This study examines prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in Amazon parrots in three different groups, one wild and two captive. Commensal bacteria were isolated from 24 parrots and screened for antibiotic resistance. Culture-based and molecular methods were used and a total of 546 isolates from the genus Staphylococcus and Rothia were obtained. Antibiotic resistance was found in all parrot groups in 161 isolates with 48 having multi-drug resistance. The highest frequency of resistance was found to Enrofloxacin and Amoxicillin/Clavulnate though all antibiotics tested were resisted by some bacterial isolates. Both captive groups exhibited more resistant individuals than the wild. This study concluded that antibiotic resistant commensal bacteria in Amazons are common; however, patterns found cannot be explained by antibiotic use. A high rate of multi-drug resistance was detected in more common mannitol non-fermenting Staphylococcus spp., and drug resistant detected in Rothia spp. may indicate a future role in disease. / by Caroline Ann Efstathion. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Realizamos o isolamento de leveduras do complexo Cryptococcus a partir da cloaca e do inglúvio de papagaios do gênero Amazona aestiva. Para a realização das coletas, as aves foram anestesiadas, e em seguida foi realizado lavado do inglúvio e coleta de material da cloaca. As amostras coletadas foram inoculadas em ágar Sabouraud dextrose com cloranfenicol, de onde foram isoladas colônias leveduriformes. Por meio de análises macro e micromorfológicas, os isolados condizentes com as características do gênero Cryptococcus foram submetidos à provas bioquímicas, testes de suscetibilidade aos antifúngicos e pesquisa de exoenzimas. Todos os isolados foram provenientes da cloaca. Dos isolamentos, 90% das cepas corresponderam à espécie C. albidus, e 10% à espécie C. laurentii; 80% foram produtores de fosfolipase e 100% de proteinase. Estes resultados sugerem que não só o ambiente, como também as aves podem ser carreadoras de Cryptococcus albidus. / We performed the isolation of yeasts of Cryptococcus complex from the cloaca and the crop of parrots of the genus Amazona aestiva. To carry out the sampling, the birds were anesthetized to perform a lavage of the crop and the collection of material from the cloaca. The samples were inoculated on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol, which were isolated from yeast colonies. Through macro and micromorphological analysis, isolates consistent with the characteristics of the genus Cryptococcus were subjected to biochemical tests, antifungal susceptibility testing and research exoenzymes. All isolates were from the cloaca. Of the isolates, 90% of the strains corresponded to the species C. albidus, and 10% of the species C. laurentii; 80% of the isolates were producing phospholipase and 100% were producing proteinase. These results suggest that not only environmental but also birds can be Cryptococcus albidus carrier. These results suggest that there is not only an environmental source but also birds can be Cryptococcus albidus carriers

Zum Erhalt vom Aussterben bedrohter Papageienvögel (Psittaciformes) ist die Nachzucht in Menschenobhut neben dem Erhalt freilebender Populationen von großer Bedeutung, die Reproduktion bestimmter Arten gelingt allerdings nur unzureichend. Als Hauptgrund dafür gilt die Zwangsverpaarung im Rahmen von Zuchtprogrammen (Beispiel: Europäisches Erhaltungszuchtprogramm, EEP), hier werden Brutpaare hauptsächlich nach genetischen Aspekten zusammengestellt. Der reproduktive Erfolg ist bei den meisten Papageienarten, die in dauerhaften Paarbindungen leben (perennial monogamy), eng der Paarbindung korreliert. Eine freie Partnerwahl ist demnach von großer Bedeutung für die Zucht in Menschenobhut, im Rahmen von Erhaltungszuchtprogrammen jedoch nur selten möglich. Das Ziel der Untersuchung war, eine wissenschaftlich begründete Methode zu entwickeln, durch die es möglich sein soll, das Fortpflanzungspotential von Brutpaaren der Gattung Ara anhand der Paarbindung zu bestimmen. Dafür wurde die Bedeutung der Qualität der Paarbindung der Brutpaare für den Lebens-Reproduktionserfolg (Lifetime-reproductive success, LRS) untersucht. Die Datenaufnahme erfolgte in dem Zuchtzentrum 'La Vera' der Loro Parque Fundación auf Teneriffa/ Spanien. Hier wurden in den Jahren 2006 und 2007 21 Brutpaare der Gattung Ara untersucht. Die Paarbindung wurde zum Einen durch typisches Paarbindungsverhalten und zum Anderen durch die physiologische Abstimmung der einzelnen Brutpaare anhand der Ausschüttung des Steroidhormons Testosteron dargestellt. Das Paarbindungsverhalten setzte sich aus der ‚Abstimmung der Tagesaktivität’, dem ‚Kontaktverhalten’ und den ‚sozialen Interaktionen’ zusammen. Zur Abstimmung der Tagesaktivität zählten die Verhaltensweisen Ruhen, Sitzen, Nahrungsaufnahme, Gefiederpflege, Beschäftigung und Lokomotion. Unter Kontaktverhalten wurden das Überschreiten der Individualdistanz bei bestimmten Verhaltensweisen und die Rollenverteilung der Geschlechter untersucht. Unter ‚sozialen Interaktionen’ wurden die Dauer und der Häufigkeit der sozialen Gefiederpflege und der Sozialen Index zusammengefasst. Bei der sozialen Gefiederpflege wurde die Dauer und die Häufigkeit der Phasen erhoben, sowie der jeweilige Initiator dieser Interaktion. Zusätzlich wurde untersucht, welches Geschlecht, wie häufig und mit welcher Dauer aktiv an der sozialen Gefiederpflege beteiligt war. Aus den Beobachtungen wurde der soziale Index berechnet, der angibt, wie das Verhältnis sozio-positiver zu agonistischen Interaktionen für jedes Individuum, sowie das Paar an sich ist. Zur Messung der Testosteron-Ausschüttung der Partnertiere wurden von September bis November 2007 über einen Zeitraum von 9 Wochen jede Woche einmal für jedes Individuum Kotproben gesammelt. Mit der Analyse der Proben wurde das Veterinär-Physiologisch-Chemische-Institut der Universität Leipzig unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Almuth Einspanier beauftragt. Zur Ermittlung des Hormongehalts in den gewonnenen Kotproben diente ein kompetitiver Doppelantikörper-Enzymimmunoassay (EIA). Das Fortpflanzungspotential wurde über die Anzahl der Eier, Gelege und Jungtiere, sowie über die Gelegegröße dargestellt. Diese Daten geben, bezogen auf die Dauer der Paarbindung, Auskunft über die Produktivität eines Brutpaares, anhand dessen zusätzlich ein Produktivitäts-Koeffizient berechnet wurde. Des weiteren sollte die Anzahl der von einem Brutpaar selbständig großgezogenen Jungtiere Auskunft über die Fähigkeit zur kooperativen Jungenaufzucht geben. Zur Untersuchung der Bedeutung der Paarbindungsqualität wurden Diskriminanzfunktionsanalysen und Regressionsanalysen durchgeführt, wozu die untersuchten Brutpaare anhand ihres Fortpflanzungspotentials in verschiedene Gruppen eingeteilt wurden. Anhand der Ergebnisse der Studie konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Fortpflanzungspotential von Brutpaaren von verschiedenen Kriterien, die die Paarbindungsqualität charakterisieren, abhängt. Dabei ist zwischen der Produktivität und der Fähigkeit zur kooperativen Jungenaufzucht zu unterscheiden. Die Produktivität eines Paares wurde hinsichtlich der abgestimmten Tagesaktivität positiv vom synchronen Ruhen mit dem Partner beeinflusst, sowie von der Häufigkeit und Dauer der vom Weibchen ausgehenden sozialen Gefiederpflege. Brutpaare mit hoher Produktivität waren zudem über eine hohe ‚intra-Paar Fluktuation’ des Steroidhormons Testosteron gekennzeichnet. Die Brutpaare, die in der Lage sind, ihre Jungtiere in Kooperation großzuziehen, zeigten ebenfalls einen hohen Anteil zeitlich mit dem Partner abgestimmter Ruhephasen, zudem häufiges Ruheverhalten in Körperkontakt zum Partner und ein hohes zeitliches Investment der Männchen bei der Initiierung und Durchführung sozialer Gefiederpflege. Darüber hinaus zeigten Männchen, die einen Beitrag zur kooperativen Jungenaufzucht leisten, eine wesentlich geringere durchschnittliche Testosteron-Konzentration – bezogen auf den Untersuchungszeitraum, als Männchen, die Brutpaaren angehören, die nicht zur selbständigen Jungenaufzucht fähig sind. Dieses Ergebnis spiegelt die Bedeutung von Testosteron bei der elterlichen Fürsorge wider und bietet einen Anhaltspunkt für weitere Untersuchungen. Die Untersuchung konnte zeigen, dass es möglich und sinnvoll ist, das individuelle Verhalten von Tieren in Menschenobhut für den Erhalt bedrohter Tierarten einzusetzen. Weitere, auf dieser Studie aufbauende Untersuchungen sollten zum Ziel haben, zuverlässig die Brutpaare erkennbar zu machen, die über ein gutes Fortpflanzungspotential verfügen. Auf diese Weise kann unzureichender Reproduktionserfolg bedrohter Papageienarten in Menschenobhut infolge von Zwangsverpaarung minimiert werden. / In addition to preserve wild populations, captive breeding of certain species is important for the conservation of endangered parrots (Psittaciformes). However, captive breeding of parrot species is rarely successful. The main reason for this failure is that forced pairings are applied under the context of breeding programs such