Partial migration, whereby populations consist of residents and migrants, is common among migrating organisms. Partial migration of aquatic organisms, however, remains largely under-studied even though many aquatic animals exhibit horizontal and vertical migrations during their lifetime. Macroinvertebrates of the genus Mysis exhibit diel vertical migrations (DVM). Some species have recently been observed to exhibit partial diel migrations where some individuals reside on the bottom throughout the night while others migrate into the water column. To test the hypothesis that individuals are fixed as residents or migrants, we compared demographic information and C and N isotope compositions of M. diluviana caught at night in pelagic and benthic regions of Lake Champlain. Our results suggest there are two distinct ecotypes of M. diluviana separated by migration behavior. The migrating ecotype was smaller than the resident ecotype and enriched in δ15N while the resident ecotype had a higher C:N ratio. Because we did not allow for gut evacuation prior to our analyses, we conducted a follow-up experiment to test the effect of gut content on isotope composition of M. diluviana. The experiments confirmed that differences between benthic- and pelagic-caught M. diluviana were not a result of gut contents at the time of capture. Fixed partial migration behavior in M. diluviana in Lake Champlain indicates that DVM of M. diluviana may be more complex than previously thought. Additionally, partially migrating Mysis spp. may represent a model study organism to test hypotheses about the causes and consequences of partial DVM behavior in aquatic invertebrates.

Diel vertical migration (DVM) can offer motile phytoplankton a competitive advantage over other phytoplankton species. DVM has been well documented in the harmful dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis; however, the extent to which changes in nutrient regimes and density stratification modify migration patterns has not been thoroughly investigated. A 2 m experimental column was constructed with sensors and sampling ports at four depths to obtain fluorescence and temperature measurements and discrete water samples. The environmental parameters of the experimental column represented temperature and nutrient conditions found on the West Florida Shelf (WFS), where Karenia blooms frequently occur. Results demonstrated a clear DVM pattern for K. brevis where surface aggregations occurred during light periods, and bottom aggregations occurred in dark periods. However, the rate and intensity of migration varied between experimental conditions. Injections of nutrient replete water at the surface and bottom did not appear to modify migratory behavior, in that a portion of the population resided at depth regardless of light or dark periods. Weak density stratification caused a delay in downward migration in dark periods, whereas strong density stratification caused a complete cessation of downward migration. In a weakly stratified environment with a bottom injected replete water mass, DVM patterns most closely replicate the pattern under weakly stratified conditions alone. Modifications in the natural DVM pattern of K. brevis with respect to varying environmental and nutrient conditions that occur on the WFS can have major implications current forecast model predictions, and for monitoring and mitigation strategies.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo comparativo entre os três métodos para obtenção das características aerodinâmicas de tabuleiros de pontes: analítico, experimental e numérico. O tema é motivado pelo crescimento das necessidades de conhecimento científico e tecnológico na área de desempenho aerodinâmico de seções típicas de pontes nas etapas mais iniciais de projeto. A precisão de uma ferramenta de previsão certamente acelera a convergência ao modelo final; porém, qualquer metodologia numérica deve ser extensivamente testada antes de ser utilizada nos escritórios de cálculo. Inicialmente mostra-se a lógica da análise de instabilidades provocadas pelo vento, resume-se a modelagem de tabuleiros de pontes para ensaios em túnel de vento e descreve-se o método numérico implementado no programa comercial de análise de pontes RM. Comparam-se dados disponíveis de testes de modelos reduzidos no túnel de vento com as estimativas de aproximação do Método da Vorticidade em Partículas (MVP). Confrontam-se resultados para casos clássicos, um estudo paramétrico, dados dos relatórios de três pontes Brasileiras já ensaiadas no Túnel de Vento Joaquim Blessmann do LAC – PPGEC/UFRGS: Paulicéia, Guamá e Roberto Marinho. Finalmente, considera-se o método experimental como preciso e julga-se o método numérico comparativamente, analisando a confiabilidade dos resultados e procurando definir a sua faixa de aplicabilidade. Examinando a variabilidade dos resultados, bastante baixa, definiu-se sua faixa de aplicação considerando os resultados obtidos como satisfatórios para projetos básicos e executivos de estruturas; necessitando, porém, para os casos especiais, de comprovação experimental em túnel de vento antes da sua execução. Exemplifica-se então o uso do método para alguns problemas de análises de seções. Os resultados e comparações corroboram verificações anteriores do método dos vórtices discretos para verdadeiras seções de pontes e mostram porque o seu uso vem se tornando cada vez mais aceitável. / The work has the objective to realize a comparative study between three methods to obtain bridge aerodynamic coefficients: analytic, experimental and numerical. The theme is motivated by the increasing need of knowledge about the aerodynamic behaviour of bridge decks in the early stages of the design process. The accuracy of a predictive tool will certainly accelerate the convergence to the final design. However, any numerical methodology must be extensively tested ascertain and hence validated before it becomes of current use by designers. Collaboration is made comparing wind tunnel