To assess the risk factors involved in the contamination of fresh produce with human pathogenic organisms, a total of 1,257 samples were collected from cantaloupe, oranges, and parsley in the field and after processing, and the environment. Samples were collected twice in a season from two farms with operating packing sheds per commodity and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella. Sixteen, 6, and 3 isolates were obtained from irrigation water, packing shed equipment, and washed cantaloupe, respectively. Salmonella was not detected on oranges or parsley. Serotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction assays were applied to Salmonella isolates to evaluate their genetic diversity and to determine if there are relationships between sources of contamination. Using PFGE, all Salmonella isolates obtained from irrigation water and equipment were determined to be different from cantaloupe isolates. Only one equipment isolate was related to isolates from irrigation water. Rep-PCR demonstrated some similarity between equipment and cantaloupe isolates, but this technique is less discriminatory. DNA fingerprinting did not conclusively determine relationships between sources of contamination. Isolates were also subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method. Five out of 25 of the isolates demonstrated intermediate sensitivity to streptomycin and one isolate was resistant to streptomycin. Green fluorescent protein was an effective marker system when monitoring the survival of Salmonella on parsley as affected by processing. Dip temperature had little effect on the attachment and survival of Salmonella on parsley. Regardless of the temperature or duration of dip, Salmonella were internalized. Immersion for longer times resulted in higher numbers of attached and internalized cells. Microscopic observations agreed with these results and showed Salmonella near the stomata and within cuticle cracks. Salmonella increased over 7 storage days at 25??C and decreased at 4??C. After 7 days at 4??C, no internalized Salmonella were detected. Examination of the native microflora of parsley showed that bacterial populations were similar for parsley collected in the field and packing shed. Higher bacterial populations and fungi were observed at retail with Pseudomonas the predominant organism. Parsley supports the growth of a diverse group of microorganisms.

Considerable work has been recently devoted to the automatic generation of syntax analyzers. This work has been generally concerned with extending the power of the parser generator technigues, rather than improving the syntactic specification mechanism. Se present a new parsing language which attempts to unify syntax and semantics. In addition, the language provides a mechanism by which reasonable error recovery can be naturally included in the syntax specification. / Science, Faculty of / Computer Science, Department of / Graduate

Thesis (MTech (Consumer Sciences: Food and Nutrition))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006 / Fruit and vegetables are the major antioxidant contributors to the diet Antioxidants assist in the prevention of oxidative damage in the body and may as a result prevent the causation of degenerative diseases. Thermal household processing plays an integral part in South African consumers' lives, as most fruit and vegetables consumed are processed at home. Consumers' perceptions that food processing causes nutrient losses, especially of vitamin C, have been corroborated by studies that investigated thermal household processing of single foods or that of industrial processing. No studies have determined the effect of thermal household processing on mixed dishes. A popular consumed South African mixed dish, namely, stewed tomato and onion flavoured with parsley, was investigated by using three recipes, each using a different preparation method. The traditional recipe for the preparation of stewed tomato and onion was modified (control recipe) to contain parsley. Two other recipes (Recipe 1 and 2) were compiled based on the recipe formulation of the control recipe but differed in the preparation methods used. In Recipe 1, raw onion was added to cooked tomato and in Recipe 2, sauteed onions were added to cooked tomato.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Carrots, cilantro and parsley are vegetable, Apiaceae family, important in agriculture and Brazilian culinary. In recent years, the increasing production of these species led to the emergence of pest problems, especially diseases caused by fungi. In order to minimize the harmful effect of these fungi, the present study was to evaluate the effect of chemical and biological treatment, with or without polymer, in carrot coriander and parsley seeds, contaminated with A. alternata and A. radicina during storage. Were used seeds of carrot, coriander and parsley from producers in Rio Grande do Sul, without any chemical treatment, produced in 2009/2010. After receipt, the seeds were submitted to the initial assessment of water content, germination and health. According with the results of sanity test, in which was detected the presence of Alternaria alternata and A. radicina associated with seeds, were selected seeds of each species, according to the highest percentage of pathogens incidence. After, the seeds were submitted to treatment, according to manufacturers' recommendations, with fungicide Captan® (in dose of 0,002 g.kg-1) or with the biological product based on of Trichoderma spp., Agrotrich plus® (in dose of 25g.ha-1), both added or not polymer Collorseed - Rigran® (in dose of 50 mL. kg-1). Thus, the treatments were: control, seeds + Captan®, seed + Captan® + polymer, seeds + Agrotrich plus®, seeds + Agrotrich plus® + polymer. Quality assessments were performed every three months, the course of a year of storage. Physiological quality was evaluated by germination test, first count germination, cold test, seedling length, emergence and emergence rate index and the health quality through the Blotter test. The seeds treatment of carrot, coriander and parsley, contaminated with A. alternata and A. radicina with the fungicide Captan® + polymer favored the physiological and sanitary quality during storage. The Agrotrich plus®, polymer or not, did not show effectiveness in the treatment of the seed during storage. Additionally, the incidence of A. alternata and A. radicina reduced over twelve months of storage, regardless of the treatment applied to the apiaceas seed. / Cenoura, coentro e salsa são hortaliças, da família Apiaceae, importantes na agricultura e na culinária brasileira. Nos últimos anos, a crescente produção de sementes dessas espécies ocasionou o surgimento de problemas fitossanitários, principalmente doenças causadas por fungos. No intuito de minimizar o efeito nocivo desses fungos, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do tratamento químico e biológico, associados ou não a polímero, em sementes de cenoura, coentro e salsa, contaminadas com A. alternata e A. radicina durante o armazenamento. Foram utilizadas sementes de cenoura, coentro e salsa provenientes de empresas produtoras do Rio Grande do Sul, sem qualquer tipo de tratamento químico, produzidas na safra 2009/2010. Após o recebimento, as sementes foram submetidas à avaliação inicial do teor de água, germinação e sanidade. De acordo com os resultados do teste de sanidade, no qual foi detectada a presença de Alternaria alternata e A. radicina associados às sementes, foram selecionadas sementes de cada espécie, de acordo com a maior incidência dos patógenos. A partir disso, as sementes foram submetidas ao tratamento, de acordo com recomendações dos fabricantes, com fungicida Captan® (na dose de 0,002 g.kg-1) ou com o produto biológico à base de Trichoderma spp., Agrotrich plus® (na dose de 25 g.ha-1), ambos acrescidos ou não de polímero Collorseed - Rigran® (na dose 50 mL. kg-1). Assim, os tratamentos consistiram em: testemunha, semente + fungicida Captan®, semente + fungicida Captan® + polímero, semente + Agrotrich plus®, semente + Agrotrich plus® + polímero. Avaliações de qualidade foram realizadas a cada três meses, ao decorrer de um ano de armazenamento. A qualidade fisiológica foi avaliada através dos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, teste de frio, comprimento de plântula, emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência e, a qualidade sanitária através do método do papel filtro. O tratamento de sementes de cenoura, coentro e salsa, contaminadas com A. alternata e com A. radicina, com o fungicida Captan® + polímero, favoreceu a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária durante o armazenamento. O Agrotrich plus®, acrescido ou não de polímero, não mostrou eficiência no tratamento dessas sementes durante o armazenamento. Além disso, a incidência de A. alternata e de A. radicina reduziu ao longo de doze meses de armazenamento, independentemente do tratamento aplicado nas sementes de apiáceas.

A preliminary experiment evaluated the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) or mechanical stimulation (brushing) on branching of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), cilantro (Coriandrum sativium L.), and parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill). Dikegulac sodium increased branching in sweet basil up to 400 ppm and thereafter branching decreased compared to control plants. Ethephon increased branching in sweet basil as rate increased up to 500 mg/L compared to control plants. Mechanical stimulation resulted in a significant decrease in plant height, plant width, number of branches, and number of leaders for all species compared to control plants. Benzyladenine and metaconazole had no effect on these species. In the main experiment the effect of colored shade cloth and PGRs or brushing were assessed on sweet basil, Thai basil (Ocimum basilicum "Siam Queen" L.), Genovese basil (Ocimum basilicum "Genovese" L.), cilantro, and parsley. All crops were grown under conventional black, blue ChromatiNet®, or red ChromatiNet® shade cloth. Subplot treatments included: dikegulac sodium at 400 ppm; benzyladenine at 300 ppm; ethephon at 350 ppm; brushing at 10 strokes applied twice daily. We assessed volatile compunds on all crops and conducted a sensory panel on sweet basil. Red shade cloth increased the number of branches and shoot fresh weight in sweet basil, Thai basil, and Genovese basil. Number of leaf stalks and shoot fresh weight also increased in cilantro plants grown under red shade cloth. Red shade cloth increased fresh weight of parsley plants. Sensory panel results showed a preference for the appearance of sweet basil grown under red shade cloth. Red shade cloth can be used to grow sweet basil, Thai basil, Genovese basil, cilantro, and parsley plants that have more branches and higher fresh weights. / Master of Science

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência da adubação verde e mineral na produção de salsa e nas características físicas e químicas de um Nitossolo Vermelho eutrófico típico, na região de Piracicaba, SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições em parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelos adubos verdes (Mucuna-anã, Crotalária juncea e Crotalária spectabilis) e testemunha, duas variedades de salsa (Graúda Portuguesa e Lisa Preferida) e duas doses de fertilizante mineral em cobertura (0 e 1 Mg ha-1 de 20-00-20). No primeiro experimento, conduzido de 4 de dezembro de 2008 a 23 de maio de 2009, os adubos verdes foram cortados, picados e deixados sobre a superfície do solo, sendo que no segundo experimento, conduzido de 22 de janeiro a 3 de julho de 2009, os adubos verdes foram cortados, deixados à superfície do solo por trinta dias e posteriormente incorporados. As características físicas avaliadas foram: densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade e microporosidade. As características químicas avaliadas foram: matéria orgânica, pH, soma de bases (SB), H+Al, saturação de bases (V), capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Em relação à salsa foram avaliadas as produções de massa fresca total, massa fresca do talo, massa fresca da folha, massa seca total, massa seca do talo, massa seca da folha, área foliar e número de folhas. Tanto no primeiro como no segundo experimento a C. juncea foi a espécie que produziu maior massa fresca, massa seca e teor de massa seca, em relação às demais. Às características químicas e físicas do solo, não foram alteradas, com exceção do P, Ca e SB que foram superiores para a C. spectabilis em relação à Mucuna-anã. A produtividade da salsa Lisa Preferida aumentou com a adubação verde com Mucuna-anã e C. spectabilis, no primeiro experimento. De maneira geral, a produtividade da salsa Lisa Preferida foi superior com a adubação mineral de cobertura em relação à ausência dessa prática tanto para o seu cultivo como para o cultivo da Graúda Portuguesa na presença e na ausência da adubação verde, no segundo experimento. / Two experiments were conducted with the objective to evaluate green manure and mineral fertilization efficience on parsley yield and physical and chemistry of a Nitossol Vermelho eutrófico típico soil in Piracicaba, SP region. The experimental design was a randomized complete blocks with five replications. The treatments were three legume species (Mucuna-anã, Crotalária juncea and Crotalária spectabilis) and control, two parsleys variety (Graúda Portuguesa and Lisa Preferida) and mineral fertilization levels (0 and 1 Mg ha-1 of 20-00-20). In the first experiment, carried out from 4th December 2008 to 23th of May 2009, the green manures were cut, chopped and left on the soil surface, while in the second experiment, that was carried out from 22th January to 3rd of July 2009, the green manures were cut and left on the soil surface for thirty days before incorporation. The physical characteristics evaluated were; the density of the soil, total porosity, macroporosity and microporosity. The chemical characteristics evaluated were; material organic, pH, exchangeable bases (SB), H+Al, capacity of cationic exchange (CTC), P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, e Zn. In relation to the Parsley were evaluated the following; total fresh mass production, fresh stalk mass, fresh leaf mass, total dry mass of the stalk, total dry mass of the leaf, leafy area and the number of leaves. Either on the first and the second experiment the C. juncea was the specie that produced most of the fresh mass, dry mass and content dry mass in respect to the others. The chemical and physical characteristics of the soil were not altered with the exception of the P, Ca and SB, which were superior for the C. spectabilis in respect of Mucuna-ana. The yield of the parsley Lisa Preferida has increased with green manure, with Mucuna-ana and C. spectabilis, on the first experiment. In general, the yield of the parsley Lisa Preferida was superior with the coverage of the mineral manure in respect to the absence of this practice, both for its cultivation, or for the cultivation of the Grauda Portuguesa in the presence and absence of the green manure, on the second experiment.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência da adubação verde e mineral na produção de salsa e nas características físicas e químicas de um Nitossolo Vermelho eutrófico típico, na região de Piracicaba, SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições em parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelos adubos verdes (Mucuna-anã, Crotalária juncea e Crotalária spectabilis) e testemunha, duas variedades de salsa (Graúda Portuguesa e Lisa Preferida) e duas doses de fertilizante mineral em cobertura (0 e 1 Mg ha-1 de 20-00-20). No primeiro experimento, conduzido de 4 de dezembro de 2008 a 23 de maio de 2009, os adubos verdes foram cortados, picados e deixados sobre a superfície do solo, sendo que no segundo experimento, conduzido de 22 de janeiro a 3 de julho de 2009, os adubos verdes foram cortados, deixados à superfície do solo por trinta dias e posteriormente incorporados. As características físicas avaliadas foram: densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade e microporosidade. As características químicas avaliadas foram: matéria orgânica, pH, soma de bases (SB), H+Al, saturação de bases (V), capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Em relação à salsa foram avaliadas as produções de massa fresca total, massa fresca do talo, massa fresca da folha, massa seca total, massa seca do talo, massa seca da folha, área foliar e número de folhas. Tanto no primeiro como no segundo experimento a C. juncea foi a espécie que produziu maior massa fresca, massa seca e teor de massa seca, em relação às demais. Às características químicas e físicas do solo, não foram alteradas, com exceção do P, Ca e SB que foram superiores para a C. spectabilis em relação à Mucuna-anã. A produtividade da salsa Lisa Preferida aumentou com a adubação verde com Mucuna-anã e C. spectabilis, no primeiro experimento. De maneira geral, a produtividade da salsa Lisa Preferida foi superior com a adubação mineral de cobertura em relação à ausência dessa prática tanto para o seu cultivo como para o cultivo da Graúda Portuguesa na presença e na ausência da adubação verde, no segundo experimento. / Two experiments were conducted with the objective to evaluate green manure and mineral fertilization efficience on parsley yield and physical and chemistry of a Nitossol Vermelho eutrófico típico soil in Piracicaba, SP region. The experimental design was a randomized complete blocks with five replications. The treatments were three legume species (Mucuna-anã, Crotalária juncea and Crotalária spectabilis) and control, two parsleys variety (Graúda Portuguesa and Lisa Preferida) and mineral fertilization levels (0 and 1 Mg ha-1 of 20-00-20). In the first experiment, carried out from 4th December 2008 to 23th of May 2009, the green manures were cut, chopped and left on the soil surface, while in the second experiment, that was carried out from 22th January to 3rd of July 2009, the green manures were cut and left on the soil surface for thirty days before incorporation. The physical characteristics evaluated were; the density of the soil, total porosity, macroporosity and microporosity. The chemical characteristics evaluated were; material organic, pH, exchangeable bases (SB), H+Al, capacity of cationic exchange (CTC), P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, e Zn. In relation to the Parsley were evaluated the following; total fresh mass production, fresh stalk mass, fresh leaf mass, total dry mass of the stalk, total dry mass of the leaf, leafy area and the number of leaves. Either on the first and the second experiment the C. juncea was the specie that produced most of the fresh mass, dry mass and content dry mass in respect to the others. The chemical and physical characteristics of the soil were not altered with the exception of the P, Ca and SB, which were superior for the C. spectabilis in respect of Mucuna-ana. The yield of the parsley Lisa Preferida has increased with green manure, with Mucuna-ana and C. spectabilis, on the first experiment. In general, the yield of the parsley Lisa Preferida was superior with the coverage of the mineral manure in respect to the absence of this practice, both for its cultivation, or for the cultivation of the Grauda Portuguesa in the presence and absence of the green manure, on the second experiment.