A asma e a doenca respiratoria cronica de maior ocorrencia no Brasil. Em criancas menores de cinco anos ainda nao e possivel diagnostica-la, mas alguns sintomas, tais como crises de sibilancia, sao indicativos de que estas criancas podem desenvolver asma. A presenca de problemas cronicos de saude na infancia pode representar um importante fator de mediacao da qualidade da interacao cuidador-crianca, pois a rotina da familia e marcada por permanentes cuidados. A Psicologia, neste contexto, pode contribuir por meio do desenvolvimento e implementacao de intervencoes preventivas que ajudem estas familias a enfrentar os eventos estressores influenciados por essa condicao. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de um programa de orientacao parental, com enfoque preventivo para problemas de comportamento infantis, sobre as praticas educativas empregadas por cuidadores cujas criancas apresentavam crises de sibilancia. Foram participantes 19 pais, divididos em dois grupos: Grupo Tratamento (GT), composto de oito pais, e Grupo Comparacao (GC), constituido de onze pais. Os participantes foram recrutados em quatro locais de assistencia a saude infantil no municipio de Sao Paulo/SP e foram abordados para participar da pesquisa pessoalmente, por contato telefonico ou por cartas enviadas pelo correio. Os instrumentos de avaliacao utilizados foram: Adult Self-Report (ASR); Inventario de Comportamentos para Criancas entre 1 . a 5 anos (CBCL/1.-5) e Roteiro de Entrevista de Habilidades Sociais Educativas Parentais (RE-HSE-P). O GT participou do Programa de Orientacao Parental (POP); ambos os grupos foram avaliados em dois momentos: pre e pos-intervencao; os participantes do GC receberam orientacoes pontuais apos o termino da intervencao com o GT. O POP foi estruturado em 10 sessoes, semanais, de 90 minutos cada. Os resultados indicaram que os participantes apresentaram escores elevados para problemas de comportamento (ASR), especificamente do tipo internalizante, sendo que os pais do GT apresentaram mais escores considerados clinicos do que os do GC; os pais de ambos os grupos reportaram escores elevados de problemas de comportamento em seus filhos (CBCL), principalmente do tipo internalizante, observando-se uma reducao destes escores na avalicao pos-intervencao na comparacao dos grupos com eles mesmos e nao entre os grupos. Os cuidadores participantes do POP apresentaram melhora das habilidades educativas nos aspectos positivos da interacao, condicao que nao foi notada no GC, pois dentre estes participantes os escores permaneceram estaveis, sendo que tal melhora foi estatisticamente significativa nas habilidades sociais educativas (p = 0,043). Nos aspectos negativos da interacao, o GT apresentou diminuicao estatisticamente significativa no uso de praticas negativas, principalmente em termos de frequencia (p = 0,019); o GC tambem apresentou reducao da aplicacao de praticas negativas, porem esta reducao nao foi tao expressiva quanto a do GT. Os pais do GT foram avaliados novamente seis meses apos o termino da intervencao, participaram de uma sessao de fortalecimento e os resultados obtidos permaneceram estaveis. Os resultados do estudo indicam que o POP e uma intervencao que pode auxiliar as familias, cujos filhos apresentem problemas cronicos de saude na infancia, no manejo das dificuldades decorrentes desta condicao adversa / Asthma is the most frequent chronic respiratory disease in Brazil. In children under five years of age, it cannot be diagnosed, but some symptoms, such as wheezing attacks, are indications that these children may develop asthma. The presence of chronic health problems during childhood may be an important mediating factor of the caregiver-child interaction quality, because it marks the family routine with permanent care. Psychology, in this context, can contribute by developing and implementing preventive interventions to help these families facing the stressful events influenced by this condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a parental guidance program, using a preventive approach to child behavior problems, on educational practices employed by caregivers of children that presented wheezing attacks. The sample was composed by 19 parents, divided into two groups: Treatment Group (TG), with eight parents, and Comparison Group (CG), with eleven parents. Participants were recruited by telephone or mail in four childrens health care facilities located in Sao Paulo/SP. Assessment tools used were: Adult Self-Report (ASR); Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.-5 (CBCL/1.-5) and Parental Educative Social Skills Interview Script (RE-HSE-P). TG participated of the Parental Guidance Programme (PGP); both groups were assessed pre and post-intervention; CG received specific orientations after the post-intervention assessment. The PGP had 10 weekly sessions, lasting 90 minutes each. Results indicated that participants reached high scores for behavioral problems (ASR), specifically on the internalizing scale, and that TG parents had more scores in the clinical range than CG parents. Parents of both groups reported that their children presents high level of behavioral problems (CBCL), mainly of the internalizing type. Problems levels were reduced on the post-intervention assessment when comparing the group within itself, but not on the between groups comparison. On the interaction positive aspect (RE-HSE-P), TG caregivers showed improvement of educational skills, while CG caregivers presented stable educational skills scores. This difference was statistically significant (p = .043). Considering the interaction negative aspects, TG showed a statistically significant decrease in the use of negative practices, especially in terms of frequency (p = .019); CG also declined the use of negative practices, but this reduction was not significant. TG parents participated in a recapitulation session six months after the end of the intervention and were assessed again, presenting stable results. These findings indicate that PGP is an intervention that can help families whose children present chronic health problems on handling difficulties that arise from these adverse conditions

