Statistically, travel by air is one of the safest forms of transportation. Yet we continue to experience aviation tragedies. Do we fully understand flight safety or is there another way of looking at the problem? In this work a new way of approaching the question of flight safety is developed, justified and illustrated. Traditional methods are shown to be insufficient for a full understanding of flight safety. They do not provide an adequate explanation of the context of aviation safety. The issue is approached from a new perspective with a methodology based on a philosophical understanding of explanation. For the examination of the context of aviation safety traditional modes of scientific explanation are rejected in favor of a paradigmatic explanation. A framework for explaining the context of accidents and safety, in general, is synthesized from four broad paradigms which characterize its patterned nature: the cognitive paradigm, the paradigm of normal accidents, the paradigm of technology, and the paradigm of organizational complexes. The development of the framework is supported by a wide diversity of literature from philosophers, psychologists, social scientists and engineers. It is explicated with numerous examples throughout. The framework is then compared with the traditional mode of explanation through an extensive pedagogical case-study of a specific accident. The new framework is complementary to traditional approaches and new insights are pointed up. Finally, some broad recommendations are made for the community of professionals concerned with improving aviation safety. / Graduation date: 1991

Der Beitrag beleuchtet verschiedene vornationalsozialistische Denkmuster in Eugenik und Psychiatrie als Schrittmacher wissenschaftlicher Entmenschlichung und politischer Massentötung nach 1933. / The article discusses various pre-National Socialist paradigms in eugenics and psychiatry in their role as catalysts for scientific dehumanisation and political mass homicide after 1933.

Thesis (Ph. D. (Learning Support, Guidance and Counselling) -- University of Pretoria, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 166-194). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Este estudo tenciona discutir o problema da conceituação das doenças mentais, a partir dos DSMs e dos diferentes paradigmas que os embasaram. O DSM (manual estatístico e diagnóstico de transtornos mentais) é um manual, de influência internacional, para profissionais da saúde mental, que lista diferentes categorias de transtornos mentais, de acordo com a Associação Psiquiátrica Norte-Americana. Desde a sua primeira publicação, em 1952, já foi submetido a cinco revisões (DSM II, DSM III, DSM III-R, DSM IV e DSM IVTR). Escolhemos a categoria diagnóstica da depressão, objetivando realizar um rastreamento conceitual, desde o DSM II - modelo até então marcado pela psicanálise, depois ressaltando o DSM III, que, em 1980, promove uma mudança de paradigma no conhecimento psiquiátrico, ao apresentar um modelo que se propõe descritivo e ateórico até o DSM IV-TR. Dessa perspectiva, são assinaladas algumas considerações e pontos de discussão entre a chamada psiquiatria biológica e a psicanálise, no que diz respeito às suas respectivas influências na forma de entender o diagnóstico psiquiátrico, enfatizando a categoria diagnóstica da depressão. / This study intends to discuss the issue of categorizing mental disorders, considering DSMs and its paradigms. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM) is a handbook, used worldwide, for mental professionals that lists different categories of mental disorder, according to the American Psychiatric Association. The DSM has gone through five revisions (DSM II, DSM III, DSM III-R, DSM IV e DSM IV- TR) since it was first published in 1952. Electing the concept of depression, this study analyses its diagnosis criteria from DSM II, a psychoanalytic influenced manual to DSM IV-TR, with an emphasis upon DSM III which, in 1980, represents a turning point in psychiatric paradigms, intending to be not theoretical and descriptive. From this perspective, the intention is to outline some considerations and discussions between the so-called biological psychiatric and the psychoanalytic theory, according to its influences in the psychiatric diagnosis understanding, emphasizing the category of depression.

Este estudo tenciona discutir o problema da conceituação das doenças mentais, a partir dos DSMs e dos diferentes paradigmas que os embasaram. O DSM (manual estatístico e diagnóstico de transtornos mentais) é um manual, de influência internacional, para profissionais da saúde mental, que lista diferentes categorias de transtornos mentais, de acordo com a Associação Psiquiátrica Norte-Americana. Desde a sua primeira publicação, em 1952, já foi submetido a cinco revisões (DSM II, DSM III, DSM III-R, DSM IV e DSM IVTR). Escolhemos a categoria diagnóstica da depressão, objetivando realizar um rastreamento conceitual, desde o DSM II - modelo até então marcado pela psicanálise, depois ressaltando o DSM III, que, em 1980, promove uma mudança de paradigma no conhecimento psiquiátrico, ao apresentar um modelo que se propõe descritivo e ateórico até o DSM IV-TR. Dessa perspectiva, são assinaladas algumas considerações e pontos de discussão entre a chamada psiquiatria biológica e a psicanálise, no que diz respeito às suas respectivas influências na forma de entender o diagnóstico psiquiátrico, enfatizando a categoria diagnóstica da depressão. / This study intends to discuss the issue of categorizing mental disorders, considering DSMs and its paradigms. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM) is a handbook, used worldwide, for mental professionals that lists different categories of mental disorder, according to the American Psychiatric Association. The DSM has gone through five revisions (DSM II, DSM III, DSM III-R, DSM IV e DSM IV- TR) since it was first published in 1952. Electing the concept of depression, this study analyses its diagnosis criteria from DSM II, a psychoanalytic influenced manual to DSM IV-TR, with an emphasis upon DSM III which, in 1980, represents a turning point in psychiatric paradigms, intending to be not theoretical and descriptive. From this perspective, the intention is to outline some considerations and discussions between the so-called biological psychiatric and the psychoanalytic theory, according to its influences in the psychiatric diagnosis understanding, emphasizing the category of depression.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / A efetividade das polÃticas de combate à desertificaÃÃo e de convivÃncia com o semiÃrido requer a constante participaÃÃo dos atores sociais envolvidos com a temÃtica (PAE-CE, 2010). Sem a participaÃÃo dos atores sociais afetados direta ou indiretamente pelos efeitos da seca, nÃo hà possibilidade de sucesso das medidas de combate à desertificaÃÃo. Esta participaÃÃo deve se dar em vÃrias esferas, desde a formulaÃÃo das polÃticas atà sua implementaÃÃo. Os projetos construÃdos de modo participativo podem se dar em diversas frentes. O presente trabalho enfatiza o potencial da Etnopedologia como metodologia participativa de levantamento dos solos. Este campo interdisciplinar oferece uma metodologia adequada para mapeamentos dos solos em Ãreas ocupadas por comunidades rurais, ressaltando o refinado conhecimento que os camponeses tÃm sobre as terras das quais dependem para seu sustento. Este trabalho realiza levantamento de solos que parte do diÃlogo entre os saberes cientificamente consolidados pela ciÃncia do solo e aqueles pertencentes aos membros do Assentamento Angicos. Para tanto, recorreu-se- a levantamentos etnogrÃficos, que, atravÃs de entrevistas, observaÃÃo participante, expediÃÃes Ãs Ãreas cultivadas, permitiu a elaboraÃÃo de mapas com a visualizaÃÃo dos solos do Assentamento. O agricultores de Angicos possuem seu prÃprio sistema de classificaÃÃo de terras, que sÃo classificadas da seguinte forma: â Barro Vermelho/CrÃa â Barro branco â Terra Arisca/Areiusco â Massapà Dentre os tipos de terras citados, os mais importantes do ponto de vista agrÃcola sÃo o Areiusco e o barro Vermelho, onde sÃo produzidos, respectivamente, feijÃo e milho. O conhecimento dos solos do Assentamento Angicos pelos agricultores que ali vivem està intimamente ligado à estruturaÃÃo econÃmica desta comunidade, havendo assim, uma co-evoluÃÃo entre os seres humanos e a paisagem, condicionando as formas de organizaÃÃo sÃcio-espaciais, tema central deste relato. / The effectiveness of policies to combat desertification and coexistence with the semiarid requires constant participation of social actors involved in the issue (PAE-CE, 2010). Without the participation of the social actors directly or indirectly affected by the effects of drought, there is no possibility of success of measures to combat desertification. This participation should occur at various levels, from policy formulation to implementation. Projects constructed in a participatory manner can give on several fronts. This study emphasizes the potential of participatory methodology ethnopedology as lifting soil. This interdisciplinary field provides an appropriate methodology for mapping of soils in areas occupied by rural communities, highlighting the refined knowledge that farmers have on the land on which they depend for their livelihood. This paper conducts soil surveys that part of the dialogue between the scientific knowledge consolidated by soil science and those belonging to members of the Settlement Angicos. Therefore, we used it to ethnographic surveys, which, through interviews, participant observation, expeditions to cultivated areas, allowed the elaboration of maps with visualization of soil settlement. The farmers Angicos have their own system of land classification, which are classified as follows: â Barro vermelho / Croa â Barro Branco â Areiusco â Massapà Among the types of land mentioned, the most important agricultural point of view are Areiusco and red clay, where they are produced, respectively, beans and corn. Knowledge of soils Angicos settlement by farmers who live there are closely linked to economic structuring this community, so there is a co-evolution between humans and the landscape, affecting forms of socio-spatial organization, the central theme of this report.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The neurophysiological pathways associated with beat-to-beat regulation of mean arterial pressure are well known. Less known are the control dynamics associated with short term maintained of arterial blood pressure about a homeostatic set point. The barorefex (BRx), the most rapid and robust of neural refexes within the autonomic nervous system, is a negative feedback controller that monitors and regulates heart rate and blood pressure. By leveraging the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the BRx can change blood pressure within a single heart beat. To better understand these controller dynamics, a classic BRx refexogenic experimental preparation was carried out. This thesis recon rmed previous observations of an electrically-evoked sexually-dimorphic peak depressor response in the BRx of Sprague-Dawley rats and veri ed that these functional refexogenic differences carry over to sustained electrical paradigms. Further, it uncovered interesting recovery dynamics in both blood pressure and heart rate. The rat aortic depressor nerve was used as an experimental target for electrical activation of the parasympathetic-mediated reduction in mean arterial pressure. The duration, frequency, and patterning of stimulation were explored, with emphasis on differences between sexes. By measuring the normalized percent decrease in mean arterial pressure as well as the differences in beats per minute during rest and during stimulation, the null hypothesis was rejected.

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The main drivers for this research are the complexities associated with the project management and an organization's project management style in dealing with these complexities. This research aims to demonstrate that alignment between project complexity and project management style increases project performance and decreases project issues, and also, with increased project issues, project performance deteriorates. In order to test these claims, this research developed measures for assessing project complexity, project management styles and project issues by employing a survey of project management professionals. The measure for project complexity is based on a taxonomy with four categories: organizational complexity, product complexity, methods (process) complexity and goal complexity. Project management style is defined as the management paradigm that guides the managers of an organization in perceiving and dealing with management problems. The measure for project nagement style is based on the plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycle and the Newtonian and complexity paradigms. Also the measures for project issues are developed after an extensive content analysis on the literature on project issues, risks and success factors. A self-administered survey instrument (paper-based and on-line) with 40 questions (seven point Likert scale) was utilized. The respondents were the project management professionals from different industries in the Central Florida region. Each respondent was asked to answer questions for two different kinds of projects: a successful project and a challenged project. Based on the data collected by the survey instrument, the results of confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses provide strong evidence that the final measures for project technology complexity, project management styles, project issues and project performance have adequate validity and reliability. Results of the hypothesis tests demonstrate that increased alignment of project complexity and project management style leads to increased project performance and decreased project issues, and also increased project issues leads to project decreased performance. From the perspective of project management, the results of this study have illustrated the importance of aligning a project's complexity and management style. These results suggest that project or program managers can improve the performance of their projects by any attempt to increase the alignment between project complexity and project management style. Project management professionals and theoreticians can use the methodologies provided in this dissertation to assess project complexity, project management style and alignment.