Thesis (M.Ed. (Educational Psychology))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Education, 1998.

There is a growing interest in studying the influence of parental involvement on student achievement, as well as factors that influence parents' choices in being involved in their children's education. This study examined the relationships among socioeconomic status, parental involvement, and students' mathematics achievement in Jordan and the United States. It also investigated the reasons that motivate parental involvement in both Jordan and the United States. For data collection, a four-section instrument was distributed to parents/guardians of students in grades four, five, and six from Jordan and the United States in order to collect demographic information, socioeconomic status, parental involvement levels, mathematics achievement, and qualitative data about the nature of parental involvement and parents' reasons for being involved in their children's mathematical education. The study revealed no relationship between socioeconomic status and parental involvement in Jordan. In the United States, however, the study revealed a positive relationship between socio-economic status and parental involvement at home; only parents' education level had a statistically significant relationship with parental involvement at school. The study further revealed a positive relationship between parental involvement at home (PIH) and students' mathematics achievement (SMA) in both Jordan and the United States. Also, a positive relationship between parental involvement at school (PISC) and students' mathematics achievement (SMA) was observed in the Jordan sample. However, no relationship between PISC and SMA was found in the United States sample. Also, the findings revealed a positive correlation between SES and SMA for the United States sample. However, in the Jordan sample, a positive relationship existed between family income and SMA, and parents' education level and SMA, while no relationship was found between parents' employment status and SMA. Furthermore, the findings revealed a significant difference only between the correlation coefficients of PIH and SMA between Jordan and the United States. The findings of the qualitative data analysis did not particularly support the quantitative findings, but they did provide a clear understanding of parents' diverse reasons for why they chose to be involved in their children's education, such as social and economic gains for their children. It also showed what parents believed affected or influenced their ability or choices with regard to being involved in their children's education. In light of the findings, a number of recommendations were given for further research and practice, specifically with regard to curriculum development and the design of parent-school communication programs.

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Parental involvement in children’s education has been a topic for discussion among educators and researchers for decades worldwide. Studies have shown the positive relationships between parental involvement and children’s education outcome. Yet, there is a gap between what is found in theory and what is practiced in schools. This project investigates the role that teachers can play in the integration and involvement of parents with culturally, linguistically and economically diverse families in the education of their children with a particular focus on immigrant parents. Furthermore, it highlights challenges faced by both teachers and parents regarding parents’ involvement in their children’s education. This research focuses upon a local school in Malmö. It is a qualitative study which explores parental involvement from the teachers’ perspective through semi-structured interviews with three teachers who work in an elementary school in Malmö city. The findings of this project highlighted the complexity within the relationships between parents and their children’s education, both at home, and as well as in connection with school. It has been found that the teachers understand the position of the parents through a deficit theory, which is to place the blame for children’s failure in school on their homes and families. Reasons for this includes parents’ attitudes and approaches to school, parents’ expectations that the school should deal with issues regarding students’ learning, differences in school systems between Sweden and the parents’ home country.

The present study explores the origins of fear of intimacy, specifically assessing parental involvement and attachment style. Correlations between each variable were analyzed and a mediation model was explored as well. Participants in this study (N = 372; mean age = 25.78; 86% female) completed scales to measure parental care, parental overprotection, attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, and fear of intimacy. Data was analyzed to reveal correlational results that support the hypotheses. Negative correlations were found between parental care and attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, and fear of intimacy. Parental overprotection was positively correlated with attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, and fear of intimacy. Both attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety were positively correlated with fear of intimacy. Additionally, a mediation model assessed the extent to which attachment mediated the relationship between parenting and fear of intimacy. Attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety were both found to be partial mediators in this relationship; however, avoidance did not mediate when parental overprotection was considered the independent variable. These results link childhood experiences and adult relationships in a way that brings new light to the importance of parenting and attachment in shaping adult experiences. Results also make way for personal, clinical, and professional applications in the fields of education, parenting, and mental health.

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