A temática da criação dos filhos vem sendo muito pesquisada e diversos trabalhos têm dedicado atenção especial aos estilos e práticas parentais. Desde a década de 1930, psicólogos pesquisadores e clínicos têm se preocupado com questões como: Qual a melhor forma de educar os filhos e quais são as conseqüências que podem ser provocadas no desenvolvimento das crianças educadas por diferentes modelos de pais. Considerando a relevância da relação entre pais e filhos no processo de desenvolvimento, este estudo objetivou-se validar, por meio da análise fatorial confirmatória, a versão adaptada para crianças brasileiras do Parent Perception Inventory - PPI, para mensurar o comportamento dos pais com relação às práticas educativas na percepção dos filhos. Foram realizadas ainda procedimentos para validação convergente, utilizando-se o Questionário de Práticas Parentais-QPP (PASQUALI et al.,2012) e análise da confiabilidade por meio do alfa de Cronbach. Participaram do estudo 600 crianças de 7 a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, de escolas públicas e privadas da cidade de Ribeirão Preto-SP que responderam duas versões do PPI, uma para o pai e outra para a mãe, cada uma com 18 itens que avaliam nove classes de comportamento positivo e nove classes de comportamento negativo. Por meio do método de Máxima Verossimilhança pôde-se confirmar o modelo de duas dimensões, fatores positivos e negativos, referentes às práticas adotadas, distribuídos respectivamente nos itens impares e pares da escala para as duas versões. Tais componentes apresentaram Alfa de Cronbach entre 0.67 e 0.81 e se correlacionaram positivamente com os domínios da escala QPP - Questionário de Percepção dos Pais, com valores entre 0,463 e 0,638. Conclui-se que o instrumento é valido e pode ser usado em estudos para identificar o comportamento parental do ponto de vista da criança / The theme of raising a child has received attention of many researchers and several papers have devoted particular attention to parental styles and practices. Since the 1930s, psychology researchers, and clinicians have been concerned with issues such as: What is the best way to educate children and what are the consequences that can be caused in their development when educated by different models of parents. Considering the relevance of the relationship between parents and children in the development process, this study aimed to validate, through the confirmatory factorial analysis, a version adapted for Brazilian children of the Parent Perception Inventory-PPI to measure the parent`s behavior in relation to educational practices in the perception of children. We also performed procedures for convergente validation using the Questionário de Percepção do Pais - QPP (PASQUALI et el., 2012) and reliability analysis by Cronbach`s alfa. The study included 600 children aged from 7 to 12 incomplete years, both boys and girls, from public and private schools in the city of Ribeirão Preto-SP, who answered two versions of the PPI, one for the father and one for the mother, each with 18 items which evaluate nine classes of positive behavior and nine classes of negative behavior. By means of the Maximum Likelihood method, the two-dimensional model, positive and negative, could beconfirmed, referring to the adopted practices, distributed respectively in the odd and even items of the scale for the two versions. These components presented Cronbach\'s alpha between 0.67 and 0.81 and correlated positively with the domains of the scale QPP- Parent Perception Questionare, used to test the convergent validity with values between 0,463 and 0,638. We conclude that the instrument is valid and can be used in studies to identify parental behavior from the child\'s point of view

O nascimento prematuro é um problema de saúde pública, cujas consequências incidem tanto sobre as condições de sobrevivência do neonato, quanto sobre as reações emocionais dos pais. A separação precoce entre a mãe o bebê, as limitações impostas pelo ambiente tecnológico de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal para interação dos pais com o recém-nascido e o sofrimento psicológico vivido pelo casal parental podem repercutir na relação da tríade pai-mãe-bebê. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar o conjunto das reações emocionais apresentadas pelos pais de bebês pré-termo de muito baixo peso e as relações entre essas reações e o processo de transição para a parentalidade. Nesta pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, os participantes foram 4 mães e 4 pais de bebês prematuros internados no Hospital Universitário da USP. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista semi-estruturada e analisados através da análise de conteúdo. As coordenadas teóricas que sustentaram a análise foram as da teoria psicanalítica de Winnicott, junto a contribuições de outros autores, cuja elaboração teórica foi considerada relevante para a discussão do tema. Foram identificadas reações emocionais ligadas à interrupção precoce da gravidez, ao relacionamento com a criança, à relação do casal parental e à relação com a equipe de saúde. Sensações de medo, apreensão, estranhamento, sentimentos de incompletude, irrealidade e impotência, necessidade de apoio, percepção de transformação pessoal e dos vínculos conjugais compuseram as singulares reações emocionais de cada casal parental. Algumas dessas reações mostraram-se favorecedoras e outras dificultadoras do processo de transição à parentalidade. Nesse estudo, as dificuldades vividas pelos pais não se apresentaram, a priori, como um impedimento para a construção de um vínculo seguro e saudável com os seus filhos. Mas tais dificuldades evidenciam a necessidade, apontada em outros trabalhos, de que os pais recebam atenção especializada do profissional da saúde mental, assim como, assistência integral da equipe de saúde tanto na internação, quanto no período da gravidez e após a alta hospitalar / The birth of a premature infant is a public health problem, whose consequences affect the living conditions of the newborn and parents emotional reactions. The early separation between mother and baby, the limitations established by technological environment of a neonatal intensive care unit for parents-child relation and parental couples psychological distress may affect the relationship of triad father-mother-infant. The goal of this study was investigate the emotional reactions set presented by very low birthweight infants parents and relationship between these reactions and transition to parenthood. This study used qualitative research and the subjects were 4 mothers and 4 fathers of very low birthweight infants admitted at University Hospital of USP. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed through content analysis. The theoretical coordinates that supported analysis were the Winnicotts theories add contributions from other authors, whose theoretical elaborations were considered relevant for discussion. Were identified emotional reactions linked to early interruption of pregnancy, to relationships with child, with health team and parental couples relationship. Fear, apprehension, estrangement, feelings of incompleteness, unreality and helplessness, need support, personal transformation and marital bonds composed the singular emotional reactions of each parental couple. Some of these reactions proved to be favoring and other cause difficulties of transition to parenthood. In This study, the difficulties experienced by parents were not a obstacle to building a secure and healthy bond with their children. But, these difficulties highlight the need for parents to receive specialized care of mental health professionals, as well as, comprehensive care of the health team during hospitalization, pregnancy and after discharge

Background and Aims: The importance of the involvement of parents in treatment approaches for Children and Young People (CYP) who have engaged in Harmful Sexual Behaviour (HSB) has been consistently highlighted within the literature. Given that HSB arises in a family context, parents are considered key agents for change where CYP remain in their care. Professionals may work with them as a means of improving the CYP's therapeutic outcomes. Despite this, little is known about their personal lived experiences and representations of meaning, which remain largely unexplored. The current study aimed to address this gap and gain a rich understanding of the experiences of parents, from their own perspective. Methodology: Semi-structured interviews were used with six biological parents who were recruited via purposive sampling from a specialist service working with CYP who have engaged in HSB and their families. During interviews, four broad areas of interest were explored: the personal psychological impact of their child engaging in HSB; the impact on the parent-child relationship; wider familial and community responses; and parental coping. Interviews were audio-recorded and their verbatim transcripts analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Findings and Conclusions: The analysis produced four main themes; 'A devastated and overwhelmed life'; 'Threatened and trying to feel safer'; 'A challenged relationship with son'; and 'Space for hope in the face of hopelessness?'. It was highlighted that parents' experiences and meaning-making appeared intimately woven with a complex web of powerful relational and socially constructed factors. The research outcomes provide valuable insights for professionals working with young people who have engaged in HSB and their families. In learning more about what it is like to be the parent of a CYP who has engaged in HSB, it is hoped that professionals will have a richer framework from which to provide support to both the parent and to their child. Implications for clinical practice, the strengths and limitations of the methodology and directions for future research are discussed.