data of reduced models and numerical estimations by a simplified approach. After a brief overview of wind loading and wind tunnel modeling, the bridge wind resistance design in the commercially available bridge design software package RM is shown. The Discrete Vortex Method and the implementation are shortly described. Initially, classical fluid problems are indicated together with the comparison of parametric cross sectional bridge shapes. After, three Brazilian large cablestayed bridge projects are presented as instance of analysis: Paulicéia, Guamá and Roberto Marinho. Bridges aerodynamic coefficients were experimentally obtained at the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Joaquim Blessmann at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Finally, experimental results are considered precise and those results evaluated with CFD are compared analyzing the liability and applicability. According to the results variability, quite low, we considered them appropriated for basic and final structural designs; needing, although, for special cases, of experimental probation in wind tunnel tests before the construction phase. Some CFD analysis problems of cross sections are then presented as application examples. The results and similitude corroborate earlier verifications of the method and this implementation, demonstrating why its use is becoming increasingly acceptable.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo comparativo entre os três métodos para obtenção das características aerodinâmicas de tabuleiros de pontes: analítico, experimental e numérico. O tema é motivado pelo crescimento das necessidades de conhecimento científico e tecnológico na área de desempenho aerodinâmico de seções típicas de pontes nas etapas mais iniciais de projeto. A precisão de uma ferramenta de previsão certamente acelera a convergência ao modelo final; porém, qualquer metodologia numérica deve ser extensivamente testada antes de ser utilizada nos escritórios de cálculo. Inicialmente mostra-se a lógica da análise de instabilidades provocadas pelo vento, resume-se a modelagem de tabuleiros de pontes para ensaios em túnel de vento e descreve-se o método numérico implementado no programa comercial de análise de pontes RM. Comparam-se dados disponíveis de testes de modelos reduzidos no túnel de vento com as estimativas de aproximação do Método da Vorticidade em Partículas (MVP). Confrontam-se resultados para casos clássicos, um estudo paramétrico, dados dos relatórios de três pontes Brasileiras já ensaiadas no Túnel de Vento Joaquim Blessmann do LAC – PPGEC/UFRGS: Paulicéia, Guamá e Roberto Marinho. Finalmente, considera-se o método experimental como preciso e julga-se o método numérico comparativamente, analisando a confiabilidade dos resultados e procurando definir a sua faixa de aplicabilidade. Examinando a variabilidade dos resultados, bastante baixa, definiu-se sua faixa de aplicação considerando os resultados obtidos como satisfatórios para projetos básicos e executivos de estruturas; necessitando, porém, para os casos especiais, de comprovação experimental em túnel de vento antes da sua execução. Exemplifica-se então o uso do método para alguns problemas de análises de seções. Os resultados e comparações corroboram verificações anteriores do método dos vórtices discretos para verdadeiras seções de pontes e mostram porque o seu uso vem se tornando cada vez mais aceitável. / The work has the objective to realize a comparative study between three methods to obtain bridge aerodynamic coefficients: analytic, experimental and numerical. The theme is motivated by the increasing need of knowledge about the aerodynamic behaviour of bridge decks in the early stages of the design process. The accuracy of a predictive tool will certainly accelerate the convergence to the final design. However, any numerical methodology must be extensively tested ascertain and hence validated before it becomes of current use by designers. Collaboration is made comparing wind tunnel data of reduced models and numerical estimations by a simplified approach. After a brief overview of wind loading and wind tunnel modeling, the bridge wind resistance design in the commercially available bridge design software package RM is shown. The Discrete Vortex Method and the implementation are shortly described. Initially, classical fluid problems are indicated together with the comparison of parametric cross sectional bridge shapes. After, three Brazilian large cablestayed bridge projects are presented as instance of analysis: Paulicéia, Guamá and Roberto Marinho. Bridges aerodynamic coefficients were experimentally obtained at the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Joaquim Blessmann at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Finally, experimental results are considered precise and those results evaluated with CFD are compared analyzing the liability and applicability. According to the results variability, quite low, we considered them appropriated for basic and final structural designs; needing, although, for special cases, of experimental probation in wind tunnel tests before the construction phase. Some CFD analysis problems of cross sections are then presented as application examples. The results and similitude corroborate earlier verifications of the method and this implementation, demonstrating why its use is becoming increasingly acceptable.