Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) populations have declined over the last 25-30 years throughout its range. With this rapid decline, the sustainability of the southern flounder fishery and population viability of this commercially and recreationally important fish has come into question. Previous research conducted in the Northern Gulf of Mexico and North Carolina, has shown that southern flounder often reside in freshwater for significant periods of time during the juvenile life history stage. Juvenile southern flounder have been collected at salinities below 10 in Aransas Bay (TX), suggesting that Texas southern flounder might also have critical periods of freshwater residency. However, the presence of a low salinity residency period in southern flounder in Texas has not previously been tested. Patterns of low salinity residence were determined using otolith microchemistry, using Ba/Ca ratios to determine movements across salinity boundaries. Water samples were collected from the major tributaries to the area in order to establish the Ba/Ca freshwater signature. Otolith Ba/Ca values revealed a high degree of variability in habitat use patterns among individuals. The mean percent time that an individual spent in low salinity habitat was skewed toward the lower end (15%) but a significant proportion of the individuals sampled (59%) used low salinity habitat at some point during their life. The remaining individuals (49%) never entered low salinity habitat. This work indicates that there are two distinctly different groups of habitat use patterns in the population. This work demonstrates that southern flounder in Texas exhibit different habitat use patterns from their congeners in North Carolina and the Northern Gulf of Mexico and can help contribute to the spatial management of the southern flounder population on the Gulf Coast of Texas. / text

Partial migration, whereby populations consist of residents and migrants, is common among migrating organisms. Partial migration of aquatic organisms, however, remains largely under-studied even though many aquatic animals exhibit horizontal and vertical migrations during their lifetime. Macroinvertebrates of the genus Mysis exhibit diel vertical migrations (DVM). Some species have recently been observed to exhibit partial diel migrations where some individuals reside on the bottom throughout the night while others migrate into the water column. To test the hypothesis that individuals are fixed as residents or migrants, we compared demographic information and C and N isotope compositions of M. diluviana caught at night in pelagic and benthic regions of Lake Champlain. Our results suggest there are two distinct ecotypes of M. diluviana separated by migration behavior. The migrating ecotype was smaller than the resident ecotype and enriched in δ15N while the resident ecotype had a higher C:N ratio. Because we did not allow for gut evacuation prior to our analyses, we conducted a follow-up experiment to test the effect of gut content on isotope composition of M. diluviana. The experiments confirmed that differences between benthic- and pelagic-caught M. diluviana were not a result of gut contents at the time of capture. Fixed partial migration behavior in M. diluviana in Lake Champlain indicates that DVM of M. diluviana may be more complex than previously thought. Additionally, partially migrating Mysis spp. may represent a model study organism to test hypotheses about the causes and consequences of partial DVM behavior in aquatic invertebrates.

Mass animal migrations represent large movements of biomass, energy, and nutrients with predictable patterns and important ecosystem-level consequences. Diel vertical migration (DVM) in aquatic systems, the daily movement of organisms from deeper depths during the day to shallower depths in the water column at night, is widespread in freshwater and marine systems. Recent studies, however, suggest partial migration behavior, whereby only some portion of a population migrates, is the rule rather than the exception in a range of migratory fauna, including those that undergo DVM. Hypotheses to explain why partial migrations occur complicate traditional views on DVM and challenge conventional theories. I address intraspecific variation in DVM behavior of an aquatic omnivore, Mysis diluviana, to test several long-standing assumptions about benthic-pelagic DVM in Mysis. I evaluated the extent of partial DVM and several potential drivers within a Lake Champlain Mysis population. I used traditional net-based field observations, a novel deep-water video camera system, and a laboratory experiment, to compare distributions, demographics, abundance estimates, hunger-satiation state, and feeding behavior, of migrant and non-migrant Mysis across multiple seasons, habitats, and different times of the day. Findings from my dissertation suggest Mysis partial DVM is common, and is associated with body size and demographic differences among individuals. Partial DVM behavior, however, did not correspond to strong differences in feeding preference or hunger-satiation state of individuals. My results contribute toward a more comprehensive understanding of migration theory and mysid biology, by including the often overlooked, but important, benthic habitat component of DVM studies, and fills in several ecological knowledge gaps regarding a key omnivore in many deep lake food webs across North America where Mysis serve as both predators and prey to many organisms.

