A few years ago Covid-19 locked people down at their homes, effectively limiting their social connections and pushing the communicative outlet of the online realm in the forefront. If one wanted to socialize or seek entertainment, there was almost no other choice but to do so via turning to popular or social media. However, with the newly increased frequency of exposure came the question of whether there was also a change in the formation of parasocial relationships formed in isolation and this thesis explores the meaningfulness and longevity of such connections, tracing them before, during and after the pandemic. It also makes note of phenomena such as loneliness, parasocial romance and parasocial breakup, additionally examining the degree of attachment formed to media figures during isolation, as well as their relevance to the public. To achieve that, the empirical portion of this study consists of a survey in which 114 participants had to answer questions relating to isolation and parasocial behaviour. Additionally, for the purposes of the thesis two social media creators were contacted for interviews and were asked to share their views on parasocial interactions and attachments as they observed them in isolation from the other side of the connection. On the basis of previously existing separate research in parasocial relations and isolation six hypotheses were formed in this thesis relating to people’s online activity, perceived loneliness and financial generosity, as well as the degree of relatability and attachment they felt towards media personae.

La presente investigación, parte de la problemática de la ineficiencia del Estado y la búsqueda de nuevas formas de regulación de la sociedad, sin verse detenidas por la burocratización de los trámites y la corrección de los vicios en el tráfico jurídico. Es frecuente que se considere la intervención estatal, mediante la intervención administrativa, como una forma de regulación. Lo cual es cierto, pero no es la única forma de regulación. La principal forma de regulación de relaciones entre particulares ha sido el contrato. / Trabajo de investigación

No description available.

Parasocial interaction is the name that Horton & Wohl coined to describe a viewer's attachmentent toward onscreen persona that they had never physically interacted with (1956). A. Rubin, Perse, & Powell (1985) continued the research and created the Parasocial Interaction Scale. The scale has become the standard in gauging parasocial interaction in various forms of media from soap operas to newscasts. The purpose of this study was top examine parasocial interaction and see if the concept could be applied to the current television trend of reality television. Simultaneously, the study also examined parasocial interaction and its possible connections to loneliness, interpersonal functional alternatives, television viewing motives, exposure, gender, age, and spokesperson selection. The data for this study was collected on the Internet website www.Survivorthesis.com. More than 450 respondents attempted the survey, but only 444 were viable due to incomplete data, repetition, and lack of proof of age. The results of the study found that there was a link between parasocial interaction and loneliness, exposure, spokesperson selection, and television viewing motives. There was no correlation found between parasocial interaction and interpersonal functional alternatives, age, gender.

No description available.

No description available.

News agencies' ratings often hinge on the relationships their anchors build with viewers. Strong feelings of parasocial interaction, or these on-sided "relationships" audiences feel with on-screen media figures, have been found to be a strong predictor of media use. Local news stations have long been challenged with ways to encourage these feelings of parasocial interaction. With local news ratings consistently falling, news agencies must consider new ways to gain untapped markets and have begun reaching out to young adults. One way news agencies are attempting to do so is by utilizing social media websites like Facebook. The current study aims to explore the effects of Facebook on college-aged participants (N = 143) viewing a local newscast. Specifically, this study examines whether a brief exposure to a news anchor's Facebook profile can increase feelings of parasocial interaction with the anchor. Results indicate that while brief exposure to an anchor's Facebook page does not influence feelings of parasocial interaction, strong feelings of interpersonal attraction play a significant role in developing parasocial relationships. Future research and implications are also discussed. / Master of Arts

