A case is made out for the more extensive use of observational methods in educational research generally, and for the study of informal teaching and learning situations, including small-group work, in particular. The theoretical and methodological problems of observational methods are examined, with particular reference to the relationship between theoretical constructs and observational systems, the comprehensiveness of instruments, and the potential value for work in this field of audiovisual devices for recording and analysing behaviour. Literature on the social aspects of learning situations is examined, and the effects of ideological and other influences assessed. Concepts, theory, and research related to 'social climate', sociometry, social facilitation and imitative learning are reviewed. The rationale of small-group work in education is examined and it is concluded that existing theory in this area is sometimes idealistic and generally in need of further development. The implications of some branches of theory and research from the general field of group dynamics are considered. In the empirical part of the research observational instruments of the study of general activities and verbal interaction are developed and applied to a population of three groups of four children, each in six task situations. Some differences in individual and group behaviour patterns are shown that seem to be associated with the nature of the subject matter, the individual or collaborative nature of the tasks, and their degree of structure. Tentative conclusions are drawn and further research suggested.

The research on homework since the 19th century in the United Kingdom (UK) shows that there are considerable issues to be addressed in this area. Governments have discussed it and the media have reported on it and it is still a contentious issue for schools and homes alike. This study shows that there has been very little change in the issues surrounding homework for over a hundred years and that no political party in office will take a stand on it. Even though schools would like to see a change in policy it is not on the government agenda. The study worked with six secondary schools in one town over a fixed time period to collect information to discuss some of those questions being asked around the issues related to homework. The literature review looked at documents dating back to 1880 when similar questions were being asked about the relevance of "keeping in" and in 1881 "home lessons" was a newspaper article. A teacher training manual in 1885 contained a chapter on home lessons and those advantages and disadvantages described in the book are very similar to the advantages and disadvantages described in 2004. Hansard recorded discussions in parliament from 1884 about the overpressure put on pupils. Home conditions and the support given by parents in completing homework have been discussed both in the media and in parliament. Comparisons are made between homework in the UK and other similar countries using internationally collected data. The mixed method research included questioning students, families, teachers and governors. Interviews were conducted with senior teachers at the schools, with responsibility for implementing the homework policy. School documents were scrutinised including the home-school agreement, homework policies and homework guidelines for students, families and teachers. The findings of this study showed that there are differences between the main stakeholders, students, families, teachers and governors, in the knowledge, views and opinions of homework. Students, families, teachers and governors differed in their opinions, with many students and families, although seeing some benefits, opposing the setting of homework due to the impact on family time and the stress caused by it. While teachers and governors supported the setting of homework and the important contribution it made in school. There are differences between different types of schools and those with lower and higher ability students and the influence that homework has on the stress levels of those students in higher performing schools. Homework is seen as a marketing tool for some schools to use in selling themselves on the competing educational market place. The findings of this study continue to ask the questions related to homework and in particular What is the purpose of homework?, What type of homework is seen as most effective in supporting students' learning in the various areas of the curriculum?, Does the home environment always support students completing homework and what kind of resources do students need to complete homework and do they have access to these resources at home? and What political, economic, social and educational factors (Hallam, 2004) are important in understanding the context in which homework policies and practices are developed?

Open Educational Resources (OER) provide openly licensed alternatives to commercial instructional materials. Proponents of K-12 OER suggest that their benefits include cost savings, increased access, improved quality, and increased teacher professionalism or empowerment. While the small body of K-12 OER research is growing, perceived benefits of K-12 OER usage have not yet been proven. The purpose of this qualitative study is to understand whether certain potential benefits were being realized by a group of secondary teachers using open science textbooks. In surveys and interviews, teachers were asked to describe their classroom practice before and after adopting an open textbook, including practices relating to openness. Teachers were also asked to rate the quality of open textbooks they were using in contrast to textbooks used previously. Most participants reported changes to practice, and the most commonly cited changes could be attributed to a combination of openness and online format. For example, participants described linking textbook content to other online resources. In comparisons of current to previous practice, however, teachers did not report increases in the open practices of collaboration, revising, or adapting.

