a de Ernest Gellner, a de Benedict Anderson, a de John Plamenatz, a de Elie Kedourie e, finalmente, a de Anthony Smith. Para tanto, apresentamos, em primeiro lugar, cada uma das abordagens teóricas supracitadas. Em seguida, discorremos sobre o nosso objeto, ou seja, o nacionalismo árabe, de uma perspectiva histórica (origens, auge e declínio). Por fim, procurando teorizar sobre um tema basicamente dominado por historiadores, analisamos o pan-arabismo à luz das referidas teorias e daí tiramos nossas conclusões sobre seu crescimento e sua decadência. / This research is outcome of the thinking that seeks explanations about arab nationalism\'s apogee and decline by the history, but, over all, by the Ernest Gellner\'s, Benedict Andersons, John Plamenatz\'s, Elie Kedourie\'s and, finally, Anthony Smith\'s nation and nationalism\'s theory. For that, first of all, we explain each one of the mention theoretical approach. Soon after, present the arab nationalism in the historical perspective (origins, apogee and decline). Finally, we analyze the research\'s object (pan-arabism or arab nationalism) by the five theory and get conclusions about its zenith and fall.

This study is a critical analysis of translation-mediated Arabic news items on the “Arab Spring”. It explores the influence of social, historical, political, localic, and socio-ideological aspects of news translation via certain media agendas, by applying Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and qualitative descriptive methods in the analysis of the localised news items, interviews with translators, and a corpus of comments by the Arabic-speaking readership. The data analysed in this case study comprise a four-year (2010-2014) collection of news items that were localised by Al Jazeera and published on its website, as well as readers’ commentaries on said localisations, and interviews with two of Al Jazeera’s translators. Making use of this rich source of data, this study aims at finding answers for the questions: Are there discernible patterns in the translated texts? If so, how and for what purpose are they produced and re-produced through localisation in Al Jazeera’s translation-mediated Arabic news articles? Whose interests are served and whose interests are annulled by the reproduction and localisation processes? The three sets of data were thematically coded; then their most salient points and arguments were analysed. The localised news items were examined for clues to the localisation techniques, ideologies, and the agenda(s) of Al Jazeera. The readers’ comments were probed for the influence that the localised news items had on Al Jazeera’s target readership, and were examined to find out which of Al Jazeera’s ideologies resonate with which readers to form Al Jazeera’s target locale(s). The analysis of the interviews with Al Jazeera’s translators was undertaken with the aim of delineating the tasks of these translators, specifically to see to what extent journalism and translation meld, as suggested in much of the research done so far on translating news items. The tripartite analysis has provided a more comprehensive understanding of the processes involved in the production of translation-mediated news items as well as their effect on the readership. It also suggests relatively new insights into viewing the term localisation as a good alternative to acculturation in accounting for news translation. Within the umbrella of the social turn in translation studies (TS), this study suggests that current approaches to studying news translation question large-scale concepts such as culture and acculturation, and proposes they be replaced with the small-scale concepts of locale and localisation. Hence, this study suggests using localisation to extract and understand the underlying particulars of the processes involved in producing translation-mediated news items. The results of the analysis show that Al Jazeera ostensibly promulgates three major ideologies: anti-regimism, Islamistism, and pan-Arabism and embeds these ideologies in the messages it delivers to its target locales through the localised news items. The study concludes that Al Jazeera’s localisation techniques reflect the viewpoints of its benefactor the State of Qatar whose goal is to create a solipsistic identity that distinguishes it from its immediate rivalling neighbours within a dichotomy of the Same and the Other. These localisation techniques are driven by motives associated with the sociopolitical and sociohistorical circumstances of the founding of the State of Qatar and Al Jazeera.