PSRs are one-sided, emotionally-tinged relationships with media characters such as Peter Pan, Batman; Disney characters such as Mickey Mouse, Cinderella, and Mulan; and celebrities such as Justin Bieber, Rihanna, and Harry Stiles (Giles, 2000). This project situates children’s PSRs within the family communication environment by exploring the relationships between Family Communication Patterns (FCPs), parental management of PSRs, and perceptions of parent-child bonding. Four parental management of PSRs behaviors, Guiding, Prohibiting, Supporting, and Neutrality, were studied with respect to the Conversation and Conformity orientations of FCPs. Parental management behaviors of Guiding, Prohibiting, and Supporting had significant impacts on perceptions of parent-child bonding, but Neutrality on its own did not have any significant influence. Guiding was manifested through the FCP path of Conformity instead of Conversation. Prohibiting had a strong inverse relationship with perceptions of parent-child bonding. Besides Conformity, Prohibiting also had a significant pathway through Conversation. Supporting had a strong and positive relationship with perceptions of parent-child bonding and a significant pathway through Conversation but not through Conformity. Although Neutrality on its own did not have a significant impact, it had a significant impact through Conformity. Overall, this study fulfills its goal to look at the impact of parental communication behaviors on perceptions of the parent-child relationship. In the context of PSRs, parental communication about managing children’s PSRs is significantly related to the perceptions of parent-child bonding, and the impact of these micro communication behaviors is mediated by the overarching communication environment. Therefore, this study recommends that PSRs can be introduced to the mainstream discussion of interpersonal relationships such that family communication scholarship can explore the role of PSRs beyond media effects.

Looking at earlier studies and previous research in influencer marketing and parasocial relations between influencers and their followers, many of them are studying influencers in other countries such as Singapore and not in Sweden. This is a research gap we want to fill, which is why this study is focusing on Swedish influencers. By investigating the effects of interaction between consumer and producer might give a better understanding of how marketing strategies can develop in the online environment by using the interactive features of the social media platform Instagram. For this study, the objects of analysis are three Swedish companies selling beauty products. One of the purposes of this study is to illustrate what effect an influencer has on a company’s interaction in terms of likes and comments on Instagram. Another one is to create new knowledge in this research field by studying a specific industry, such as the beauty market. In light of previous research that confirms that influencer marketing is reaching several markets and are quickly expanding, we want to examine how this new way of marketing takes place among Swedish brands. Based on the purposes of the study, two research questions have emerged:   What effect does the participation of an influencer have on a company's Instagram account in terms of interaction?  What features on Instagram can be seen as influential factors on the interaction in terms of likes and comments?   The analytical framework is based on the theory of parasocial interaction, which has the purpose to give an understanding of how the relationship between influencers and followers are established in today’s social media environments. In addition, we have used relevant previous research in perceived interconnectedness, influencer marketing, and how the interaction online from the audiences have developed. The empirical material that was examined in the study was content in forms of posts on the social media platform Instagram. The objects of analysis are three Swedish beauty product companies, CAIA Cosmetics, Indy Beauty, and Kicks. Two well-established influencers have created the first two companies; Bianca Ingrosso is the creator of CAIA Cosmetics, and Therese Lindgren is the creator of Indy Beauty. The collected data, 300 posts in total, has been analyzed through a quantitative content analysis. The results from the study show that there is an extensive difference in interactions, in terms of likes and comments on average, when the companies are posting content including the influencer, in contrast to the opposite. Even if the number of posts with influencers is considerably low on two of the Instagram accounts compared to posts without influencers, they still manage to achieve more interaction in both likes and comments. For CAIA Cosmetics, the results show that interactions on average share approximately the same amount of numbers throughout the analysis. For Indy Beauty, this was not the case. The number of comments on average when not including Therese Lindgren was distinguishable higher compared to when including her. The reason behind this result might be a product-oriented campaign Indy Beauty launched at the beginning of December 2019. The empirical material of this study included data from this specific time and caused an effect on the results in this case. The campaign only included posts of products, and one of the requirements to win the Christmas gift was to comment on the posts, which led to a higher number of comments of posts without an influencer. To summarize the analysis, the involvement of an influencer in its marketing strategy