The aim of this thesis is to contribute knowledge about pedagogical change in Swedish vocational education and training (VET). The study focuses on vocational schools between 1918 and 1971, and discusses the educational practices that balanced on the border between school and work. The practices under study are probation periods, production work, and “diligence allowance”. By focusing on these practices, which ceased when the vocational training was integrated with upper secondary school in 1971, this study seeks to illustrate how shifts in work and school traditions in the VET discourse are relevant to pedagogical change in vocational training. The central questions of the thesis seek to pinpoint the ways in which the traditions manifested themselves and how the pedagogical content of the educational practices were renegotiated. The study is based on extensive empirical data consisting of public enquiry reports, an organisational journal, archive material, and memory books from vocational schools from the relevant period. The VET discourse has been analysed using Johan Asplund’s concept of “figures of thought”. The central figures of thought in vocational training – school and work – have been used to see how the practices’ pedagogical content and aims were renegotiated. This renegotiation made it possible to adapt to school structures in a way that made these practices problematic. Consequently, they could be removed when vocational training was integrated with upper secondary school. In the period leading up to the 1950s, the pedagogical foundations were largely inspired by work practices. Thereafter, it became increasingly common for tensions between the logics and structures embedded in work and school to arise in the VET discourse. This process led to a shift in emphasis in the discourse, from the “work” figure of thought to the “school” figure of thought.

Orientador: Cristiano Amaral Garboggini Di Giorgi / Banca: José Marcelino Rezende Pinto / Banca: Yoshie Ussami Ferrari Leite. / Resumo: O presente estudo intitulado "Escolas municipais: a busca de respostas aos desafios contemporâneos na/da escola pública, popular e democrática" está vinculado à linha de pesquisa: Políticas Públicas, Organização Escolar e Formação de Professores. O tema de investigação converge para a análise e interpretação de como duas escolas municipais em Presidente Prudente estão se organizando para enfrentar os novos desafios a elas colocados e como os professores constroem a sua prática docente diante desses novos desafios histórico-sociais. Nosso objetivo é analisar a organização dessas duas escolas e o trabalho que realizam diante das novas dimensões de seus processos pedagógicos: a formação da personalidade dos alunos; o trabalho e aceitação das diferenças e o trabalho com a comunidade. Para essa análise elegemos a metodologia qualitativa e utilizamos como instrumentos para captar a realidade das duas unidades de ensino em todo o seu dinamismo a observação direta, a análise documental, a entrevista semi-estruturada, além da pesquisa bibliográfica. Constituíram-se como referenciais teóricos centrais para a definição dessas dimensões de análise os conceitos desenvolvidos por Juan Carlos Tedesco e João Barroso. Partimos do pressuposto de que a prática docente é possibilitadora da construção de conhecimentos e que à escola cabe incluir e integrar todos e trabalhar com as novas dimensões da formação dos alunos em seus processos educativos. Como resultado de nosso trabalho percebemos que há nessas duas unidades de ensino uma preocupação com as novas demandas da escola, que são pontuadas nos Projeto Políticos Pedagógicos construídos coletivamente; uma preocupação incessante com a qualidade da educação oferecida; um espaço de formação garantido nos HTPC's e uma atenção e envolvimento com a comunidade escolar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study entitled " Municipal Schools: the search of answers to the challenges contemporary in/of public, popular and democratic school " is linked to the research line: Public politics, School Organization and Formation of Teachers. The investigation theme converges for the analysis and interpretation on how two municipal schools in Presidente Prudente are being organized to face the new challenges put to them and how the teachers are building their educational practice in front of those new historical-social challenges. Our objective is to analyze the organization of these two schools and the work that they accomplish in front of the new dimensions of their pedagogic processes: the formation of the students' personality; the work and acceptance of the differences and the work with the community. For that analysis we chose the qualitative methodology and we used as instruments to capture the reality of the two schools in all their dynamism the direct observation, the documental analysis, the semi-structured interview, besides the bibliographical research. They were constituted as central theoretical frame of reference for the definition of those analysis dimensions the concepts developed by Juan Carlos Tedesco and João Barroso. We departed from the presupposition that the educational practice makes possible the construction of knowledge and that it's up to the school to include and to integrate all students and to work with the new dimensions of the students' formation in their educational processes. As a result of our work we noticed that there are in those schools a concern with the new demands of the school, that are punctuated in the Pedagogic Political Project collectively built; an incessant concern with the quality of the education that is offered; a guaranteed formation space in HTPCs and an attention and involvement with the school community. Both are in constant movement... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

