abstract: ABSTRACT Two qualitative studies described the effects of parent's participation in the music therapy session on parent-child interaction during home-based musical experiences learned in music therapy session. Home-based musical play was based on two current programs: Sing & Grow (Abad & Williams, 2007; Nicolson, 2008 Abad, 2011; Williams, et al; 2012) and Musical Connection Programme(Warren & Nugent, 2010). The researcher utilized the core elements of these programs, such as session structures and parenting strategies for improving parent-child interaction during music therapy interventions. Several questions emerged as a result of these case studies as follows 1) does parent's participation affect parent-child interaction during music therapy interventions 2) does musical parenting strategies promote parent-child interaction while practicing musical play at home 3) does parent's interaction increase when they practice parental strategies listed on parent's self-check list. Music therapy session was provided once per week during an eight week period. The participants were referred by Arizona State University (ASU) music therapy clinic. Sessions took place either in the ASU music therapy treatment room or the participant's home. There were four participants- one diagnosed with Down syndrome and the other with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and two parents or caregivers (each subject was counted as one participant). The parent/caregiver filled out the parental self-checklist 3-4 times per week and the survey after the end of the program. The case study materials were gathered through with parent/caregiver. The case studies revealed that all of the parents responded that the parent's participation in music therapy helped to improve their interactions with their child. Furthermore, all parents became more responsive in interacting with their child through musical play, such as sing-a-long and movements. Second, musical parenting strategies encouraged parent-child interaction when practicing musical play at home. Third, the parent's self-checklist was shown to be effective material for increasing positive parent-child interaction. The self-checklist reminded the parents to practice using strategies in order to promote interaction with their child. Overall, it was found that the parent's participation in home-based musical play increased parent-child interaction and the musical parenting strategies enhanced parent-child interaction. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.M. Music Therapy 2013

M.Ed. / A few pupils attending schools for extraordinary education have been diagnosed as children with Asperger 'syndrome. The change in diagnostic criteria in the DSM-IV and accompanying redefining of Asperger syndrome brought about an increase in diagnosing as well as a greater awareness of this syndrome. The most important characteristic of Asperger syndrome is the serious and continuous effect it has on the child's social interaction. This syndrome affects the whole functioning of the child and these children demand much more of their educators. There is, however, no clarity concerning the specific problems the parents of children with Aspergersyndrome encounter and educational psychologists are not sure to what extent the parents of these children are in need of guidance in the handling of their children's educational and developmental problems. Because of the above-mentioned uncertainties the following research questions are asked: How do parents of children with Asperger syndrome experience their children's dysfunctional social dynamics? What guidelines can be given to the educational psychologist when advising parents on how to handle their children with Asperger syndrome? By means of a literary study the educational situation of the child with Asperger syndrome is explored first. The diagnosing, typical symptoms and associated characteristics of these children, educational involvement with these children and parental guidance from an educational psychological perspective, is mentioned. The research done in this study is qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual and aims to bring about insight and understanding in the experience and needs of parents with children who have Asperger syndrome. The research method used, was the interviewing of parents of children with Asperger syndrome and the data received was analysed by means of an inductive and descriptive method of analysis. Four themes were determined: (1) the parents' experience of the social disfunction of their children with Asperger syndrome, (2) the influence that a child with Asperger syndrome has on relationships inside and outside the nuclear family, (3) the more complicated and demanding educational involvement of a parent of a child with Asperger syndrome and (4) the need for and realization of parental support and guidance of parents of children with Asperger syndrome. A number of guidelines, based on the themes identified by the analysis of the data have been developed for educational psychologists in their guidance of these parents. To conclude - research has indicated that the educational psychologist guiding the parents of children with Asperger syndrome ought to, have the necessary therapeutic skills, be a knowledgable specialist in the field of Asperger syndrome (and pervasive developmental disorders), be objective and professional and have the required knowledge and skills concerning teacher-guidance and group-leadership. It has also been established that parents of children with Asperger syndrome don't always have the educational skills to comply with their child's special needs and thus, in need off parental guidance. The parents, however, find themselves in an unique family unit which results in the fact that parental guidance cannot be prescribed in an encompassing model but has to be adapted to the practical- and emotional needs of each individual family unit.

The aim of this study was to describe maternal self-efficacy beliefs within the parenting domain and maternal rating of pre-school child’s language abilities, where the child has a communication disability. The association between these two constructs was also investigated. Twenty-five Mothers completed a questionnaire consisting of two subsections: parental self-efficacy and maternal rating of child language ability. The results revealed that mothers generally had high self-efficacy beliefs within certain parenting roles, in spite of the fact that their child has a communication disability. The lowest competence was reported in discipline and teaching roles. In addition, mothers’ reports of patterns of child ability correlated with what has been written in the literature. Correlation statistics generally revealed weak association between the constructs, with the strongest association between the parental domain of discipline and maternal reports of their child’s receptive language abilities. Possible reasons suggested for the weak correlation values include the presence of a disability, which may alter the factors that contribute to the way parents construct and maintain self-efficacy beliefs; as well as the fact that the two sections of the questionnaire measure maternal appraisals at two very different levels (objective observations and evaluative self-regulatory processes). Suggestions for further research are provided. / Dissertation (M (Augmentative and Alternative Communication))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication / unrestricted