Since the government commissioned the Crossing Bridges programme in 1998 (Falcov, 1998) and through legislation and a number of government policies and initiatives since, there has been emphasis on addressing the needs of families where there are parental mental health problems. Furthermore, there is a fast-growing body of research pointing to the needs of these families. However, service structures, development and provision have lagged behind. Most often parents with mental health difficulties have access to services addressing their individual mental health needs while their needs as parents and the needs of their children remain largely invisible. One such need that has been highlighted repeatedly in the literature is the need for children to have information about and make sense of their parent’s mental health difficulties. Given the lack of services to respond to this need, it is most often left to the parent to make decisions about and respond to their child’s search for understanding. This study is a qualitative study that explores parents’ experiences of decision-making and responding to this need, and the social processes and dominant discourses that impact on these experiences. Fifteen parents with mental health difficulties were interviewed, using semi-structured individual interviews, which were transcribed, and interpretive Grounded Theory was employed to analyse and interpret the data. The grounded theory that was constructed suggest two main social processes that impact on parents’ talking with their children about parental mental health issues. Firstly, within a relational context, parents were Negotiating mutuality between themselves and their children. Secondly, within an identity context, parents had to navigate Holding on to self, holding on to life. These social processes indicate that both parents’ relationships with their children and also their own sense of themselves within the context of their mental distress powerfully shape telling, talking and keeping silent. Implications of these findings both in relation to clinical interventions and future research are considered. In particular, the importance of positioning the parent as active role-player in the healing of their child, and positioning the child as active role-payer in their own meaning-making, are highlighted. Furthermore, developing ‘double-stories’ beyond the mental health story and beyond ‘information’ is emphasised and the importance of a sense of continuity of self and identity over time for parent and child is accentuated. Finally, the importance of allowing for complex and ever-evolving understandings of mental distress is indicated, and the role of both talking and remaining silent in this process is stressed.

Research has shown that parents of children with autism report higher stress than parents of children with other developmental disabilities. It has been suggested that parent training programs, specifically naturalistic social-communication training, can reduce parental stress and enhance the quality of the parent-child relationship. Although the development of a multilevel assessment has been suggested, much of the research in this area has relied on measures of parent implementation fidelity and specific child target skills such as vocal communication, eye contact, and joint attention. Few have directly measured the parent-child interaction. The purpose of the current study is to examine the effects of an in-home parent training package for toddlers with autism on parent-child social interactions. Within this package, parents are taught to attend to contextual variables, to arrange the environment to set the occasion for child responding, to respond immediately to targeted child approximations, and to respond in ways that are mutually reinforcing, social, and fun. Data were collected during 5-min video-taped assessments, on the number of parent teaching episodes, child target skills (turn taking and social attending), engagement, and synchronous engagement. Results were evaluated in a multiple baseline design across two parent-child dyads and indicated increases in all measures. This study contributes to the current discussion on toddler parent-training programs and extends it in a way that highlights the benefits of using a multi-level assessment to measure the parent-child interaction.

There have been numerous investigations seeking to quantify the experience of parents raising adolescents of autism, but remarkably few have looked at the total experience qualitatively, as reported by parents. The present study was conducted along with a larger study for adolescents with autism participating in the PEERS® social skills group intervention, which includes simultaneous parent sessions. This study analyzed comments made in the parent group, identifying the issues parents reported spontaneously through a qualitative analysis of 12 unstructured hour-long sessions including parents (n = 16) and graduate student clinicians. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the meaning and experiences of these parents to gain increased understanding about the needs of both parents and adolescents with autism. Themes resulting from the hermeneutic analysis of these videos focused on the adolescents and their "spark," a term coined by the parents denoting the unique strengths of their children, the values they share with the family, the impact of autism on the family, lack of self-awareness, being included and finding "one good friend." There was also a strong theme of the parents seeking support from one another. Finally, the parents spoke often of planning for/hoping for the future and what it may bring for their adolescent with autism. These themes can help describe the challenges/successes of parenting an adolescent with autism. This study provides some direction for further research to inform supports for parents whose children are approaching or are in the midst of adolescence with autism. Some other findings in our study were that parents are very concerned about acceptance of family values by their adolescent. Future studies can explore further what parents' needs are and how clinicians can help them.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in parent-child interactions when they played the same numeracy-related game using two formats, a technology-based electronic format and a non-technology traditional board format. It aimed at unpacking the game format effect on parent-child interactions in early home numeracy activities. A mixed-method study with an embedded design was conducted to approach the research questions. In the repeated-measures experiment, 39 parent-preschooler dyads played the same numeracy-related game – The Game of the Goose – using both an electronic format and a board format. The videos of all the play sessions were the data source. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. The quantitative analysis was the primary focus. The videos of parent-child play were coded using two pre-determined coding schemes, Parental Scaffolding Behavior and Mathematical Talk. Two repeated-measures multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) were conducted respectively for each coding scheme. The qualitative analysis of the 30% selected dyads played a supportive role to further explore the similarities and nuanced differences in parents’ performance of each coded scaffolding behavior across the two formats. The MANOVA for Parental Scaffolding Behaviors showed that the game format had a significant effect on seven of the twelve coded behaviors. The frequencies of Affirmation/Encouragement, Explanation, Inquiry, Re-representation, Modeling, Correction/Disaffirmation, and Physical Control were significantly higher in the board game condition compared in the electronic game condition. The MANOVA for Mathematical Talk revealed an interaction between the game format and the player on Naming Numbers. Both parents and children engaged in more statements about naming numbers in the board condition compared to the electronic condition, but the difference across the two game formats was bigger for parents than for children. In terms of the main effect of game format, the frequencies of Counting, Using Spatial Words and Estimating were significantly higher in the board game condition compared to the electronic game condition. Themes from qualitative analysis revealed parents’ different roles when using the two game formats, as well as the affordances of each format and their influence on parental scaffold behaviors. Interpretations of the results and findings about the game format effect were provided through the lens of sociocultural perspectives and affordances. This study enlarged the understanding of parent-child interaction in early numeracy activities. The findings offered implications for how to help preschoolers develop early numerical skills using different tools and how to design effective learning products for early numeracy using the features of different formats.

