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Research has found that adolescent substance use is highly prevalent in both urban and rural populations and that parenting processes can affect adolescent substance use. The majority of the research pertains to adolescents in urban populations, however. This study explores how adolescents' perceptions of parental monitoring, parent-adolescent communication, and parenting style are related to adolescent frequency of alcohol consumption and binge-drinking in a rural population in Virginia. A sample (n = 3,472) of 7th-12th grade males and females from six counties were examined via secondary data analysis. Bivariate correlations revealed significant correlations between parental monitoring and communication with both types of drinking in that those reporting higher levels of perceived monitoring and communication reported lower levels of alcohol consumption and binge-drinking. Authoritative parenting was only significantly correlated with frequency of alcohol consumption. Linear regression analyses revealed that parental monitoring accounted for most of the variance with both drinking variables. Effects of gender and grade are discussed. / Master of Science

The purpose of the project was to examine the relationship between the social development of preschool children and parenting styles. Preschool social development was accessed by the use of sociometry. Parenting styles of mothers and fathers were determined by a questionnaire. The parenting styles and the sociometric status of the children were analyzed to determine a relationship using the chi-square analysis. The analysis indicated that there was no significant relationship between parenting styles and the sociometric status of preschool children. It is recommended that more research be done in the fields of parenting styles and sociometry.

The term emerging adulthood was coined during the 21st century to describe human development between adolescence and adulthood, during the ages of 18-25 (Arnett, 2000). During this stage, individuals can explore life areas. Emerging adults beginning college have a unique opportunity to form their identities and develop value systems (Hauser & Greene, 1991). With increasing autonomy, college students have possibilities for positive development and risk; values may be imperative in that differentiation. Furthermore, value systems are believed to play a major role in decision-making (Schwartz, 1992). Parents are influential in values development (Simpson, 2001; Steinberg & Sheffield Morris, 2001). During emerging adulthood, individuals have opportunities to notice discrepancies between their parents’ value system and society. Thus, emerging adults evaluate and choose personal values, which may or may not be similar to those of their parents, peers, or broader culture. Findings from this study indicate female caregivers’ parenting styles and closeness of the parent-child relationship have significant direct effects on the degree to which values are freely chosen. Specifically, Authoritarian parenting style (β = -.43 B = -1.70, p < .001), Authoritative parenting style (β = .12, B = .53, p < .001), and Emotional Support (β = .30, B = 6.80, p < .001) significantly predicted the degree to which values are intrinsically chosen. Only one significant relationship was found for male caregivers; there was a significant positive relationship between the authoritative parenting style and quality of the parent-child relationship (β = .64, B = .10, p < .001).

Although research is unequivocal concerning the important role of parenting in the prediction of a range of youth psychosocial outcomes, few empirical studies have examined potential contributions of parental individual differences factors to variability in parenting behaviors. Among the few studies that have, individual differences in affective dimensions of temperament (i.e., Negative Temperament [NT] and Positive Temperament [PT]) and executive functioning (EF) have individually emerged as potential key processes underlying parenting behaviors; however, they have yet to be examined jointly. Thus, using a latent variable approach, within a racially and ethnically diverse community sample of 166 parents, the current study examined the joint and interactive contribution of temperament and EF in the explanation of parenting. Further, despite conceptual overlap, parenting research has historically employed two distinct conceptual approaches: parenting practices and styles. The current study thus fitted a single integrative three-factor model (i.e., positive parenting, negative parenting, and corporal punishment) of parenting behaviors that included both styles and practices. Results suggested that parenting behaviors can be conceptualized within a single, three-factor model, allowing for the incorporation of historically distinct conceptions of parenting. Further, results revealed that affective dimensions of temperament and EF were uniquely but differentially associated with all parenting domains and EF moderated the associations between both NT and PT and positive parenting. All told, the current study provides support for an integrative model of parenting behaviors and parental temperament and EF, and their interaction, as potential critical processes associated with individual variability across parenting behaviors.

BACKGROUND: Foreign studies shown, that parenting style and specific aspects of parenting has effect to children in alcohol consumption. In family style, with minimum alcohol consumption were children from families who enforced authoritative parenting style, also in families where parents communicate with children, give them clear boundaries and control them. AIMS: The aim of the research part of the thesis is to investigate the relationship between communication style, selected aspects of parenting style (such as control and following rules) in the family and alcohol use among children. Another theme of the thesis is also to determine the differences between girls and boys in the prevalence of alcohol use, depending on the researched communication aspects and parenting style. METHODS: To obtain the data was used the questionnaire European Family Empowerment Questionnaire (Sumnal, Calafat, 2010). The questionnaire was translated to Czech language. This questionnaire was filled by children and also one of their parents. Only selected questions from survey were used for research project. Beside of the social demographic data and information about the prevalence of consumption of alcohol another two questions about the parenting aspects (control and communication) were chosen. Data from parents and...

The thesis aims to find out the general public's views on raising children within the family, and to compare it with selected psychological research. The theoretical part is a review of several studies over recent years dealing with a child's upbringing in a family, selected so as to reflect the views of the general public, specifically parents, and responds to these themes from a professional point of view. The empirical part attempts to explore the values, attitudes, and opinions of parents on key educational situations, using a questionnaire method. The thesis investigates current trends among parents' child-rearing methods within the Czech Republic, and compares them with the current findings of modern psychological research on education in the family.

Mudanças nos hábitos alimentares somadas ao sedentarismo são os principais fatores do aumento da prevalência do excesso de peso. A obesidade infantil é uma realidade, tornando-se um grave problema de saúde pública mundial. Na infância, a família é considerada o principal apoio ao indivíduo interferindo diretamente no desenvolvimento dos jovens. O presente estudo teve como objetivos verificar a influência dos estilos parentais na prática de atividade física e no estado nutricional dos estudantes de três escolas do ensino fundamental; avaliar a acurácia e satisfação na percepção do tamanho corporal dos estudantes e também a percepção dos pais em relação ao tamanho corporal dos filhos. A amostra consistiu em 154 estudantes, com idade entre nove e 12 anos, de ambos os sexos e seus respectivos responsáveis, sendo um total de 308 participantes. Para classificar o estilo parental foi utilizado as Escalas de Exigência e Responsividade e a percepção da imagem corporal foi investigada por meio da Escala de Silhuetas Infantis. Para análise dos resultados foram utilizados o teste de Correlação Linear de Pearson e Análise de Variância (ANOVA). Os resultados mostraram que 40% dos estudantes estavam acima do peso, e a prática de atividade física foi menor nos estudantes com pais menos exigentes. O estilo parental mais frequente avaliado tanto pelas crianças quanto pelos pais foi o autoritativo. Apenas 23,4% dos estudantes apresentaram uma percepção acurada do seu tamanho corporal e 50% dos pais subestimaram o tamanho corporal de seus filhos. Essa subestimação foi maior quanto maior o índice de massa corporal da criança. Concluímos que uma pequena parcela dos estudantes tem uma percepção acurada do seu tamanho corporal, e que há uma tendência dos pais subestimarem o tamanho corporal dos filhos. Poucos estudantes foram considerados ativos fisicamente. Não encontramos relação entre o estado nutricional da criança e o estilo parental da família. / Changes in eating habits coupled with physical inactivity are the main factors in increasing the prevalence of overweight. Childhood obesity is a reality, making it a serious public health problem worldwide. In childhood, the family is considered the main support to the individual directly interfering in the development of the young. The present study had as objective to verify the influence of the parental styles in the practice of physical activity and nutritional status of the students; and assess the accuracy and overall satisfaction of students and their caregivers with their body image. The sample consisted of 154 students, aged between 9 and 12 years, of both sexes and their respective responsible ones, being 308 participants. To classify the parenting style was used the Scales of Responsiveness and Demandingness and the physical activity practice of the students was evaluated by the questionnaire to evaluate the Physical Activities of children and adolescents. The perception of the corporal image was investigated through the Scale of Silhouettes for children. To analyze the results, Pearson\'s linear correlation and Variance Analysis were used to analyze the results. The results showed that 40% of the students are overweight. The practice of physical activity was lower in students with less demanding parents. 23.4 % of students had an accurate perception of their body size and 50% of the parents underestimated the size of their children. This underestimation was greater the higher the body mass index of the child. We conclude that a small portion of the students has an accurate perception of their body size, and that parents have a distorted perception of the children\'s body image. There was no relationship between the child\'s nutritional status and the family\'s parental style.

Introdução: As mudanças nas relações entre pais e filhos decorrentes das transformações pelas quais a família vem passando têm levado a um crescente questionamento sobre o papel dos pais na educação de seus filhos. Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento sistemático e revisão crítica da literatura referente a estilos e práticas parentais, buscando apontar diretrizes que possam ser orientadores para pesquisadores, profissionais e pais. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática integrativa da literatura. Definimos como questão norteadora O que tem sido estudado e publicado sobre estilo e práticas parentais que pode orientar pesquisadores, profissionais e pais? Estabelecemos como descritores parenting style AND parenting practices e SciELO, PsycINFO, Science Direct e Web of Science como bancos de dados. Optamos por artigos publicados em periódicos, desde o início do ano 2006 até o final de 2010 e estudos voltados para as práticas com crianças de 02 aos 12 anos. Após a obtenção do corpo da pesquisa ficamos com um total de 67 artigos na integra para serem analisados. Utilizando o programa Access criamos um banco de dados que permitiu análises do conjunto do material a partir de várias tabelas construídas automaticamente de acordo com a determinação do pesquisador. Foi realizado posteriormente um trabalho exaustivo de leitura dos artigos voltada para a análise das contribuições trazidas na temática. Resultados: Percebemos uma grande maioria de artigos (61,8%) oriundos dos Estados Unidos, um aumento no número das publicações no decorrer dos anos e trabalhos predominantemente quantitativos e transversais. O número amostral utilizado variou bastante, com uma maioria de artigos (60,3%) com até 200 participantes; quanto às crianças focalizadas, meninas e meninos aparecem com porcentagens praticamente iguais. No maior número de trabalhos (39,7%), os participantes eram as crianças e seus pais (pais e mães) e as pesquisas são realizadas principalmente nas escolas (50%). Encontramos na maioria dos artigos a caracterização da sua amostra tanto com relação ao fator socioeconômico (69,1%) como dos grupos étnicos (89,7%). Dentre os instrumentos o Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire é o mais utilizado (16%) e os autores mais citados foram Baumrind (1966, 1971), seguido por Maccoby e Martin (1983) e Darling e Steinberg (1983). Após várias leituras do material completo definimos três temas: a) conjunto de práticas que afetam o desenvolvimento (34% dos artigos); b) práticas educativas e saúde (28% dos artigos); c) contexto afetando as práticas parentais (38% dos artigos). A descrição do corpo reunido por tema permite apontar: a) é comum o uso de práticas parentais coercitivas, inclusive a punição física, sendo associada com problemas de adaptação, comportamento, ajustamento emocional e baixa autoestima; b) o aumento da obesidade infantil é foco de várias pesquisas, que sugerem que o uso de práticas inadequadas, relacionadas aos estilos autoritário, negligente e indulgente propicia a obesidade infantil; c) os treinamentos para pais foram impulsionados por questões diversas - deficiência de desenvolvimento, ajustamento comportamental e emocional da criança talentosa e/ou superdotada, crianças diagnosticadas com obesidade, ansiedade, problemas de aprendizagem, de comportamento e de conduta - e foram unânimes em constatar ótimos resultados para pais e filhos; d) vários estudos correlacionais enfocam as questões das diferenças relativas à culturas e etnias, sendo sugerido que o estilo parental autoritativo de Baumrind (1966), considerado como o mais adequado a partir de estudos com norte americanos descendentes de europeus, não poderia ser considerado desta forma em outros contextos. Conclusão: através da revisão sistemática integrativa percebemos que os estudos com foco nas práticas que afetam o desenvolvimento investigam continuamente as práticas disciplinares coercitivas, que as práticas relacionadas à saúde voltam-se para problemáticas e demandas atuais e que a tipologia dos estilos parentais de Baumrind vem sendo questionada e investigada para melhor utilização em diversas culturas e etnias. / Introduction: Families have changed, and, therefore, so have parent-child relationships. This has raised constant questions regarding the parents role in their childrens education. Goal: Perform a systematic search and critical review of the literature on parenting styles and practices, aiming at pointing out guidelines to assist researchers, psychologists, and parents. Method: Integrative systematic literature review. We used the following guiding question What has been studied and published on parenting styles and practices that could guide researchers, psychologists, and parents? We chose parenting style AND parenting practices as keywords, and SciELO, PsycINFO, Science Direct and Web of Science as databases. We chose journal articles published between early 2006 and late 2010, and studies on practices with children aged 2 to 12 years. The complete body of research comprised 67 full-text articles to be analyzed. We used Microsoft Access to create a database that permitted to perform group analyses of the material from several tables created automatically and according to the researchers preference. Later, an exhaustive reading of the articles was performed aimed at analyzing their contributions. Results: We realized that the vast majority of the articles (61.8%) were originally from the United States, and that the number of publications has increased over the years, mostly quantitative and cross-sectional studies. The sample size ranged considerably, with most articles (60.3%) working with 200 participants or less; as to the children involved, boys and girls appear with virtually the same participation. The larger part of the studies (39.7%) had children and their parents for participants, and was usually (50%) performed at school. We observed that most articles characterized the sample regarding socioeconomic factors (69.1%) as well ethnic groups (89.7%). The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire is the most often used (16%) instrument, and the most cited authors were Baumrind (1966, 1971), followed by Maccoby and Martin (1983), and Darling and Steinberg (1983). After reading the material several times, we defined three themes: a) set of practices that affect child development (34% of articles); b) educational practices and health (28% of articles); c) context affecting parenting practices (38% of articles). The description of the body of research grouped according to the theme shows that: a) coercive parenting practices are common, including physical punishment, and they are associated with problems involving adjustment, behavior, emotional adjustment, and low self-esteem; b) several focus on the increasing rates of childhood obesity, which suggest that inadequate practices, related with authoritarian, negligent and indulgent styles promote childhood obesity; c) parent training programs were motivated by several different issues impaired development, behavioral and emotional adjustment of talented and/or gifted children, children diagnosed with obesity, anxiety, and learning, behavior, and conduct disorders and were unanimous in reporting excellent results for parents and children; several correlational studies focus on issues regarding cultural and ethnical differences, suggesting that the authoritarian parenting style proposed by Baumrind (1966), considered the most appropriate according to studied with North-Americans of European descent, could not be considered as such in different contexts. Conclusion: through an integrative systematic review we realized that studies focused on practices affecting child development continuously investigate coercive disciplinary practices, that health practices aim at current issues and demands, and that the typology of Baumrinds parenting styles is being questioned and investigated to improve its use among different cultures and ethnicities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:28:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joseana Azevedo Bargas-1.pdf: 518651 bytes, checksum: 65ce5b4b148162c51e0e6b74ee2fc811 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas / This study aimed at evaluating the relationship between stress and maternal parental style in the stress of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The participants 25 mothers and their children, with a mean age of 9.4 years, most of the participating children were boys. The children were assessed by the Child Stress Scale and mothers by Lipp Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults and Parental Styles Inventory. The results indicated a high level of stress in this sample, since 72% of mothers and children also exhibited symptoms of excessive stress. Among mothers with stress, 60% were in the resistance stage with the prevalence of 72% of psychological symptoms. With regard to children, 36% were in the resistance stage of which 47% presented predominance of psychological symptoms. Regarding the classification of parental style, there was a predominance of at-risk style followed by regular, good and optimum styles, being that 81% of mothers who had at-risk parental style also showed symptoms of stress. This result is independent of the subtype of ADHD. The largest number of children with symptoms of stress is from the combined subtype, followed by hyperactive children, while stress seems to reach fewer children of the inattentive subtype. A significant association was found between subtype of ADHD and type of symptoms of maternal stress (p=0009) indicating that the inattention condition is less stressful for mothers who have fewer stress symptoms. It was found that mothers of inattentive children had more psychological than physical symptoms. The opposite occurred with mothers of hyperactive children in that they showed symptoms of stress with the predominance of physical symptoms. The results indicate a difference in symptoms of maternal stress as a function of subtype of ADHD. Another important result refers to the intensity of the symptoms of children stress in that stress seems to enhance the symptoms of attentional difficulties. It was concluded that this population has a high level of stress, the prevalent parental style can be classified as at-risk, and that the symptomatology of maternal stress is related to the subtype of ADHD. Another conclusion is that symptoms of inattention are potentiated by excessive tension. Thus it is believed that programs that enable mothers and children to manage stress can bring great benefits to their quality of life, by minimizing the symptoms of inattention and increase the use of positive parental practices. / Este estudo avaliou a rela??o entre stress e estilo parental materno no stress dos filhos com Transtorno de D?ficit de Aten??o e Hiperatividade (TDAH). Participaram desta pesquisa 25 m?es e seus respectivos filhos, com m?dia de idade de 9.4 anos, sendo que maioria das crian?as participantes foram meninos. As crian?as foram avaliadas pela Escala de Stress Infantil e as m?es pelo Invent?rio de Sintomas de Stress para Adulto e Invent?rio de Estilos Parentais. Os resultados indicaram um alto ?ndice de stress nesta amostra, pois 72% das m?es e tamb?m das crian?as apresentaram sintomas de tens?o excessiva. Entre as m?es com stress, 60% estavam na fase de resist?ncia com a preval?ncia de 72% de sintomas psicol?gicos. No que se refere ?s crian?as, 36% estavam na fase de resist?ncia sendo que 47% apresentavam predomin?ncia dos sintomas psicol?gicos. Quanto ? classifica??o do estilo parental, houve predom?nio do estilo parental de risco seguido pelos estilos regular, bom e ?timo, sendo que 81% das m?es que possu?am estilo parental de risco tamb?m apresentaram sintomas de stress. Este resultado independe do subtipo de TDAH. O maior n?mero de crian?as com sintomas de stress ? do subtipo combinado, seguido pelas crian?as hiperativas, enquanto o stress parece atingir menos as crian?as do subtipo desatento. Encontrou-se uma associa??o significativa entre subtipo de TDAH e tipo de sintoma de stress materno (p=0009) indicando que a desaten??o ? uma condi??o menos estressante para as m?es com filhos desatentos as quais apresentavam um n?mero menor de sintomas de stress e de natureza psicol?gica. J? com as m?es de crian?as hiperativas, ocorria o oposto, todas as m?es apresentaram sintomas de stress com predomin?ncia dos sintomas f?sicos. Deste modo os resultados indicam uma diferencia??o nos sintomas do stress materno em fun??o do subtipo do TDAH. Outro resultado importante refere-se ? intensidade dos sintomas do stress infantil. Observou-se um dado significativo (p= 0.001) de que o stress potencializa os sintomas de dificuldades atencionais. Conclui-se que esta popula??o apresenta alto n?vel de stress, estilo parental classificado como de risco, que a sintomatologia do stress materno tem rela??o com o subtipo de TDAH e que e os sintomas de desaten??o s?o potencializados pela tens?o excessiva. Deste modo acredita-se que programas que instrumentalizem as m?es e as crian?as a lidarem com o stress possam trazer grandes benef?cios para a qualidade de vida destas pessoas, atrav?s da minimiza??o dos sintomas de desaten??o e aumento da utiliza??o de pr?ticas parentais positivas.