The current study examined the parenting beliefs and practices of Taiwanese, Chinese immigrant (all first-generation immigrants in the UK) and English mothers, and the compliance of their young children (aged 5–7), in order to elucidate the effects of child temperament, culture and acculturation strategies on reported parenting beliefs and practices, observed parental behaviour, child behaviour, mother–child interaction dynamics and children’s compliance. The data were collected from a total of 90 families with 5- to 7-year-old children in Taiwan and the UK. Child temperament, parenting beliefs and practices and acculturation were assessed using questionnaires, and parental behaviour, child behaviour, dyadic interaction dynamics and child compliance were assessed using observation in two tasks (Etch-A-Sketch and clean-up). Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with the Chinese immigrant parents to gather more information regarding their acculturation and parenting. Cultural differences were found between groups in reported as well as observed parenting and children’s compliance. The Taiwanese mothers reported greater use of Chinese-specific parenting and physical coercion and were observed to use more (gentle and assertive) physical intervention than both the Chinese immigrant and English mothers. The Chinese immigrant mothers reported a higher degree of child autonomy than the Taiwanese and English mothers, and also reported cultivation of their children’s independence. The stronger the Chinese immigrant mothers' affiliation with Chinese culture, the more they reported adopting the Chinese-specific parenting style; the longer they had been in the UK, the less they reported authoritarian parenting. The English mothers were rated as more responsive and less negatively controlling than the Chinese immigrant mothers; they also showed more positive affect than both the Chinese immigrant and Taiwanese mothers. There were few cultural differences between groups in the children’s behaviour, although Taiwanese children showed more situational compliance than Chinese immigrant children. Further regression analyses showed that child characteristics, such as child age and temperament, affected the parents’ and children’s behaviour as well as dyadic interactional dynamics. Committed compliance, situational compliance and opposition were associated with different predictors, suggesting that they are qualitatively different and are associated with different developmental processes. Committed compliance may develop as children grow older, mediated by surgency; situational compliance, on the other hand, was associated with authoritarian parenting and mothers’ use of negative control, which varied by culture. Child opposition was predicted by neither child characteristics nor parenting. These findings provide valuable insights into parenting and children’s compliance in different cultural contexts. The results underscore the importance of looking at human development from a holistic perspective. The active role that children play in shaping their developmental process, their parents’ parenting and the culture they live in should all be taken into account when attempting to understand their development.

M.Ed. / This study investigates parents' conception of their children who have been diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). The view being to describe and explain their conception and to lay down principles for the implementation of parental guidance. The rationale for this study is derived from the researcher's experiences that parents' emotions, experiences and points of view are seldom taken into account in the multidisciplinary intervention process regarding children with AD/HD. Parents are the primary educators of their children, therefore it is important to involve the parents in the intervention process. For the involvement to be of optimal value, therapists need to have an understanding of the conceptions of these parents regarding children with AD/HD. Therapists who know where the parents are, and what their emotions and experiences are, find themselves in a better position to provide relevant parental guidance in an empathetic manner. This study presents a framework of theory in which AD/HD is clearly explicated. The experiences and needs of parents of children with AD/HD and the role of parental guidance is discussed. The focus then shifts to therapy and parental guidance from a constructivistic perspective. In the constructivistic view the therapist is the facilitator of change and this has implications for the goal of therapy and the therapeutic relationship. Parental guidance from a constructivistic perspective is recommended as an alternative way of involving parents (with their emotions, experiences and conceptions) in the process of helping children with AD/HD. The framework of theory is followed by a chapter on the design of the research, substantiating the choice of format and methods of data collection and analysis. The data is reported in the final chapter. Examples of raw data from transcriptions and sketches are presented. Finally, the consolidated data is interpreted. The most significant findings of this study are that parents of children with AD/HD experience their educational task as problematic, that these parents don't receive any form of (structured) parental guidance and/or support and that they experience a great need for the latter. iv This study proposes that a parental guidance program should be implemented in order to meet the needs of the parents of children with AD/HD and to provide them with the necessary support. Five implications for the implementation of such a program are discussed. The study concludes with the thought that children with AD/HD who live in a happy and supportive family unit, have a far better chance to reach their full potential and to be successful in life than those who don't. It is therefore important to assist parents in the provision of such an environment.