Elk (Cervus canadensis) are known to exhibit high movement strategy diversity compared to other ungulate species. Most elk populations are migratory or partially migratory, presenting unique conservation and management challenges. For example, successful maintenance of multiple seasonal ranges and connectivity between them is necessary to conserve populations with migratory behaviors. Further study of the structure and maintenance of movement strategy diversity within partially migratory populations is needed to assist management and refine fundamental ecological theory. Improved understanding of the determinants of elk migratory timing is also important, with the dynamics of significant drivers likely to shift under future climate change and anthropogenic expansion. I investigated strategy-specific environmental responses in multiple Rocky Mountain elk populations and found evidence for a differentiation in resource use and selection among sympatric individuals using differing strategies. This result suggests a potential mechanism for the reduction of intraspecific competition and heightened population densities in partially migratory herds. However, the nature and strength of differentiation was found to be context dependent. I found that elk avoid human development and seasonally select for forage quantity over quality at relatively fine scales, highlighting some consistent selection responses as well. Overall, this analysis demonstrated intrapopulation response heterogeneity in partially migratory elk populations and characterized strategy-specific patterns of resource use and selection.I investigated how spring migratory timing and duration relate to spatiotemporal forage dynamics, finding that departure dates are affected by vegetative green-up along migratory corridors, while the duration of migration is influenced by the timing of green-up at the summer range. These results highlight a form of migratory plasticity, wherein migrants modulate both their departure date and the duration of their migration as a function of vegetative phenology. Additionally, I present a framework to quantify optimality of migratory movements in relation to peak forage conditions. On average, elk were found to exhibit high optimality, with interindividual variability along a gradient. My findings suggest a variety of responses to green-wave phenology, with optimality of movements differing as a function of individual and study area. This work contributes to the growing understanding of migratory plasticity as multidimensional and highlights the variability of migratory behavior within and among populations.

No description available.

Migratory behaviour of the Ya Ha Tinda (YHT) elk population is diminishing while the number of residents remaining on the YHT winter range year-round is increasing. Previous research addressing the fitness consequences of each migratory strategy assumed there was no advantage to either segment when they shared the YHT winter range. In testing this assumption, I found no spatial segregation of migrant and resident home-ranges during winter. Both groups were exposed to similar forage resources and residents were exposed to higher night-time, but not day-time predation risk. Residents were better than migrants at reducing the foraging costs of vigilance and increased vigilance in areas of high wolf predation risk, but not near human activity because of habituation. Migrants were not habituated to humans and exhibited more constant vigilance regardless of spatial variations in risk. My results do not support the previous assumption. Instead, I found residents may be at an advantage on the winter range while forage is abundant and no snow is present. / Ecology

Mysid shrimps (Mysidacea, Crustacea) are efficient zooplanktivores in both marine and freshwater systems as well as lipid rich prey for many species of fish.  Although some efforts have been made to study the role of mysids in the Baltic Sea, very few studies have been carried out in recent time and there are still knowledge gaps regarding various aspects of mysid ecology. This thesis aims to explore some of these gaps by covering a mixture of topics. Using multifrequency hydroacoustics we explored the possibility to separate mysids from fish echoes and successfully established a promising and effective method for obtaining mysid abundance/biomass estimates (paper I). An investigation of the current mysid community in a coastal area of the northern Baltic proper (paper II) demonstrated that the formerly dominant, pelagic mysid Mysis mixta had decreased substantially (~50%) in favor for phytoplanktivorous, juvenile Neomysis integer and Mysis relicta sp. By examining different aspects of mysid behavior, we studied the vertical size distribution of mysids in the field and found that size increased with depth/declining light, irrespective of temperature; indicating that their vertical size distribution primarily is a response to predation (paper II). In paper III, a combination of ecological and genetic markers was used to investigate intraspecific differences in migratory tendency. Both marker types indicated that some part of the Mysis salemaai population is sedentary on the bottom and that this strategy is a phenotypically plastic but persistent trait, analogous to the partial migrations seen in many birds and fishes. In paper IV a temperature and weight specific respiration model was developed for the littoral Praunus flexuosus. Routine respiration was moreover elevated by post-prandial effects (specific dynamic action) for longer times than previously suggested. Consequently, ignoring such effects could significantly bias respiration measurements. / At the time of doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper  2: Accepted; Paper 3: Submitted; Paper  4: Accepted