as European Endangered Species Program, EEP, in which breeding pairs are primarily selected under genetic aspects. Bond quality affects the reproductive success of most perennial monogamous parrot species significantly. A free mate selection is therefore important for successful breeding in captivity; however, it is hard to achieve as a part of conservation breeding programs. The aim of this study is to develop a scientific method to determine the reproductive potential of breeding pairs of the genus Ara based on the pair bond. Therefore, the relationship of the pair bond quality in breeding pairs for lifetime reproductive success (LRS) is investigated in this study. The data of 21 breeding pairs was collected in the breeding facility 'La Vera' of the Loro Parque Fundación in Tenerife, Spain between 2006 and 2007. The pair bond was characterized firstly by the typical pair bonding behaviour and secondly by the physiological adaptation of each breeding pair based on the steroid hormone testosterone releases. The pair bonding behaviour consisted in ‘daily activity', ‘contact behaviour' and 'social interactions'. The ‘daily activity' included the behaviours: resting, sitting, eating, preening, activity and movement. Certain individual behaviours and gender roles were examined for the ‘contact behaviour'. The duration and frequency of social preening and the social index were summarized as 'social interactions'. In the social preening the duration and frequency of the phases was recorded, and the respective initiator of this interaction. In addition, gender of the individual, frequency, and duration of the social preening was recorded. Furthermore the social index was calculated, which indicates the relationship between agonistic and socio-positive interactions. To measure the testosterone release in the pair members over 9 weeks (September to November 2007), faecal samples were collected from each individual once a week. The faecal samples were analyzed at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry at the University of Leipzig under supervision of Prof. Dr. Almuth Einspanier. Competitive double-Antibody Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) was applied to determine the testosteronecontent of the faecal samples. Reproductive success was represented by number of eggs, nests and chicks, and the clutch size. These data provide, based on the duration of the pair bond, information about the productivity of breeding pairs. Furthermore, the number of chicks reared by one breeding pair independently should provide information about the capacity for cooperative breeding. Breeding pairs were classified into different groups depending on their reproductive potential. This classification was verified by discriminant analysis and regression analysis to investigate the importance of the quality of the pair bond for reproductive success. I found that the reproductive potential of breeding pairs is related to various criteria that characterize the quality of a pair bond, but it is essential to distinguish between the productivity itself and the ability to cooperative breeding. The synchronous resting with a partner according to the daily activity, as well as the frequency and duration of social preening initiated by the female positively influenced the productivity of a pair. Breeding pairs with high productivity also showed a high ‚intra-pair fluctuation' of the steroid hormone testosterone level. The breeding pairs which are able to raise their young in cooperation also showed a high percentage of time with coordinated phases of resting, also frequent resting behaviour in physical contact with the partner and a high investment of males in the initiation and implementation of social preening. In addition, males, which actively contribute to cooperative breeding, showed significantly lower testosterone concentrations than males, which were members of breeding pairs not capable of raising chicks on its own. This result emphasizes the importance of testosterone during the parental care, especially in males, and provides a starting point for further investigations. My investigation shows that it is possible and useful to apply the individual behaviour of animals in captivity for the conservation of endangered species. Based on this study, further research should be aimed to expose reliable breeding pairs with good reproductive potential, by behaviour and by measuring hormonal states. In this way, poor reproductive success of endangered parrot species in captivity as a result of forced parings can be minimized.