gives a certain effect in interaction. However, it can also be efficient to apply the features of Instagram and launch product-oriented campaigns on your social media platforms to gain interaction in terms of likes and comments among your followers. Finally, it is difficult to generalize the conclusion since the outtake of this study only includes three Swedish companies and their content. / I tidigare studier och forskning inom influencer marketing och parasociala relationer mellan influencers och deras följare, studeras influencers i andra länder såsom Singapore och inte i Sverige. Detta är ett forskningsområde vi vill bidra till genom att i denna studie studera svenska influencers. Genom att undersöka effekterna av interaktion mellan konsument och producent kan det ge en bättre förståelse för hur marknadsstrategier kan utvecklas i dagens sociala mediemiljöer och dessutom genom användandet av de interaktiva funktionerna på den sociala plattformen Instagram. Ett av syftena med denna studie är att illustrera vilken effekt en influencer har på interaktionen när det gäller likes och kommentarer på Instagram. En annan är att skapa ny kunskap inom detta forskningsområde genom att studera en specifik marknad, till exempel skönhetsmarknaden. Mot bakgrund av tidigare forskning som bekräftar att influencer marketing når flera marknader och snabbt expanderar, vill vi undersöka hur detta nya sätt att marknadsföra sker bland svenska märken. Baserat på syftet med studien har två forskningsfrågor framkommit:   Vilken effekt har deltagandet av en influencer på företags Instagram-konto när det gäller interaktion? Vilka funktioner på Instagram kan ses som inflytelserika faktorer för interaktionen när det gäller likes och kommentarer?   Det analytiska ramverket är baserat på teorin om parasocial interaktion, som har som syfte att ge en förståelse för hur förhållandet mellan influencer och följare är etablerat i dagens sociala mediemiljöer. Dessutom har vi använt relevant tidigare forskning i perceived interconnectedness, influencer marketing och hur interaktionen från publiken har utvecklats online. Det empiriska materialet som undersöktes i studien var innehåll i form av inlägg på den sociala medieplattformen Instagram. Analysobjekten är tre svenska skönhetsproduktföretag, CAIA Cosmetics, Indy Beauty och Kicks. Två väletablerade influencers har skapat de två första företagen; Bianca Ingrosso är skaparen av CAIA Cosmetics, och Therese Lindgren är skaparen av Indy Beauty. De insamlade uppgifterna, totalt 300 inlägg, har analyserats genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Resultaten från studien visar att det finns en omfattande skillnad i interaktioner, i termer av likes och kommentarer i genomsnitt, när företagen publicerar innehåll inklusive influencers, i motsats till att inte inkludera influencers. Även om antalet inlägg med influencers är avsevärt lågt på två av Instagram-kontona jämfört med inlägg utan influencer lyckas de fortfarande uppnå mer interaktion i både likes och kommentarer. För CAIA Cosmetics visar resultaten att interaktioner i genomsnitt delar ungefär samma antal siffror under hela analysen. För Indy Beauty var detta inte fallet. Antalet kommentarer i genomsnitt när Therese Lindgren inte inkluderades var högre jämfört med när hon inkluderades. Anledningen bakom detta resultat kan vara en produkt-orienterad kampanj Indy Beauty lanserades i början av december 2019. Det empiriska materialet i denna studie inkluderade data från denna specifika tidpunkt och påverkade i detta fall resultaten. Kampanjen inkluderade bara inlägg av produkter, och ett av kraven för att vinna en julklapp var att kommentera inlägget, vilket ledde till ett högre antal kommentarer på inlägg utan influencern. Slutsatsen av studien visar genom att involvera influencers i sin marknadsföringsstrategi kan ge en viss effekt i följares interaktion. Det kan även vara effektivt att tillämpa funktionerna på Instagram och lansera produkt-orienterade kampanjer på dina sociala medieplattformar för att öka interaktionen när det gäller likes och kommentarer bland dina följare. Slutligen är det svårt att generalisera slutsatsen eftersom undersökningen från denna studie endast innehåller tre svenska företag och deras innehåll.

Asymmetric interactions and relationships between celebrities and followers, referred to as Parasocial Interactions (PSI) and Parasocial Relationships (PSR), respectively, have been extensively studied within the context of TV, radio and print media. However, within the Social Media (SM) ecosystem - where follower engagement and experience flow seamlessly across multiple SM tools/platforms - the nature of PSI and PSR is changing and research within this context is still nascent. Using Identity Theory and Motivational Theory, this dissertation analyses the impact active/passive engagement and compulsive use of the SM ecosystem can have in the formation of PSI and PSR. Specifically, the goal of this research is to understand how different types of engagement (passive and active) can influence parasocial relationships (friendship and love) through the mediation of cognitive and behavioural parasocial interactions. A model is proposed and validated with 294 respondents. The findings show that passive engagement in the SM ecosystem does not impact PSI/PSR while active engagement significantly impacts PSI and the consequent PSR formation. Compulsive use of the SM ecosystem strongly attenuates the relationships between PSI and PSR. Contributions and implications for both theory and practice are discussed. / Thesis / Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)