L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier la régulation émotionnelle et l’empathie de l’enfant comme processus par l’entremise desquels le rejet parental est associé aux difficultés de l’enfant sur les plans émotionnel, comportemental et relationnel. La régulation émotionnelle semble expliquer le lien entre le souvenir de maltraitance psychologique à l’enfance et les actes agressifs à l’âge adulte (Allen, 2011; Crawford & Wright, 2007). Par ailleurs, aucune recherche n’a étudié le rôle de la régulation émotionnelle pour expliquer le lien entre la maltraitance psychologique et les difficultés telles que vécues à l’enfance. Le rejet parental est lié à des déficits au niveau de l’empathie (Hower & Edwards, 1979; Kim & Rohner, 2003) et ces déficits semblent associés aux difficultés chez l’enfant (N. D. Feshbach & Feshbach, 1969; Miller & Eisenberg, 1988), ce qui laisse croire que l’empathie pourrait aussi être un médiateur du lien entre le rejet parental et les difficultés des enfants. Les données proviennent d’un échantillon de 103 dyades mère-enfant (49 garçons et 54 filles âgés de 6 à 13 ans) recrutées dans trois écoles primaires et issues de familles majoritairement francophones (75,8%). Les enfants et leurs parents ont rempli des questionnaires de type papier-crayon afin de documenter le rejet et l’acceptation maternelle perçus par l’enfant, la régulation émotionnelle, l’empathie, les comportements et les difficultés de l’enfant. Un modèle médiateur impliquant trois équations de régression suivant la procédure de Baron et Kenny (1986) a révélé qu’en contrôlant pour le niveau scolaire de l’enfant, seule la régulation émotionnelle expliquait significativement les difficultés de l’enfant (β = -.32, p < .01) et agissait ainsi en tant que médiateur de l’effet préalablement observé entre le rejet maternel et les difficultés de l’enfant. L’effet de médiation a été confirmé par un test de Sobel (Z = 2.40, p < .05) et une analyse utilisant une méthode de ré-échantillonnage (bootstrap (Preacher & Hayes, 2008)) (effet de médiation = .06 [SE = .03], 95% IC = .02 à .13), ce qui soutient l’hypothèse de départ en ce qui concerne la régulation émotionnelle. Le modèle incluant l’empathie de l’enfant n’a pu être testé étant donné des corrélations bivariées non significatives entre l’empathie de l’enfant et ses difficultés. Des études ultérieures incluant un plus grand échantillon et utilisant une mesure plus concrète de l’empathie de l’enfant sont nécessaires. / The purpose of this study was to investigate children’s emotional regulation and empathy as mediators of the relationship between children’s emotional, behavioral and social impairments. Emotional regulation has been used to explain the link between children’s memory of psychological maltreatment and acts of aggression in the adulthood (Allen, 2011; Crawford & Wright, 2007). Moreover, no research project has explored emotional regulation as a potential mediator of the relationship between psychological abuse and the difficulties that the child is struggling with. Parental rejection is also related to empathic impairments (Hower & Edwards, 1979; Kim & Rohner, 2003) and these impairments seem to be associated with children’s aggressive and antisocial behaviors (N. D. Feshbach & Feshbach, 1969; Miller & Eisenberg, 1988), suggesting that empathy could potentially be a mediator of the association between parental rejection and children’s impairments. Our sample consists of one hundred and three mother-child dyads (49 boys and 54 girls, aged between 6 and 13 years) attending three elementary schools and coming from french-speaking families (75,8%). Children and parents have completed paper-pencil questionnaires, which aimed at evaluating maternal acceptance/rejection as seen by the child, the child’s emotionnal regulation, empathy, behaviours and difficulties. A mediator model including three regressional analyses following Baron and Kenny’s procedure (1986) revealed that while controlling for the child’s school degree, only emotional regulation remains as a significant predictor of its difficulties (β = -.32, p < .01), and was a mediator of the effect previously observed between maternal rejection and children’s difficulties. Sobel’s test (Z = 2.40, p < .05) and a bootstrap analysis (Preacher & Hayes, 2008) (mediation = .06 [SE = .03], 95% IC = .02 à .13) confirmed the mediational effect thereby supporting the hypothesis concerning emotion regulation. The mediation model including children’s empathy couldn’t be tested because of insignificant bivariate correlations between the child’s empathy and his or her difficulties. Future research including a larger sample and using a measure of empathy suitable for young children is needed.

by So Yuk Chi, Cheryl. / Includes questionaire in Chinese. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-67). / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Depression in Children and Adolescents --- p.3 / Family Characteristics and Adolescent Depressive Symptomatology --- p.5 / Self-concept and Adolescent Depressive Symptomatology --- p.7 / Relationship between Antisocial Behavior and Depressive Symptoms during Childhood and Adolescence --- p.9 / Purpose of the Study --- p.16 / Chapter II. --- METHODS --- p.19 / Participants --- p.19 / Measures --- p.19 / Procedure --- p.25 / Data Analyses --- p.26 / Chapter III. --- RESULTS --- p.28 / Preliminary Analyses --- p.28 / Primary Research Analyses --- p.34 / Chapter IV. --- DISCUSSION --- p.43 / Alternatives Explanations for the Relationship between Antisocial Behavior and Depressive Symptoms --- p.43 / Self-Concept and Antisocial Behavior --- p.47 / Study Limitation --- p.49 / Conclusion --- p.51 / REFERENCES --- p.53 / APPENDIX --- p.68

The purpose of this study was to show the effect of creativity on adults as a means of coming to terms with parental rejection experienced in childhood. The study was done according to a practical theological interpretation of the three-phase hermeneutical model of Ricoeur, namely: ? understanding according to Scriptural perspectives (basis-theoretical), as well as on a metatheoretical level by means of a literature study; ? interpreting by means of an empirical research in the form of interviews with respondents; ? change by means of practical theoretical guidelines for the creative adult who processed parental rejection experienced in childhood by the pursuing of person-directed creativity. Understanding on the basis-theoretical level showed the following: With the fall in paradise, man rejected God and tried to fulfil his / her own needs independently. The arts were also contaminated and artists moved away from God, the Creator and Source of their creativity, to pursue their art in a self-centred and arrogant way. Creativity is being used with wrong motives as a method of selfhealing to process unresolved pain from the past. The honour which God deserves is lost and without Him mankind, as well as art, deteriorates. Art does show therapeutic value if it is directed towards God, but otherwise the success is temporary and superficial. The literature study of ten well known creative individuals showed that the therapeutic effect of the pursuit of creativity to process parental rejection in childhood, failed sadly and ended in disillusionment for all of them. Their lives were a continuous search for healing and wholeness, as well as peace, meaning and happiness, whereas their personal relationships were destructive and / or broken and unhappy. The empirical research with creative adults who experienced parental rejection in childhood, and used their creativity as a means of processing it, provided an explanation for the effect of this on these creative adults. Their creativity was directed at the self instead of at God and failed to process the hurt of childhood, as well as bringing about inner peace for a healthy relationship with God, the self and others, especially loved ones.. To effect change, practical theoretical guidelines were established to guide the creative man or woman, who experienced parental rejection in childhood, by the use of their creative medium, to embark on the road to recovery and healing with God?s help. The main goal of the practical guidelines is bringing redemption to the creative person through Jesus Christ so that he / she will use his or her creativity in future to honour and praise God, as well as to serve the fellowman. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The purpose of this study was to show the effect of creativity on adults as a means of coming to terms with parental rejection experienced in childhood. The study was done according to a practical theological interpretation of the three-phase hermeneutical model of Ricoeur, namely: ? understanding according to Scriptural perspectives (basis-theoretical), as well as on a metatheoretical level by means of a literature study; ? interpreting by means of an empirical research in the form of interviews with respondents; ? change by means of practical theoretical guidelines for the creative adult who processed parental rejection experienced in childhood by the pursuing of person-directed creativity. Understanding on the basis-theoretical level showed the following: With the fall in paradise, man rejected God and tried to fulfil his / her own needs independently. The arts were also contaminated and artists moved away from God, the Creator and Source of their creativity, to pursue their art in a self-centred and arrogant way. Creativity is being used with wrong motives as a method of selfhealing to process unresolved pain from the past. The honour which God deserves is lost and without Him mankind, as well as art, deteriorates. Art does show therapeutic value if it is directed towards God, but otherwise the success is temporary and superficial. The literature study of ten well known creative individuals showed that the therapeutic effect of the pursuit of creativity to process parental rejection in childhood, failed sadly and ended in disillusionment for all of them. Their lives were a continuous search for healing and wholeness, as well as peace, meaning and happiness, whereas their personal relationships were destructive and / or broken and unhappy. The empirical research with creative adults who experienced parental rejection in childhood, and used their creativity as a means of processing it, provided an explanation for the effect of this on these creative adults. Their creativity was directed at the self instead of at God and failed to process the hurt of childhood, as well as bringing about inner peace for a healthy relationship with God, the self and others, especially loved ones.. To effect change, practical theoretical guidelines were established to guide the creative man or woman, who experienced parental rejection in childhood, by the use of their creative medium, to embark on the road to recovery and healing with God?s help. The main goal of the practical guidelines is bringing redemption to the creative person through Jesus Christ so that he / she will use his or her creativity in future to honour and praise God, as well as to serve the fellowman. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Previous research indicates that gay men‟s relationships with their mothers are generally more warm, supportive, and emotional than their relationships with their fathers, and that fathers are less likely to be told, less likely to be told first, and more likely to react negatively to disclosure than mothers would. Most of these findings are derived from asking sons to report on their parental relationships. As such, very little is known about the nature of the father-son relationship before, during, and after disclosure, from the father‟s perspective. The aim of this thesis, therefore, is to uncover and explore first-hand accounts of the experiences and taken-for-granted meanings that potentially shape heterosexual fathers‟ relationships with their gay sons. A sample comprising six Afrikaans-speaking, white fathers, between the ages of 53 and 61 years, from a middle to upper-middle income bracket, and residing in Gauteng, South Africa, were selected purposively through the use of opportunistic or convenience sampling. Utilising an interpretivist approach located within the qualitative research paradigm, an individual in-depth interview strategy was adopted as a means of gathering data. A brief questionnaire probing demographic characteristics was also utilised to further contextualise the data obtained in the interviews. All the interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for later coding and analysis. Through the use of thematic network analysis, eight organising themes were uncovered, including (a) subliminal awareness prior to coming out; (b) epistemic rupture of internal system of beliefs; (c) personal paradigmatic shifts; (d) acceptance as a complex and ongoing dialectical and reconciliatory process; (e) ambiguous loss; (f) persistent history of thought; (f) wrestling with the reason why; and (g) coming out as a dual experience. Each organising theme contained several basic themes. On the whole, the themes support the view that most parents are neither totally rejecting nor fully accepting of their gay sons. The fathers are seen to navigate their way through a plethora of experiences and meanings that are not only likely to inform the development of their multidimensional identities as men and fathers, but also shape their unique relationships with their gay sons. While the fathers may have attained a level of “loving denial” in their relationships with their gay sons, most continue to struggle with the meaning and expression of same-sex sexuality, and appear to wrestle with the challenge of integrating their understanding of same-sex sexuality with their constructions of traditional Afrikaner masculinity, as well as their meanings associated with having a gay son. However, unlike prior reports of a poor father-son dyad, the fathers reported a general improvement in their relationship with their gay son after he came out. This discrepancy may be attributed to the possibility that the particular group of fathers who volunteered to discuss their father-son relationships willingly were further along in the acceptance process. Recommendations for future research, includes an exploration of the dynamic interaction between heterosexual and gay constructions of masculinity within the father-son dyad before, during and after disclosure, examining the role that mothers play in influencing the quality of the father-son relationship before, during and after disclosure, uncovering the intra- and inter-personal variables that may facilitate the adaptive adjustment processes among fathers over the longer term, and exploring the contexts and processes associated with transitions within fatherhood across the life course of fathers of gay sons. / Heterosexual fathers' relationships with their gay sons / Psychology / D. Phil.

Previous research indicates that gay men‟s relationships with their mothers are generally more warm, supportive, and emotional than their relationships with their fathers, and that fathers are less likely to be told, less likely to be told first, and more likely to react negatively to disclosure than mothers would. Most of these findings are derived from asking sons to report on their parental relationships. As such, very little is known about the nature of the father-son relationship before, during, and after disclosure, from the father‟s perspective. The aim of this thesis, therefore, is to uncover and explore first-hand accounts of the experiences and taken-for-granted meanings that potentially shape heterosexual fathers‟ relationships with their gay sons. A sample comprising six Afrikaans-speaking, white fathers, between the ages of 53 and 61 years, from a middle to upper-middle income bracket, and residing in Gauteng, South Africa, were selected purposively through the use of opportunistic or convenience sampling. Utilising an interpretivist approach located within the qualitative research paradigm, an individual in-depth interview strategy was adopted as a means of gathering data. A brief questionnaire probing demographic characteristics was also utilised to further contextualise the data obtained in the interviews. All the interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for later coding and analysis. Through the use of thematic network analysis, eight organising themes were uncovered, including (a) subliminal awareness prior to coming out; (b) epistemic rupture of internal system of beliefs; (c) personal paradigmatic shifts; (d) acceptance as a complex and ongoing dialectical and reconciliatory process; (e) ambiguous loss; (f) persistent history of thought; (f) wrestling with the reason why; and (g) coming out as a dual experience. Each organising theme contained several basic themes. On the whole, the themes support the view that most parents are neither totally rejecting nor fully accepting of their gay sons. The fathers are seen to navigate their way through a plethora of experiences and meanings that are not only likely to inform the development of their multidimensional identities as men and fathers, but also shape their unique relationships with their gay sons. While the fathers may have attained a level of “loving denial” in their relationships with their gay sons, most continue to struggle with the meaning and expression of same-sex sexuality, and appear to wrestle with the challenge of integrating their understanding of same-sex sexuality with their constructions of traditional Afrikaner masculinity, as well as their meanings associated with having a gay son. However, unlike prior reports of a poor father-son dyad, the fathers reported a general improvement in their relationship with their gay son after he came out. This discrepancy may be attributed to the possibility that the particular group of fathers who volunteered to discuss their father-son relationships willingly were further along in the acceptance process. Recommendations for future research, includes an exploration of the dynamic interaction between heterosexual and gay constructions of masculinity within the father-son dyad before, during and after disclosure, examining the role that mothers play in influencing the quality of the father-son relationship before, during and after disclosure, uncovering the intra- and inter-personal variables that may facilitate the adaptive adjustment processes among fathers over the longer term, and exploring the contexts and processes associated with transitions within fatherhood across the life course of fathers of gay sons. / Heterosexual fathers' relationships with their gay sons / Psychology / D. Phil.