John Amos Comenius, the seventeenth century realist, and Francis Wayland Parker, the nineteenth century pragmatic idealist, presented new educational theories and practices. Both men, products of their own times, through their wide learning, great imagination and sympathy with the intellectual and social climate of their day, offered to the world a new outlook on education -- an education focused on the needs and the interests of children. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 1967. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Education.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Neste estudo, buscamos compreender as prÃticas educativas e os saberes presentes na feira livre de SÃo Bento, localizada na cidade de Cascavel-CE a qual dista de Fortaleza 64 km. Para a realizaÃÃo dessa pesquisa, escolhemos como suporte teÃrico BrandÃo (2005); Durkheim (2007); Burke (2003); Huberman (1976) e Certeau (1998). Optamos pelo enfoque qualitativo e utilizamos a pesquisa bibliogrÃfica como suporte no esclarecimento do tema investigado. Usamos tambÃm o estudo de caso que proporcionou recolher o mÃximo de informaÃÃes e aprofundamento sobre as prÃticas educativas dos feirantes. Na coleta de dados o enfoque metodolÃgico escolhido foi a observaÃÃo participante, com o apoio do diÃrio de campo, alÃm de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os protagonistas da pesquisa. Procuramos buscar na histÃria oral um caminho para entender a relaÃÃo dos feirantes com a feira, e percebemos que o trabalho na feira possui caracterÃsticas afetivas que fortalecem os laÃos entre feirantes. Vimos que a feira à muito mais que um ambiente de compra e venda de produtos, observamos que nesse espaÃo nascem histÃrias de vidas, saberes que crescem a partir de experiÃncias vividas nas prÃticas cotidianas. Destacamos ainda que os ambientes informais tambÃm manifestam prÃticas educativas e isso mostra que a educaÃÃo à um fenÃmeno livre. Portanto, a feira livre de SÃo Bento à um evento social, cultural e educativo que contribui na sobrevivÃncia de muitas famÃlias. / In this study , we sought to understand the educational practices and knowledge present in the fair of St. Benedict , in the city of Cascavel - EC which is distant 64 km from Fortaleza . For this survey , we chose as BrandÃo (2005 ) theoretical support ; Durkheim (2007 ) ; Burke ( 2003); Huberman (1976) and Certeau (1998). We chose the qualitative approach and used the literature to support the clarification of the subject investigated . We also use the case study that provided the most information gathering and deepening of the educational practices of the merchants . During data collection, the methodological approach chosen was participant observation with the support of a field journal, and semistructured interviews with the protagonists of the research. We seek to pursue a path in oral history to understand the relationship of stallholders with the fair, and we realize that the work at the fair receives affective characteristics that strengthens ties between marketer and fair. We saw that the show is more of an environment for buying and selling products , we observe that this space born life histories , knowledge that grow from experiences in everyday practices . We also point out that informal environments also manifest educational practices and this shows that education is a free phenomenon. Therefore, the street fair of St. Benedict is a social, cultural and educational event that contributes to the survival of many families.

A presente tese de doutorado parte da indagação “quais as práticas educativas que se produzem na Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular, no Bairro Pestano, localizado na Periferia da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul”. Tem como objetivo central descrever, compreender e analisar essas práticas educativas. Os conceitos que fundamentam esse estudo são: Educação e trabalho, Periferia e Religião. Trata-se de estudo de caso de natureza qualitativa. Assumi como método o desenvolvimento da dialética marxiana. Para o objetivo proposto foram realizadas quatro entrevistas semi-estruturadas e registro em diário de campo com observação das diversas práticas que compõem a Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular. Como resultado da pesquisa três práticas se destacam como centrais na análise: a Igreja, o Culto e a Célula. A Igreja, como espaço/território, instituição e também como um dos lugares de formação e educação do povo da periferia, sendo que todas as suas proposições estão alinhavadas por um instrumento: a bíblia, a qual é usada como uma “ferramenta” de evangelização desenvolvida no conjunto das práticas educativas que compõem as neopentecostais. A bíblia usada como uma verdade universal. A igreja também como espaço de dar testemunho, parte da pedagogia do exemplo. O Culto, espaço de cultuar as simbologias, espaço de educação e acolhimento. Local de encontro, de ser “escola”. E, a Célula, lugar de conhecer, acompanhar as pessoas, de construir relações sociais para fortalecer a família. O consumo ganha uma centralidade para responder as demandas necessárias do capital. A tese principal explicita que há uma conexão entre os neopentecostais e a reorganização do capital o que se materializa nas práticas educativas, pois é nelas que reside o processo educativo entre as Igrejas Neopentecostais e a produção de uma nova sociabilidade entre os sujeitos sociais no capitalismo. A Igreja teve que se reorganizar como o movimento do capital; a crise do capital também produziu uma crise na Instituição Igreja. O ascetismo, a renúncia, o auto- sacrifício, os velhos costumes, o desprezo pelos prazeres mundanos, enfim, as velhas roupas tiveram que ser deixadas, ou trocadas por uma nova roupagem, em que o consumo ganha uma centralidade, na qual se exacerba a relação de troca entre DEUS/IGREJA e seus fiéis. Nas práticas se concretizam as mudanças e nelas é que se operacionaliza o processo de formação humana necessário para responder às demandas necessárias do capital. Deste modo, estas práticas educativas religiosas neopentecostais contribuem para uma nova sociabilidade no movimento do capital em sua atual configuração. / The present doctoral dissertation starts from the wonder of “what educational practices are produced at Foursquare Gospel Church, in Pestano district, on the outskirt of Pelotas city, in Rio Grande do Sul state?”. It aims to describe, comprehend and analyze these educational practices. The concepts that based this study are: work and education, outskirts and religion. It is a qualitative case study. As methodology it is assumed the developing of the Marxian dialectics. To the proposed aim it was done four semi structured interviews and notes on the field diary, observing several practices that compound the Foursquare Gospel Church. As the research result three practices were seen as central in the analyses: the church, the worship and the cell. The church as place/territory, institution and also as a place of formation and people education on the outskirts, being all its propositions followed by an instrument: the bible, which is used as a “tool” to the evangelization developed and a set of educational practices that compound the Neopentecostals. The bible used as a universal truth. Place to give testimony as part of example pedagogy. The worship, place to adore symbols, place of education and welcoming. Place of meeting and of being a” school”. And the cells, as a place to know, accompany people and build relationship to strength families. The consumption assumes centrality to answer the needs and demands of the capital. The main thesis states that there is a connection between Neopentecostals and the capital reorganization and it is materialized in the educational practices, because on them, are the educational process between Neopentecostals and the production of a new sociability among the subjects in the capitalism. This way the Neopentecostal educational practices contribute to a new sociability in the capital movement in the actual configuration. The church had to be reorganized as a capital movement, because the crisis in the capital, also produced a crisis in the institution church. The old asceticism, renouncement and self-sacrifice, the old traditions, the disdain for the world pleasures, therefore, the old clothes had to be left, or changed by new ones, where the consumption earns a centrality, where is highlighted the relationship of exchanges with GOD/CHURCH and its churchgoers. In the practices are concretized the changes and on them are done the process of human formation needed to answer the needs and demands of the capital.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 janial_map_me_prud.pdf: 631126 bytes, checksum: 20e46272e662273d480909d7a0fb5626 (MD5) / O presente estudo intitulado “Escolas municipais: a busca de respostas aos desafios contemporâneos na/da escola pública, popular e democrática” está vinculado à linha de pesquisa: Políticas Públicas, Organização Escolar e Formação de Professores. O tema de investigação converge para a análise e interpretação de como duas escolas municipais em Presidente Prudente estão se organizando para enfrentar os novos desafios a elas colocados e como os professores constroem a sua prática docente diante desses novos desafios histórico-sociais. Nosso objetivo é analisar a organização dessas duas escolas e o trabalho que realizam diante das novas dimensões de seus processos pedagógicos: a formação da personalidade dos alunos; o trabalho e aceitação das diferenças e o trabalho com a comunidade. Para essa análise elegemos a metodologia qualitativa e utilizamos como instrumentos para captar a realidade das duas unidades de ensino em todo o seu dinamismo a observação direta, a análise documental, a entrevista semi-estruturada, além da pesquisa bibliográfica. Constituíram-se como referenciais teóricos centrais para a definição dessas dimensões de análise os conceitos desenvolvidos por Juan Carlos Tedesco e João Barroso. Partimos do pressuposto de que a prática docente é possibilitadora da construção de conhecimentos e que à escola cabe incluir e integrar todos e trabalhar com as novas dimensões da formação dos alunos em seus processos educativos. Como resultado de nosso trabalho percebemos que há nessas duas unidades de ensino uma preocupação com as novas demandas da escola, que são pontuadas nos Projeto Políticos Pedagógicos construídos coletivamente; uma preocupação incessante com a qualidade da educação oferecida; um espaço de formação garantido nos