Cette étude se propose de créer un outil de mesure de l'attachement, sur la base d'une complétion d'histoires à partir d'un support photographique : le CHEAP (Complétions d'Histoires pour Évaluation de l'Attachement avec Photos). Ce test, adapté aux personnes porteuses de déficience intellectuelle, requiert peu de capacités d'abstraction et sa durée de passation est courte. Un modèle de réponse à l'item (PCM ; Wright & Masters, 1982) a de plus permis d'obtenir une procédure de cotation simple d'utilisation et rapide. Cet instrument possède également de bonnes propriétés sychométriques. Dans un deuxième temps, le CHEAP a permis de conclure que les adolescents porteurs de Trisomie 21(N=26) et les enfants contrôles (N=27) présenteraient des représentations d'attachement moins sécures que les adolescents témoins (N=64). Par ailleurs, l'étude a permis de mettre en évidence que les adolescents porteurs de T21 ontdavantage de difficultés aux épreuves d'efficience intellectuelle et de vocabulaire et que le nombre de comportements difficiles rapporté par leurs parents est plus élevé que pour les autres groupes (N=96 pour les mères, N=61 pour les pères, pour les trois groupes réunis). En revanche leurs parents ressentent autant d'émotions positives envers leurenfant que ceux des autres groupes, ne sont pas plus stressés que les parents d'adolescents contrôles et présentent les mêmes patterns d'attachement que dans les autres groupes. Ensuite, une analyse de la covariance a montré qu'un des facteurs impliqué dans l'insécurité d'attachement est l'efficience intellectuelle. D'autre part, plus la séparation d'avec les parents à la naissance a été longue, plus grande est la sécurité d'attachement, ce qui témoigne d'une certaine forme de résilience. Finalement, le Reaction to Diagnosis Interview (Marvin & Pianta, 1996) a été utilisé pour la première fois en français lors d'entretiens avec les parents des adolescents porteurs de Trisomie 21, suite à quoi des pistes concernant l'annonce du diagnostic ont été proposées. / This study aims at creating a new tool for assessment of attachment based on a story completion task and photographs: the CHEAP (story completion for assessment of attachment with photos). This test is designed for people with intellectual disabilities, as it requires few abstraction abilities and little time. A simple and fast scoring procedure was made available with the help of an item response theory model (PCM; Wright & Masters, 1982). This instrument also showed goodpsychometric properties. As a second step, using the CHEAP led to the conclusion that teenagers living with Down dyndrome (N=26) and children from the control group (N=27) were more at risk of having insecure representations of attachment than control adolescents (N=64). This study also demonstrated that teenagers with Down Syndrome had more difficulties when they were taking intellectual ability and vocabulary tests and that the number of challenging behaviours reported by their parents was higher than in other groups (N=96 for mothers, N=61 fathers, for three groups altogether). On the other hand, their parents have as mamy positive feelings towards their children as parents of other groups, show the same level of stress as parents of control adolescents, and have the same patterns of attachment as parents from othergroups. Next, a covariance analysis was conducted: having an intellectual disability is one of the factors implicated in insecurity of attachment. Furthermore, the longer children were separated from their parents after birth, the more secure theyare later, which could be a proof of a certain resiliency. Finally, the Reaction to Diagnosis Interview (Marvin & Pianta, 1996) was proposed for the first time in the French language to parents of teenagers with Down Syndrome. This offered suggestions for possible improvements regarding announcement of the diagnosis.

No description available.