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo comparativo entre os três métodos para obtenção das características aerodinâmicas de tabuleiros de pontes: analítico, experimental e numérico. O tema é motivado pelo crescimento das necessidades de conhecimento científico e tecnológico na área de desempenho aerodinâmico de seções típicas de pontes nas etapas mais iniciais de projeto. A precisão de uma ferramenta de previsão certamente acelera a convergência ao modelo final; porém, qualquer metodologia numérica deve ser extensivamente testada antes de ser utilizada nos escritórios de cálculo. Inicialmente mostra-se a lógica da análise de instabilidades provocadas pelo vento, resume-se a modelagem de tabuleiros de pontes para ensaios em túnel de vento e descreve-se o método numérico implementado no programa comercial de análise de pontes RM. Comparam-se dados disponíveis de testes de modelos reduzidos no túnel de vento com as estimativas de aproximação do Método da Vorticidade em Partículas (MVP). Confrontam-se resultados para casos clássicos, um estudo paramétrico, dados dos relatórios de três pontes Brasileiras já ensaiadas no Túnel de Vento Joaquim Blessmann do LAC – PPGEC/UFRGS: Paulicéia, Guamá e Roberto Marinho. Finalmente, considera-se o método experimental como preciso e julga-se o método numérico comparativamente, analisando a confiabilidade dos resultados e procurando definir a sua faixa de aplicabilidade. Examinando a variabilidade dos resultados, bastante baixa, definiu-se sua faixa de aplicação considerando os resultados obtidos como satisfatórios para projetos básicos e executivos de estruturas; necessitando, porém, para os casos especiais, de comprovação experimental em túnel de vento antes da sua execução. Exemplifica-se então o uso do método para alguns problemas de análises de seções. Os resultados e comparações corroboram verificações anteriores do método dos vórtices discretos para verdadeiras seções de pontes e mostram porque o seu uso vem se tornando cada vez mais aceitável. / The work has the objective to realize a comparative study between three methods to obtain bridge aerodynamic coefficients: analytic, experimental and numerical. The theme is motivated by the increasing need of knowledge about the aerodynamic behaviour of bridge decks in the early stages of the design process. The accuracy of a predictive tool will certainly accelerate the convergence to the final design. However, any numerical methodology must be extensively tested ascertain and hence validated before it becomes of current use by designers. Collaboration is made comparing wind tunnel data of reduced models and numerical estimations by a simplified approach. After a brief overview of wind loading and wind tunnel modeling, the bridge wind resistance design in the commercially available bridge design software package RM is shown. The Discrete Vortex Method and the implementation are shortly described. Initially, classical fluid problems are indicated together with the comparison of parametric cross sectional bridge shapes. After, three Brazilian large cablestayed bridge projects are presented as instance of analysis: Paulicéia, Guamá and Roberto Marinho. Bridges aerodynamic coefficients were experimentally obtained at the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Joaquim Blessmann at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Finally, experimental results are considered precise and those results evaluated with CFD are compared analyzing the liability and applicability. According to the results variability, quite low, we considered them appropriated for basic and final structural designs; needing, although, for special cases, of experimental probation in wind tunnel tests before the construction phase. Some CFD analysis problems of cross sections are then presented as application examples. The results and similitude corroborate earlier verifications of the method and this implementation, demonstrating why its use is becoming increasingly acceptable.

The Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM) is a suite of software developed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for monitoring and analyzing two-lane rural highways in the United States. As IHSDM is a fairly "young" program a limited amount of research has been conducted to evaluate its practicability and reliability. To determine if IHSDM can be adopted into the engineering decision making process in Utah, a study was conducted under the supervision of the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) to evaluate its applicability to audit safety of two-lane rural highways in Utah. IHSDM consists of six modules: Policy Review Module (PRM), Crash Prediction Module (CPM), Design Consistency Module (DCM), Traffic Analysis Module (TAM), Intersection Review Module (IRM), and Driver/Vehicle Module (DVM) (still under construction). Among the six modules, two were chosen for evaluation because of their applicability to audit safety of the two-lane rural highways in Utah, namely CPM and IRM. For the evaluation of the CPM, three two-lane rural highway sections were selected. The results of this evaluation show that the CPM can produce reasonably reliable crash predictions if appropriate input data, especially alignment data, reflect the existing conditions at reasonable accuracy and engineering judgment is used. Using crash records available from UDOT's crash database and CPM's crash prediction capability, UDOT's traffic and safety engineers can locate "hot spots" for detailed safety audit, thus making the safety audit task more focused and effective. Unlike the CPM, the outputs of the IRM are qualitative and include primarily suggestions and recommendations. They will help the traffic and safety engineers identify what to look for as they visit the sites, such as a lack of stopping sight distance and a lack of passing sight distance. The interpretation of the IRM requires knowledge of various aspects of highway design, familiarity with A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and experience in traffic engineering. Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that the CPM and IRM of IHSDM could be a useful tool for engineering decision-making during safety audits of two-lane rural highways. But the outputs from these modules demand knowledge and experience in highway design. It is recommended that the other modules of IHSDM be tested to fully appreciate the capability of IHSDM. The software can be a knowledgebased program that can help novice engineers to learn how to design safe two-lane rural highways.

No description available.