Weltweit ist eine rasante Zunahme des Artensterbens auch bei der Klasse Aves zu verzeichnen. Durch Umweltveränderungen und unzählige andere menschliche Einflüsse (z.B. illegaler Handel) ist fast ein Drittel der Papageienpopulation (Psittaciformes) vom Aussterben bedroht. Eine Möglichkeit, diesen Trend aufzuhalten, besteht in der gezielten und effektiven Nachzucht bedrohter Arten in der Obhut von Menschen mit dem Ziel der späteren Wiederauswilderung. Leider waren bisher solche Bemühungen oft erfolglos. Dies ist der Tatsache geschuldet, dass fundierte wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Reproduktionsstatus nahezu fehlen und ein Transfer der hormonanalytischen Methoden vom Säugetier zum Vogel nicht so einfach möglich ist. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Etablierung von Methoden zur Hormonbestimmung in verschiedenen Medien beim männlichen Papagei, mit deren Hilfe eine Einordnung des Reproduktionsstatus möglich ist. Im Vordergrund standen dabei vor allem nicht-invasive Techniken, die mit deutlich geringerem Stress für die Tiere verbunden sind. Als Vertreter für die Gruppe der Papageienartigen wurden Wellensittiche (Melopsittacus undulatus, n=11), Nymphensittiche (Nymphicus hollandicus, n=9) und Halsbandsittiche (Psittacula krameri, n=7) ausgewählt und endokrinologisch untersucht. Diese Vögel wurden vom Bundesverband für fachgerechten Natur- und Artenschutz e.V. (BNA) zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Hormonanalyse erfolgte in den regelmäßig gesammelten Blut-, Speichel- und Kotproben der männlichen Psittaziden. Neben dem Sexualhormon Testosteron wurden die Blutspiegel des Stresshormons Corticosteron bestimmt, da eine mögliche Beziehung zwischen Stress und Testosteronsekretion besteht. In den Vorversuchen wurden zunächst geeignete Methoden für die Hormonanalyse in den verschiedenen Medien beim Papagei entwickelt. Zur Extraktion von Testosteron aus den Blut- und Kotproben erwies sich Diethylether als gut geeignet, während Speichel direkt ohne Extraktion im Testosteron-Enzymimmunoassay eingesetzt wurde. Da Papageien hauptsächlich primär konjugierte Testosteronmetabolite (85%) ausscheiden, wurden die Kotproben nach dem Trocknen und Einwiegen mit Hilfe der β-Glucuronidase/Arylsulfatase hydrolysiert und dann mit Diethyether extrahiert. Die Corticosteronanalyse im Plasma der Papageien erfolgte durch Fällung der Proteine mittels absolutem Alkohol und Einsatz der Plasmaextrakte in den Radioimmunoassay. Bei den verschiedenen Papageienspezies traten während der Untersuchungsperiode vergleichbare Plasma-Testosteronkonzentrationen auf. Die höchsten Plasmaspiegel (0,36 ng/ml) wiesen die Wellensittiche im März 2007 auf, ähnliche Konzentrationen (0,34 ng/ml) erreichten die Nymphensittiche im Februar 2007. Demgegenüber zeigten die Halsbandsittiche geringere maximale Konzentrationen (0,26 ng/ml) im November 2007. Im Kot der Papageien wurden erwartungsgemäß deutlich höhere Testosteronwerte gemessen, weil die Steroidausscheidung im Kot kumulativ eine zurückliegende Zeitperiode und Blut den aktuellen Hormonstatus zum Zeitpunkt der Probennahme widerspiegelt. Bezüglich der Haltungs- und Umweltbedingungen zeigten die Papageien maximale Testosteronspiegel während der kalten Jahreszeit, bei kurzer (Halsbandsittich) bzw. zunehmender Tageslichtlänge (Wellen- und Nymphensittich) und Haltung in der Innenvoliere. Dabei spielte die Niederschlagsmenge in der gemäßigten Klimazone offenbar weniger eine Rolle in der aviären Reproduktion. Die Verlaufsuntersuchungen des Stresshormons Corticosteron im Blut der Papageien ergaben speziesspezifische Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Konzentrationen, zeitlichen Verläufe und in Bezug zum Testosteronspiegel. Auffällig hohe Corticosteronkonzentrationen zeigten die nicht domestizierten Halsbandsittiche (15,9 – 35,6 ng/ml) im Vergleich zu den Wellensittichen (1,76 – 17,1 ng/ml) und Nymphensittichen (4,06 – 12,1 ng/ml), bei denen sich vermutlich im Laufe der Domestikation eine verminderte Sensibilität der HPA-Achse ausgebildet hat. In Bezug zum Plasma-Testosteronspiegel war bei den Wellen- und Halsbandsittichen ein gegenläufiger Zusammenhang erkennbar, wobei beim Nymphensittich eine positive Korrelation zwischen der Testosteron- und Corticosteronkonzentrationim Plasma bestand. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass durch die Testosteronanalyse in Kot und Plasma eine Einordnung des Reproduktionsstatus beim Wellen-, Nymphen- und Halsbandsittich möglich ist. Es ist jedoch sinnvoll, Proben zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten vergleichend zu betrachten, um die tierindividuellen Unterschiede zu berücksichtigen. Offensichtlich stehen die Steroidhormone der Gonaden und der Nebenniere zueinander in Beziehung, sodass auch Corticosteron in der Reproduktionsdiagnostik von männlichen Psittaziden Anwendung finden sollte.