Cette thèse étudie l’influence de la diversité des tactiques d’histoire de vie sur la dynamique des populations de deux salmonidés à migration partielle: le saumon Atlantique, Salmo salar et la truite commune, Salmo trutta. Ces deux espèces ont de fortes valeurs écologique et économique, mais les rôles respectifs des individus résidents et migrateurs sur la dynamique et la résilience des populations à des changements environnementaux demeurent méconnus. Nous avons abordé ces questions par des approches démographiques, génétiques et de modélisation. Nous avons démontré que la détermination de la tactique d’histoire de vie est en partie plastique et permet aux individus juvéniles de migrer en réponse à un changement de l’environnement. De plus, cette thèse démontre que la diversité des tactiques permet aux populations à migration partielle de bénéficier d’un changement favorable de l’environnement et de réduire l’effet d’un changement défavorable sur la dynamique de populationCes deux processus pourraient expliquer la plus forte résilience des populations à migration partielle face aux variations environnementales par rapport aux populations strictement résidentes ou migratrices. Toutefois, étant donné les différences de stratégies chez le saumon Atlantique et la truite commune, nos résultats suggèrent que la truite a une meilleure capacité de réponse aux changements environnementaux et un niveau de résilience plus élevé que le saumon Atlantique / This thesis investigates the influence of the tactic diversity on population dynamics in two partially migratory salmonids: Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar and brown trout, Salmo trutta. These two species have high ecological and economic values but the role of migrant and resident individuals on population dynamics and resilience to environmental changes is currently largely unknown. I undertook a multidisciplinary approach combining demographic, genetic, and modeling tools to address these issues in populations from France. I found that tactic determination is partly plastic as juveniles can respond to environmental variations by migrating. In addition, this thesis showed that tactics diversity in partially migratory populations enables a better use of favorable environmental conditions and buffer the effects of unfavorable conditions on their dynamics.These two processes might promote a higher resilience of partially migratory populations to environmental change, including anthropogenic effects, than in solely migratory or resident populations. Nonetheless, given the different strategies in Atlantic salmon and brown trout, my results suggested that brown trout should have better abilities to response to environmental changes and a higher level of resilience than Atlantic salmon.

Steelhead and rainbow trout are common names for marine-migratory (anadromous) and freshwater-resident forms of Oncorhynchus mykiss, a partially migratory salmonid fish. Anadromous and resident forms are sympatric and can produce offspring with a life history different from their own (i.e., steelhead parents can produce rainbow trout offspring and vice versa). The expression of these alternative life histories is a plastic response to individual patterns of energy acquisition, assimilation, and allocation during juvenile life stages. Individual performance during early stream life is of particular interest because of potential carry-over effects on subsequent growth and developmental trajectories. In a series of experiments in laboratory streams, I determined the influence of individual variation in energy metabolism on behavior, growth, and life-history expression in O. mykiss. Individual variation in energy metabolism was a strong predictor of feeding territory acquisition by juvenile fish during the transition from dependence on maternal provisioning of egg yolk reserves to independent feeding. Feeding territory acquisition was positively associated with standard metabolic rate (SMR) under conditions of an abundant and predictable food supply. When the density of intraspecific competitors was manipulated, the association between SMR and territory acquisition was strongest at intermediate stocking densities, moderate at the highest stocking densities, and weakest at the lowest stocking densities. However, reducing the spatial predictability of food resources within streams reversed the influence of SMR on competitive outcomes. These experiments determined that variation in ecological conditions during early life stages imposes different selection regimes on juvenile O. mykiss and results in physiological divergence among cohorts. Subsequent rearing experiments determined that behavioral dominance influences rates of anadromy and freshwater maturation, most likely through the association between SMR and territory acquisition. In addition to the effects of behavioral dominance, I observed a significant influence of sex, rearing temperature, and individual growth trajectories on the expression of anadromy and freshwater maturation. Partially migratory populations of O. mykiss maintain an exceptionally diverse portfolio of life-history strategies. Results from this work lend insight into a suite of behavioral and physiological processes influencing individual life histories. / Graduation date: 2013

Le réchauffement climatique entraîne des changements dans la dynamique et la distribution des populations. J'ai utilisé une étude de 19 ans, en Bretagne, sur un limicole longévif et migrateur partiel, l'Avocette élégante, pour quantifier et comparer les paramètres démographiques associés aux différentes stratégies de migration. Les taux de survie et les manifestations de la sénescence associées étaient similaires chez les résidents et les migrateurs, mais les migrateurs montraient un âge de recrutement plus tardif que les résidents. L'investissement reproductif était plus élevé et exempt de sénescence chez les individus recrutés à l'âge d'un an, alors que ceux commençant à se reproduire plus tard subissaient de la sénescence reproductive. La fitness des migrateurs était inférieure à celle des résidents, ce qui explique leur déclin pendant la période étudiée, alors que la population résidente est elle restée stable. La faible productivité, due à la prédation, entraîne le déclin de la population bretonne malgré un taux d'immigration important, ce qui doit absolument être pris en compte lors de la définition des politiques locales de conservation. / Global warming causes changes in the dynamics and distribution of populations. I used a 19-year study, in Brittany, on a long-lived and partial migrant, the Pied Avocet, to quantify and compare the demographic rates associated with different migration strategies. Survival rates and associated senescence patterns were similar in residents and in migrants, but migrants exhibited a delayed recruitment age. Reproductive investment was higher and senescence was absent in individuals recruited at the age of one year, whereas those who began to reproduce later showed reproductive senescence. The fitness of migrants was lower than the fitness of residents, which explained their decline over the study period, while the resident population remained stable. Low productivity, due to predation, caused the Brittany population to decline despite a high immigration rate, which questions local conservation policies.