HTPC’s e uma atenção e envolvimento com a comunidade escolar... / The present study entitled Municipal Schools: the search of answers to the challenges contemporary in/of public, popular and democratic school is linked to the research line: Public politics, School Organization and Formation of Teachers. The investigation theme converges for the analysis and interpretation on how two municipal schools in Presidente Prudente are being organized to face the new challenges put to them and how the teachers are building their educational practice in front of those new historical-social challenges. Our objective is to analyze the organization of these two schools and the work that they accomplish in front of the new dimensions of their pedagogic processes: the formation of the students' personality; the work and acceptance of the differences and the work with the community. For that analysis we chose the qualitative methodology and we used as instruments to capture the reality of the two schools in all their dynamism the direct observation, the documental analysis, the semi-structured interview, besides the bibliographical research. They were constituted as central theoretical frame of reference for the definition of those analysis dimensions the concepts developed by Juan Carlos Tedesco and João Barroso. We departed from the presupposition that the educational practice makes possible the construction of knowledge and that it’s up to the school to include and to integrate all students and to work with the new dimensions of the students' formation in their educational processes. As a result of our work we noticed that there are in those schools a concern with the new demands of the school, that are punctuated in the Pedagogic Political Project collectively built; an incessant concern with the quality of the education that is offered; a guaranteed formation space in HTPCs and an attention and involvement with the school community. Both are in constant movement... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:38:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_tr_me_assis.pdf: 288885 bytes, checksum: 9adc60dcedfc9c912ca55cc4dbd40c54 (MD5) / O estudo histórico sobre a infância e suas relações com a sociedade revela que as expectativas e as preocupações com as crianças, variam de acordo com as relações sociais, culturais e econômicas que se estabelecem nos diferentes movimentos da sociedade; ou seja, os significados atribuídos à infância fazem parte de um processo de construção social. Assim, o conceito de infância não é estável e, a cada época, corresponde ao discurso hegemônico. Na sociedade contemporânea predominam as relações de produção e de consumo, que permeiam as relações sociais. Com o desenvolvimento das chamadas infotelecomunicações, viabilizouse a globalização cultural. Há uma mudança na relação entre adultos e crianças que agora recebem uma influência significativa da mídia e da cultura de consumo. Para melhor compreender questões relacionadas à infância e à sua educação na sociedade contemporânea, é necessário atentar-se às mudanças dos meios de produção, das relações humanas, atravessadas pelos meios de comunicação e às repercussões na vida social e no cotidiano das pessoas. Nesse cenário surgem, para nós, algumas questões: Como se dão as relações humanas e sociais – especialmente entre adultos e crianças – em espaços escolares e como se refletem nas práticas educacionais? Com qual concepção de crianças os educadores estão trabalhando? E, principalmente, em um contexto mais amplo, que tem como centro a ideologia neoliberal: Em que situação os adultos/educadores estariam, enquanto sujeitos que podem sustentar/alterar o paradigma? Assim, o presente trabalho visa investigar como as relações presentes no mundo contemporâneo capitalista, repercutem nas práticas educacionais... / The historic research about infancy and its relation with the society reveals that the expectancies and concerns about children vary due to the social, cultural and economic relations that are set in different movements of the society. In other words, the meanings attributed to childhood are part of a social building process. That said, the concept of infancy is not stable and in each time correspond to the hegemonic discourse. In contemporary society predominates relations of production and consumption which permeate social relations. With the development of the so-called infotelecommunications a cultural globalization was set. There has been a change between adults and children relationship that now receives a significant influence of the media and the culture of consumption. For better understanding of some appoints related to infancy and its education in contemporary society is necessary to take notice of changes in means of production, human relations that are crossed by means of communication and repercussion in social life and people’s routines. In that scenary appears to us some questions: How human and social relations are established in school environments – specially between adults and children – and how are them reflected on the educational practices? Which conception of children are the educators working with? And mainly, in a wider context that has neoliberal ideology in its centre in which situation would adults/educators be as subjects that can sustain/change the paradigm? For this reason the present research aims to investigate how the existing relations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)