The Cape parrot (Poicephalus robustus) is South Africa's only endemic parrot. It has become increasingly rare in recent years, with fewer than 500 birds left in the wild, and is now regarded as endangered. Possible factors contributing to this rapid decline in numbers include habitat loss, food shortage, disease and illegal trafficking and trading in the species. Habitat loss and food shortage have been brought about by the rapid destruction of the yellowwood trees in the afromontane forests in South Africa and have played a role in reducing the population numbers. The Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) has also contributed to the loss of some individuals, however it is the illegal trafficking of this rare and valuable species that has become of great concern. As the Cape parrot is becoming increasingly rare and therefore highly sought after, its commercial value has multiplied to the extent that illegal black market trapping is on the rise. The industry involved in breeding and conservation of endangered bird species, has a need for the proper establishment of studbooks, containing all available information on captive as well as tagged birds. Most of the information found in studbooks is based on morphological attributes of individual birds. Although this is useful, there is a need to add molecular information in order for complete identification of individuals, particularly in a species threatened by illegal trading and theft. A preliminary analysis of the amount of variation present in the population of interest is therefore required so that appropriate methods and techniques can be developed to identify individual birds. A RAPD analysis was conducted to assess the amount of variation in the Cape parrot and lay the foundations for the establishment of individual identification in the species. Blood samples from 30 parrots, consisting of both related and unrelated individuals, were obtained from three separate locations: Amazona in Assagay, Rehoboth Farm in Dargle, as well as from the Eastern Cape. 15 random primers were selected and used to conduct a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. RAPDs are extremely useful in situations where relatively inexpensive first approximations of the genetic variation are needed, such as in rare and endangered species. After successful optimisation of the technique in the species, the 15 primers were screened for all 30 individuals and the individual DNA fingerprints, analysed. Clear, distinctive and reliable DNA fingerprints were obtained for all individuals however, it was interesting to note despite the analysis of 85 loci using the 15 primers almost identical DNA fingerprints were produced between the individual birds. A population analysis into the amount of variation present between and within the three populations, as well as for the representative population as a whole, was conducted. Using various statistical programmes such as POPGENE and ARLEQUIN, heterozygosities, genetic distance measures, diversity indices, Wright's fixation index and AMOVAs were estimated. The amount of polymorphism detected in this investigation was 33 % and the heterozygosity, 0.37, which is a relatively high value for the uniformity displayed in the DNA profiles. The high GC content of the primers however, could be a possible explanation thereof. Relationship and kinship determination, sex determination as well as population assignment was possible despite not being able to identify each individual based on unique DNA fingerprints. The AMOVA analysis indicated significant variation on both the between (5.59 %) and within (94.41 %) levels of analysis. Little variation or differentiation was observed between the three subpopulations, which was confirmed with an FST value of 0.056. The variation experienced within each subpopulation was analysed using Shannon's index of phenotypic diversity. The Amazona population displayed the most variation with a value of 0.286 and the Rehoboth population, the least with 0.195. This was expected, with the individuals from the latter population comprising one extended family. Nei's measures of genetic identity revealed that the individuals from Amazona were more similar to the Eastern Cape population, which was again expected with regular exchanging of chicks between the two breeders. RAPD technology was successful in laying the foundations for individual identification in the Cape parrot. It was also successful in producing reproducible DNA fingerprints in the species that were able to determine relatedness to some extent, determine the sex of individuals and identify individuals from a particular subpopulation. Furthermore RAPD analysis gave a good indication of the variation found in the Cape parrot population, which is important for conservation purposes. In order to maximize conservation efforts and strategies in an endangered species, determining the level of genetic diversity and variation found in the remaining individuals of the population is of great importance. This information could provide powerful insight for conservation purposes and depending on the level of diversity detected, appropriate breeding programmes could be set up in order to increase the genetic variation and thereby reduce the chance of extinction of the species. The following important findings emerged from this investigation: • RAPD technology, once optimised for the species of interest, is successful in producing clear and reliable DNA fingerprints, provided the same protocol is followed carefully throughout the investigation. • An optimised protocol for fingerprinting the Cape parrot using RAPDs was established. • Possible sex identification, population assignment and a degree of kinship determination was determined using RAPDs. • Little variation was found within the representative Cape parrot population as a whole due to small population size and possible inbreeding. • As expected for an avian species, little genetic sub-division or differentiation was observed between the three populations analysed. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

No description available.

Submitted by LUCIO DE OLIVEIRA E SOUSA null (lucio.souza@cesp.com.br) on 2016-04-29T16:56:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lucio.souza@cesp.com.br..doc Versã final da dissertação-CONFERIDA.doc 1.pdf: 1171341 bytes, checksum: 169265900994305cd01db88540580ec7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-02T18:35:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_lo_me_ilha.pdf: 1171341 bytes, checksum: 169265900994305cd01db88540580ec7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T18:35:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_lo_me_ilha.pdf: 1171341 bytes, checksum: 169265900994305cd01db88540580ec7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / O papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva), pertencente à família Psittacidae, é uma ave que ocorre em toda a América do Sul, sendo considerado uma das aves mais comuns do Brasil. Pouco se conhece sobre a nutrição dos psitacídeos, e no caso dos papagaios a alimentação em cativeiro tem sido feita de maneira empírica, baseando na sua preferência e nos hábitos alimentares na natureza. O estudo envolveu ensaio de metabolismo com o objetivo de determinar o consumo voluntário e o aproveitamento dos nutrientes presentes em dietas oferecidas a papagaios, além de avaliar a viabilidade econômica destas dietas para essas aves criadas em cativeiro. Foram utilizados vinte e quatro papagaios verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) adultos e de ambos os sexos, alojados em grupos de três por gaiolas, distribuídos em blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (duas rações comerciais e complementação ou não com bananas), sendo quatro períodos de coleta (2 repetições de cada tratamento por período), totalizando 8 repetições por tratamento. A diferença entre as rações comercias avaliadas foi o teor de extrato etéreo (2,46 e 5,07%) e o tamanho do granulo (12 e 6 mm). Em cada período foram realizadas colheitas de excretas e controle das quantidades de alimentos fornecidos e sobras, procedimentos adotados por um período de quatro dias, após cinco dias de adaptação aos tratamentos experimentais. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: o consumo de ração, consumo de fruta, consumo total de alimento (ração + fruta), quantidade de alimento dispendido (consumido + desperdiçado), custo total com a alimentação, consumo de água, coeficientes de metabolização dos nutrientes, valores de energia metabolizável aparente e verdadeira, e ingestão proteica (g/k0,75/dia) e energética (kcal/kg0,75/dia). O tamanho do grânulo interferiu no consumo, no desperdício e no dispêndio de ração (g/ave/dia), resultando em maior gasto com a ração de grânulos maiores. A associação das rações com a banana determinou seletividade dos papagaios, causando redução no consumo total de alimento, sem, contudo, reduzir a ingestão de MS com base no peso metabólico. Para baratear os custos na manutenção de papagaios em cativeiro, a associação da ração com banana é uma boa opção, entretanto em pequena quantia da fruta, pois grande oferta da banana poderá comprometer a ingestão calórica e de nutrientes importantes para integridade das aves. O coeficiente de metabolização da energia foi superior quando se administrou a ração com maior grânulo. / True parrot (Amazon aestiva) belonging to Psittacidae family, is a bird that occurs in all of South America and is considered one of the most common birds in Brazil. Little is known about the nutrition of parrots, and in the case of parrots in captivity, feeding has been made empirically, based on their preference and eating habits in nature. The study involved metabolism test in order to determine the voluntary intake and utilization of nutrients in diets offered to parrots, and to evaluate the economic viability of these diets for these birds bred in captivity. Twenty-four true parrots (Amazona aestiva) adults and both sexes were used, housed in groups of three per cage, distributed in randomized blocks in a factorial 2 x 2 (two commercial feed and complementation or not bananas), and four collection periods (2 repetitions of each treatment period), totaling 8 replicates per treatment. The difference between the assessed commercial feed was the ether extract (2.46 and 5.07%) and the size of the granule (24:06 mm). In each period excreta, samples were collected and control the quantity of food provided and leftovers, procedures adopted for a period of four days after five days of adaptation to experimental treatments. The parameters evaluated were: feed intake, fruit consumption, total consumption of food (food + fruit), amount of spent food (consumption + waste), total cost with food, water consumption, metabolization coefficients of nutrients, metabolizable energy values (true and apparent), and protein intake (g/k0,75/day) and energy (kcal/kg 0.75/day). The granule size interfered in consumption, waste and feed expenditure (g / bird / day), resulting in higher costs to feed larger granules. The association of feed with banana determined selectivity of parrots, causing reduction in total food intake, without, however, reduce the DM intake based on metabolic weight. To lower costs in maintenance of parrots in captivity, the ration of association with banana is a good option, however small amount of fruit as large supply of bananas may compromise the caloric intake and nutrients important for integrity of birds. The metabolization coefficient of energy was higher when administered to feed more grain.