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with negative outcomes in adulthood, including difficulty in relationships. Research has posited CSA may lead to insecure attachment in survivors, which may be the vehicle by which dysfunctional parent-child relationships develop. The purpose of the proposed study was to examine differences in parenting outcomes between CSA and non-CSA mothers utilizing both observational and self-report methods and to examine the unique impact of CSA on parenting attitudes. Abuse status was determined by scores on the Sexual Abuse subscale of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), with the CSA group comprised of mothers scoring in the moderate to severe range. Mothers self-reported parenting attitudes on the Parent-Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire/Control (P-PARQ/Control) and the Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory-2 (AAPI-2), while parental depression was assessed with the revised Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-2). Parenting behaviors were observed by coding the Parent-Child Interaction Assessment (PCIA). Hypotheses were not supported until child gender was considered as a third variable. Results of MANCOVA analyses indicated CSA mothers, but not comparison mothers, exhibited significantly poorer limit-setting skills (h² = .21) with male children compared to female children, but did not self-report these differences. Although not statistically significant, small but potentially meaningful effect sizes were found when the self-reports of CSA mothers were compared to their observed behaviors. Specifically, CSA mothers displayed increased levels of physical nurturance (h² = .11) and role reversal (h² = .08) with male children compared to female children, but again, did not self-report these differences. Finally, CSA mothers, but not comparison mothers tended to self-report greater beliefs in corporal punishment with male children compared to females (h² = .08). Secondary findings revealed parental depression was the only unique predictor of parental nurturance, attitude toward corporal punishment, and role reversal. Findings confirm the importance of third variables, including child gender and parental depression. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed, as well as limitations and future research directions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate parental influence on treatment progression in children with feeding disorders. Children diagnosed with a feeding disorder were recruited with their parents at the Children's House at Baylor (N=22; 11 boys, 11 girls). Caloric intake was recorded daily as outcome measures of treatment progression. It was hypothesized that the initial parental participation would delay the child's progress as measured by caloric intake. Patient's average caloric intake (measured in grams) for 3 days prior to parents entering the room was compared to the average caloric intake measured for 3 days after the parents entered the room. A paired t-test was performed on the averaged caloric intake three days pre and post-parental presence, yielding significant results: t(21) = 3.17, p = .005. Caloric intake was greater prior to parent involvement (M = 811.17) as compared to after the parent entered the room (M = 704.88).

This quasi-experimental study examined the effects of child-parent relationship therapy (CPRT) with low income first generation immigrant Hispanic parents. Forty-eight parents were randomly assigned by school site to the experimental group (n=24) and to the no treatment control group (n=24). A two factor (Time x Group) repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to examine the effects of group membership (experimental, control) and time (pretest, posttest) on each of the six hypotheses. Dependent variables for the Spanish version of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) included Externalizing Problems, Internalizing Problems, and Total Problems. Dependent variables for the Spanish version of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) included Child Domain, Parent Domain, and Total Stress. Results indicated that from pre-test to post-test, parents who participated in the CPRT treatment group reported a statistically significant improvement on their children's behaviors at the alpha .025 level (Internalizing Problems p< .001; Externalizing Problems p< .001; Total Problems p<.001) when compared to children whose parents did not participate in CPRT. Partial eta squared (ηp2) further indicated that the effects of CPRT treatment on the experimental group compared to the control group from pre-test to post-test was large (ηp2 = .56; ηp2 = .59; and ηp2 = .68, respectively). Similarly, results indicated that from pre-test to post-test, parents who participated in the CPRT treatment group reported a statistically significant improvement on parent-child relationship stress at the alpha .025 level (Child Domain p< .001; Parent Domain p< .001; Total Stress p< .001) when compared to parents who did not participate in CPRT. Partial eta squared (ηp2) further indicated that the effects of CPRT treatment on the experimental group compared to the control group from pre-test to post-test was large (ηp2 = .39; ηp2 = .51; and ηp2 = .42, respectively).

Introduction: Implementing low-intensity interventions, such as group-based parent education and training (PET), is a cost and time effective way of providing early intervention for families and their children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Relatively little empirical research demonstrates the effectiveness of parent education and training in this context. Methods: The study aimed to develop and pilot a group-based parent education and training (PET) programme (COMPAS) and determine its appropriateness and acceptability. Secondly, it aimed to investigate the clinical effectiveness of the programme to improve the communication interaction skills and self-efficacy beliefs of parents of young children with autism. The study followed an exploratory sequential mixed methods research design and used the Replicating Effective Programs (REP) framework. Sixty-one participants took part in the study which consisted of 3 phases. In phase one we developed the programme and teaching materials and activities. In the pre-implementation phase, we collected qualitative and quantitative data via questionnaires from two stakeholder groups (25 parents and 5 autism experts). In the implementation phase, we used a single group pre-test post-test design with 31 parents of children with autism to determine changes in parent-child interaction and parenting self-efficacy. The primary outcome of the implementation phase, parent-child interaction, was measured using the Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO), and the secondary outcome, parenting self-efficacy, was measured using the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) and the Parenting Self-Efficacy Measuring Instrument (P-SEMI). Results: In the pre-implementation phase, a panel of experts agreed the training content was comprehensive and relevant, and that the manual was user-friendly. After the pilot study parents felt confident that they could use at least one of the strategies taught during everyday routines or play with their child. Results from the implementation phase indicated significant improvement in parenting interactions (p < .05, d = 1.26) and self-efficacy (p < .05, d = 0.35) after the training. Conclusion: We developed and piloted a training programme in a LMIC setting which resulted in increased interaction skills and self-efficacy for parents of young children with autism. This study indicates that brief, group parent education and training in a LMIC is feasible and can be effective in improving parenting skills and feelings of competence.

付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第22151号 / 社医博第99号 / 新制||社医||10(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 古川 壽亮, 教授 森田 智視, 教授 村井 俊哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM