Calcifications in carotid atheromas can be detected in a panoramic radiograph (PR) of the jaws. A carotid artery calcification (CAC) can indicate presence of significant (≥ 50%) carotid stenosis (SCS). The aim of this thesis was to (1) determine the prevalence of SCS and burden of atherosclerotic disease among patients revealing CACs in PRs, (2) determine the prevalence of CACs in PRs among patients with SCS, (3) analyze whether the amount of calcium and/or (4) the radiographic appearance of the CACs, can improve the positive predictive value (PPV) for SCS detection among patients with CACs in PRs. The thesis is based on four cross-sectional studies. Two patient groups were prospectively and consecutively studied. Group A represented a general adult patient population in dentistry examined with PR presenting incidental findings of CACs. These patients were examined with carotid ultrasound for presence or absence of SCS and their medical background regarding atherosclerotic related diseases and risk factors was reviewed. An age and gender matched reference group was included for comparisons. Group B comprised patients with ultrasound verified SCS, examined with PR prior to carotid endarterectomy. The PRs were analysed regarding presence of CACs. The extirpated plaques were collected and examined with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to determine the amount of calcium. The radiographic appearance of CACs in PRs from Group A and B were evaluated for possible association with presence of SCS. In Group A, 8/117 (7%) of patients with CAC in PRs revealed SCS in the ultrasound examination, all were found in men (8/64 (12%)). Patients with CACs in PRs revealed a higher burden of atherosclerotic disease compared to participants in the reference group (p <0.001). In Group B, where all patients had SCS, 84% revealed CACs in PRs and 99% of the extirpated plaques revealed calcification. CACs with volumes varying between 1 and 509 mm3 were detected in the PRs. The variation in volume did not correlate to degree of carotid stenosis. The radiographic appearance that was most frequently seen in neck sides with SCS (65%) was also frequently found in neck sides without SCS (47%) and therefore the PPV did not improve compared to the PPV solely based on presence of CACs. CACs in PRs are more associated with SCS in men than in a general population and patients with CACs in PRs have a higher burden of atherosclerotic disease. The majority of patients with SCS show CACs in PRs and the majority of extirpated carotid plaques reveal calcification. The volume of CAC and specified radiographic appearance does not increase the PPV for SCS in patients with CACs in PRs. In conclusion patients with CACs in PRs, and without previous record of cardiovascular disease, should be advised to seek medical attention for screening of cardiovascular risk factors. / Bakgrund Inom ramen för specialist- och allmäntandvård utförs panoramaröntgen-undersökningar dagligen på såväl barn som vuxna. En panoramaröntgenbild (PB) är en översiktsbild som är specifikt anpassad till att återge området för tänder och käkar. Utöver det, avbildas även delar av halsen och som bifynd ibland förkalkningar belägna i området för halspulsådern (karotiskärlet). Dessa förkalkningar kallas för karotisförkalkningar och är ett tecken på åderförkalkning. Åderförkalkning består i huvudsak av en fettrik plackansamling i kärlväggen. Placket kan med tiden förkalkas till varierande grad. Det är dessa förkalkningar vi kan se i PB. När en åderförkalkning ökar i volym kan den utgöra en förträngning i kärlet. Då förträngningen av kärldiametern är ≥ 50% benämns åderförkalkningar belägna i karotiskärlet för ”signifikanta karotisstenoser” (SKS). Graden av förträngning bedöms som regel med ultraljudsundersökning av halskärlen. Bitar av SKS kan lossna varvid det bildas små blodproppar. Eftersom halspulsådern försörjer främre hjärnhalvan med blod så kan dessa bitar täppa till ett av hjärnans blodförsörjande kärl och leda till stroke (slaganfall). För att minska risken att drabbas av stroke kan man ibland operera bort SKS (karotisplacket). Syfte Syftet med denna avhandling var att ta reda på (1) hur många av de patienter som blir undersökta med PB inom tandvården som uppvisar karotisförkalkningar, hur stor andel som har SKS samt utreda om patienter med förkalkningar i PB i större utsträckning är drabbade av hjärtkärlsjukdomar/risk faktorer, (2) hur ofta utopererade karotisplack innehåller kalk och hur ofta patienter med känd SKS uppvisar karotisförkalkningar i PB, (3) huruvida förkalkningsmängden i utopererade karotisplack är korrelerad till förträngningsgrad, och (4) huruvida det finns något specifikt radiografiskt utseende på karotisförkalkningar i PB som kan användas för att identifiera en större andel patienter med SKS bland patienter som uppvisar karotisförkalkningar i PB, det vill säga minska risken för att skicka patienter utan SKS på ultraljudsundersökning. Material och metoder Materialet bestod av två huvudgrupper av patienter. Grupp A bestod av patienter undersökta inom tandvården med PB som uppvisat karotisförkalkningar. Alla dessa patienter undersöktes med ultraljud för att bedöma förekomst av SKS. Den medicinska journalen granskades avseende tidigare förekomst av åderförkalkningsrelaterade sjukdomar och risk faktorer. En köns- och åldersmatchad kontrollgrupp utan karotisförkalkningar i PB analyserades på motsvarande sätt för jämförelse. Grupp B bestod av patienter med känd SKS som före operativt avlägsnande av karotisplack undersöktes med PB. PB granskades avseende förekomst av karotisförkalkning och utopererade karotisplack avseende kalkinnehåll. Förkalkningsmängden i de utopererade karotisplacken korrelerades dels till möjlighet att identifiera karotisförkalkning i PB samt till förträngningsgraden i kärlen. Karotisförkalkningarnas utseende delades in i grupper för att utvärdera om vissa utseenden i större utsträckning kunde associeras till förekomst av SKS. Resultat I Grupp A uppvisade 8/117 (7%) patienter SKS, alla var män, 8/64 (12%). Patienter med karotisförkalkningar i PB hade oftare åderförkalkningsrelaterade sjukdomar och risk faktorer (p < 0,001). I Grupp B hade 84% av patienterna med SKS karotisförkalkning i PB. Bland de utopererade karotisplacken innehöll 99% förkalkningar och förkalkningsvolymen varierade från 1-509 mm3. Möjligheten att upptäcka karotisförkalkning i PB var oberoende av om förkalkningsvolymen var stor eller liten. Förkalkningsvolymen var heller inte korrelerad till hur stor förträngning av kärlet en SKS (≥ 50%) orsakat. Ett radiografiskt utseende på karotisförkalkningar i PB noterades i 65% av de halssidor som hade en SKS. Detta specifika radiografiska utseende återfanns dock även i 47% av halssidor utan SKS. Andelen falskt positiva patienter var således fortsatt hög. Slutsats Vi fann att 12% män med karotisförkalkningar i PB, undersökta i en generell population inom tandvården, uppvisar SKS. Patienter med karotisförkalkningar i PB uppvisar fler riskfaktorer och är oftare drabbade av hjärt-kärlsjukdomar än patienter utan karotisförkalkningar i PB. Majoriteten av patienter med SKS uppvisar karotisförkalkningar i PB och nära 100% av utopererade karotisplack innehåller kalk. Förkalkningsmängden påverkar inte möjligheten att upptäcka karotisförkalkning i PB. Förkalkningsmängd och specificerade radiografiska utseenden hos karotisförkalkningar i PB förutsäger inte SKS bättre än definitionen ”förkalkning ja eller nej”. Dessa parametrar kan således inte användas till att förfina urvalet bland patienter som uppvisar karotisförkalkning i PB mot högre andel patienter med SKS. Individer med karotisförkalkningar i PB bör uppmanas konsultera vården för undersökning av eventuella risk faktorer för hjärt-kärlsjukdom.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2010. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medical Sciences - Orthodontics. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on January 24, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/06/10). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Utrecht.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Utrecht.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-115).

Orientador: Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T23:08:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_LuisAntonioNogueirados_D.pdf: 2779322 bytes, checksum: 13f963d0d475b047589e806517aa9a48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Displasia fibrosa (DF) é uma condição benigna caracterizada pela substituição do tecido ósseo por tecido fibroso desorganizado e osso imaturo. A lesão é resultante de uma mutação pós-zigótica do gene GNAS 1, que codifica a proteína Gs?, localizada no cromossomo 20q13.2, e possui expressão fenotípica variável. Sua classificação ainda é, porém, controversa e motivo de diversas pesquisas. O manejo da DF pode ser tornar um problema em função de tamanho, extensão da lesão e envolvimento anatômico. Exames imaginológicos comumente empregados para o diagnóstico e controle da DF são a radiografia convencional e a tomografia computadorizada. No presente estudo, realizamos uma analise clinica, radiográfica e cintilográfica da DF. A cintilografia óssea foi utilizada para avaliar a taxa de metabolismo ósseo da lesão e o padrão de distribuição do radiofármaco em portadores de DF monostótica. Assim, foram estudados 17 casos de DF, e sua taxa de metabolismo ósseo foi calculada de acordo com o proposto por Kaban et al, 1995. Dos casos estudados, 94.11% apresentaram imagem hipercaptante restrita à maxila ou mandíbula e todos possuíam elevado metabolismo ósseo. Não houve relação entre o fator de atividade óssea com a idade do paciente e localização anatômica. O aspecto radiográfico mais comum foi forma esclerótica, 47%, seguido do aspecto misto, 35.3%, e a forma lítica com 17.6%. Não foi possível estabelecer relação entre padrão de imagem cintilográfica e imagem radiográfica, entretanto o método foi útil para diferenciar lesões maduras e lesões ativas / Abstract: Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is benign bone disease characterized by maturation disorder of the bone forming mesenchyma where the lamellar bone marrow is replaced with abnormal fibrous-osseous tissue. This type of lesion results in a postzygotic mutation of GNAS 1, which encodes the Gs? protein and can be found on the 20q13.2 chromosome, and presents variable phenotypic expressions. The classification of this lesion is controversial and has been the aim of many studies. The management of FD can cause problems, depending on its size, extent of injury, and anatomic involvement. Plain film and computed tomography are commonly employed imaging studies for the diagnosis and control of FD. In the present study, bone scintigraphy was used to assess the rate of bone metabolism and the standard of radionuclide distribution in patients with monostotic FD. Radionuclide bone scans were performed in 17 cases of histopathologically proven FD. In addition, the rate of bone metabolism was calculated according to that proposed by Kaban et al. 1995. In 94.11% of the cases, images of increased uptake to the maxilla or mandible could be observed, all of which presented a high bone turnover. No significant relationship could be determined between bone activity and patient age or anatomic site. The studied lesions constituted casual radiological findings, including sclerotic lesions (47%), mixed aspects (35.3%), and lytic appearances (17.6%). The present study was unable to establish a relationship between the bone scan standard and radiological findings. Nevertheless, this method is still a helpful parameter for the diagnosis of both mature and active lesions / Doutorado / Radiologia Odontologica / Doutor em Radiologia Odontológica

Orientador: Paulo Henrique Ferreira Caria / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T23:48:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amorim_MaiseMendonca_M.pdf: 327424 bytes, checksum: 1312afd1aba01c37575ac2ade7e072c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O conhecimento da morfologia e topografia do canal mandibular é importante para as intervenções odontológicas realizadas na mandíbula, pois implica na preservação das estruturas nobres que o atravessam. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar morfológica e morfometricamente o trajeto e as relações do canal mandibular em indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, pertencentes a duas faixas etárias distintas, ambas na fase adulta. A amostra foi composta por 300 radiografias panorâmicas, divididas em quatro grupos: grupos F1 e F2, formados por indivíduos do gênero feminino, pertencentes às faixas etárias de 18 a 40 anos e acima de 40 anos, respectivamente; e grupos M1 e M2 formados por indivíduos do gênero masculino, pertencentes a estas mesmas faixas etárias, respectivamente. Foram realizadas sete mensurações lineares verticais nas radiografias que descrevem o trajeto e relações do canal mandibular com estruturas anatômicas da mandíbula, além de análises relativas à posição horizontal do forame mentoniano e relação de proximidade do canal mandibular com as raízes dos dentes inferiores. Os resultados demonstraram que houve diferença estatisticamente significante em quatro das mensurações realizadas entre os gêneros, porém não foram detectadas diferenças entre as faixas etárias para nenhuma das mensurações. A posição mais comum do forame mentoniano foi entre as raízes dos pré-molares inferiores, e o canal mandibular apresenta relação de proximidade com as raízes do terceiro molar inferior, se afastando gradativamente das raízes dos outros dentes. Estes resultados sugerem que as mensurações relativas ao canal mandibular realizadas nesse estudo podem ser influenciadas pelo gênero, mas independem da faixa etária / Abstract: Morphological and topographic knowledge of the mandibular canal is paramount during dental procedures in the jaw, as structures that go through this canal must be preserved. The aim of this study was to analyze morphologic and morphometrically the course and relations of the mandibular canal of both male and female adults, belonging to two different groups of ages. The sample was composed of 300 panoramic radiographs shared in 4 groups: Groups F1 and F2: female gender (ranging between 18-40 years and above 40 years, respectively); Groups M1 and M2: male gender (ranging between 18-40 years and above 40 years, respectively). Seven linear vertical measurements were performed in the radiographs to describe the course and relations of the mandibular canal with anatomic structures of jaw. Mental foramen horizontal position and proximity relation between the mandibular canal and the roots of the inferior teeth were also evaluated. Statistically significant differences were observed in four of the measurements between genders. However, there was no difference between groups of age for any of the measurements. The most frequent position of the mental foramen was between the roots of the inferior pre-molars; and the mandibular canal shows proximity relation to the roots of the inferior third molar, moving gradually away from the roots of the other teeth. The results suggest that the measurements related to mandibular canal performed in this study can be influenced by the gender but are independent of age / Mestrado / Anatomia / Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Aim: Analysis of the occurrence of taurodont molars among patients attending the Tygerberg Oral Health Centre. Methodology: A retrospective descriptive study comprising 1608 panoramic radiographs of patient records, 815 females and 793 males, ranging in ages from 18 to 68 years old. The panoramic radiographs were evaluated for presence of taurodontism. Gender predilection and location of taurodont molars were analysed using a chi-square test. Results: Taurodontism was found in 52 (3.23%) radiographs distributed according to gender (30 females and 22 males [P > 0.05]). The overall prevalence of taurodont molars was (0.73%) from a total of 17148 molars that were examined. The mandibular molar teeth were more affected than the maxillary molar teeth and the second mandibular tooth was the most affected. Conclusion: Taurodontism was not uncommon in a group of patients that attended the Tygerberg Oral Health Centre, UWC. Further larger scale studies are required to assess its distribution in the general population of South Africa to compare it with other ethnic groups and to establish any associations. However, taurodontism in mandibular teeth is a condition that should be taken into consideration, especially the second mandibular tooth, to avoid complications.

As climate change concerns grow, the reduction of energy consumption is seen as one of many potential solutions. In the US, a considerable amount of energy is wasted in commercial buildings due to sub-optimal heating, ventilation and air conditioning that operate with no knowledge of the occupancy level in various rooms and open areas. In this thesis, I develop an approach to passive occupancy estimation that does not require occupants to carry any type of beacon, but instead uses an overhead camera with fisheye lens (360 by 180 degree field of view). The difficulty with fisheye images is that occupants may appear not only in the upright position, but also upside-down, horizontally and diagonally, and thus algorithms developed for typical side-mounted, standard-lens cameras tend to fail. As the top-performing people detection algorithms today use deep learning, a logical step would be to develop and train a new neural-network model. However, there exist no large fisheye-image datasets with person annotations to facilitate training a new model. Therefore, I developed two people-counting methods that leverage YOLO (version 3), a state-of-the-art object detection method trained on standard datasets. In one approach, YOLO is applied to 24 rotated and highly-overlapping windows, and the results are post-processed to produce a people count. In the other approach, regions of interest are first extracted via background subtraction and only windows that include such regions are supplied to YOLO and post-processed. I carried out extensive experimental evaluation of both algorithms and showed their superior performance compared to a benchmark method.