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_crb_me_botfmvz.pdf: 364100 bytes, checksum: fbff202e95c9c31a58029c2bea0c838f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso da própolis sobre parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos em papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva). Para isto, 12 aves adultas (6 machos e 6 fêmeas) foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em gaiolas individuais, com livre acesso à água e 60g diárias de ração comercial (Papagaio Mix – Biotron®). As aves foram divididas em três tratamentos, com diferentes níveis de própolis (A=0,0%; B=0,5% e C=1,0%), em três fases distintas (I, II e III), com duração de 15 dias para as fases I e III e 30 dias para a fase II, totalizando 60 dias. Nas fases I e III, todas as aves receberam ração do tratamento A, e na fase II receberam A, B ou C, sendo 4 aves por tratamento. Durante o experimento, foram colhidas sobras de ração, diariamente, para determinação do consumo. Ao término de cada fase, as aves foram pesadas e realizou-se colheita de sangue para avaliações bioquímicas e hematológicas. Para as variáveis analisadas foi utilizada ANOVA e o contraste entre as médias pelo teste de Tukey (P< 0,05). Parâmetros bioquímicos sugeriram que a própolis a 0,5% reduziu os níveis de lactato desidrogenase (LDH). Quanto aos parâmetros hematológicos, sugeriu-se que no tratamento B houve aumento das concentrações de hemoglobina e eosinófilos. O consumo foi reduzido para as aves do tratamento C (1,0% de própolis) durante a fase II, evidenciando a baixa palatabilidade da ração com alto nível de própolis. Os resultados permitiram concluir que 0,5% de própolis melhorou os níveis de LDH, hemoglobina e eosinófilos; 1,0% de própolis reduziu o consumo de ração pelas aves / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Brazilian propolis on serum biochemical and hematological parameters for captive Blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Twelve adult birds (6 male and 6 female) were housed in individual cages with ad libitum water and each bird received 60g of a commercial diet (Papagaio Mix, Biotron®) per day. Birds were randomly distributed in three treatments which were: A-a commercial diet without Brazilian propolis (Papagaio Mix, Biotron®); B - the commercial diet with 0.5% of Brazilian propolis; and C - the commercial diet with 1.0% of Brazilian propolis. There were 4 repetitions per treatment and the parrot was the experimental unit. The trial lasted 60 days and was divided in three phases (I, II and III), phase I and III lasted 15 days and phase II 30 days. All birds were fed the diet of treatment A during phase I and III and in the phase II parrots were fed the three treatments. Food remains were collected during the whole experimental period for evaluation of feed intake. At the end of each phase, blood sample were collected from for biochemical and hematological evaluation and birds were also weighted. The results were performed by ANOVA and the means were compared by Tukey test (P≤0.05). Biochemical parameters suggested that 0.5% of Brazilian propolis in diet acted as a liver protection agent reducing the lactate desidrogenase level. For hematological parameters birds from treatment B had the higher hemoglobin concentration and eosinophils count compared to others treatment. The feed intake was lower for birds from treatment C (1.0% of Brazilian propolis) during the phase II showing the low palatability of the diet with high level of propolis. The results showed that 0.5% of propolis improved the levels of LDH, hemoglobin and eosinophils; 1.0% of propolis reduced feed intake by birds

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T13:10:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-10-23. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-07-01T13:14:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000866900.pdf: 2501617 bytes, checksum: 8f2f9a165414d000cbd37f0016bd144e (MD5) / O papagaio verdadeiro é uma espécie monogâmica que possui inteligência social, porém, é comumente vítima das ilegalidades ambientais e da vida em cativeiro. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica social e o repertório comportamental ao juntar machos e fêmeas da espécie pela primeira vez; com enfoque nos padrões que validassem o vínculo social entre as aves e os comportamentos estereotipados. 13 machos e 13 fêmeas cativos foram utilizados; separados em grupos isossexuais na primeira fase, em grupo sexual na segunda fase e, isolados do grupo, aos pares e casal, na terceira fase. As observações foram registradas diariamente pela manhã, com tempo de filmagem de 20 minutos/ave, totalizando 100 minutos de registro/ave/fase. As análises comportamentais foram relacionadas em 8 categorias, sempre observando a manutenção de pares existentes e as novas formações sociais quando juntou-se as aves. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de Friedman para comparar a porcentagem de tempo gasto em cada comportamento entre os sexos e entre as fases, com valor de significância adotado de P>0,05. A composição social na fase isossexual constitui-se de 2 pares de machos, 2 pares de fêmeas e um trio de fêmeas. Na fase sexual foram 4 pares de machos e 3 pares de fêmeas isossexuais e 1 casal. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que isolar papagaios verdadeiros, mesmo com seus pares, não promove uma condição de bem-estar animal e manutenção do vínculo social, uma vez que os comportamentos estereotipados aumentaram e os afiliativos diminuíram nesta condição. Também revelam que a fidelidade dos pares manteve-se em aves com aspecto dominante, mesmo em uma nova condição ambiental e social / The Blue-fronted Amazon parrot is a monogamous species that has social intelligence. However, it is commonly a victim of environmental illegalities and of life in captivity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the social dynamics and behavioral repertoire when males and females of the same species were put together for the first time, with an emphasis on patterns that would validate the social bond between the birds and stereotypical behaviors. 13 captive males and 13 captive females were used, separated in isosexual groups during the first phase, in sexual groups during the second phase and isolated from the group, in pairs and as a couple, during the third phase. The observations were registered daily in the morning, with a recording time of 20 minutes/bird, adding up to 100 minutes of recording/bird/phase. The behavioral analysis were separated in 8 categories, always observing the maintenance of existing pairs and the new social formations when the birds were put together. For statistical analysis the Friedman test was used to compare the percentage of time that was spent doing each behavior between sexes and between phases, using significance values of P>0.05. The social composition in the isosexual phase was composed of 2 pairs of males, 2 pairs of females and three females. In the sexual phase there were 4 pairs of males and 3 pairs of isosexual females and 1 couple. The obtained results suggest that isolating Blue-fronted amazon parrots, even as a couple, does not promote a condition of animal well-being and maintenance of the social bond, as the stereotypical behaviors increased and the affiliative behaviors decreased in this condition. They also showed that the fidelity of the pairs was maintained in birds with dominant aspect, even in a new environmental and social condition

Orientador: Otto Mack Junqueira / Resumo: O papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva), pertencente à família Psittacidae, é uma ave que ocorre em toda a América do Sul, sendo considerado uma das aves mais comuns do Brasil. Pouco se conhece sobre a nutrição dos psitacídeos, e no caso dos papagaios a alimentação em cativeiro tem sido feita de maneira empírica, baseando na sua preferência e nos hábitos alimentares na natureza. O estudo envolveu ensaio de metabolismo com o objetivo de determinar o consumo voluntário e o aproveitamento dos nutrientes presentes em dietas oferecidas a papagaios, além de avaliar a viabilidade econômica destas dietas para essas aves criadas em cativeiro. Foram utilizados vinte e quatro papagaios verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) adultos e de ambos os sexos, alojados em grupos de três por gaiolas, distribuídos em blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (duas rações comerciais e complementação ou não com bananas), sendo quatro períodos de coleta (2 repetições de cada tratamento por período), totalizando 8 repetições por tratamento. A diferença entre as rações comercias avaliadas foi o teor de extrato etéreo (2,46 e 5,07%) e o tamanho do granulo (12 e 6 mm). Em cada período foram realizadas colheitas de excretas e controle das quantidades de alimentos fornecidos e sobras, procedimentos adotados por um período de quatro dias, após cinco dias de adaptação aos tratamentos experimentais. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: o consumo de ração, consumo de fruta, consumo total de alimento (ração + fruta), ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: True parrot (Amazon aestiva) belonging to Psittacidae family, is a bird that occurs in all of South America and is considered one of the most common birds in Brazil. Little is known about the nutrition of parrots, and in the case of parrots in captivity, feeding has been made empirically, based on their preference and eating habits in nature. The study involved metabolism test in order to determine the voluntary intake and utilization of nutrients in diets offered to parrots, and to evaluate the economic viability of these diets for these birds bred in captivity. Twenty-four true parrots (Amazona aestiva) adults and both sexes were used, housed in groups of three per cage, distributed in randomized blocks in a factorial 2 x 2 (two commercial feed and complementation or not bananas), and four collection periods (2 repetitions of each treatment period), totaling 8 replicates per treatment. The difference between the assessed commercial feed was the ether extract (2.46 and 5.07%) and the size of the granule (24:06 mm). In each period excreta, samples were collected and control the quantity of food provided and leftovers, procedures adopted for a period of four days after five days of adaptation to experimental treatments. The parameters evaluated were: feed intake, fruit consumption, total consumption of food (food + fruit), amount of spent food (consumption + waste), total cost with food, water consumption, metabolization coefficients of nutrients, metabolizable energy values (... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre