L'écriture et donc a fortiori la lecture est une invention trop récente pour que le substrat neuronal sous tendant ce processus cognitif ait évolué pour se spécialiser dans la reconnaissance visuelle des mots. Ainsi les régions fonctionnelles de la lecture repose à la fois sur les aires corticales dédiées au langage et à la reconnaissance visuelle des objets. Cependant, l'identification complète nécessite au delà du décryptage orthographique, le décodage phonologique ainsi que la récupération de la sémantique. De très nombreuses études en neuroimagerie et en particulier l'IRM se sont intéressées à la localisation des différentes aires fonctionnelles sous tendant ces différentes taches cognitives. Cependant la faible résolution temporelle de l'IRM n'a pas permis de mettre en évidence la dynamique d'intégration au sein du réseau fonctionnel de la lecture. Les enregistrements électrophysiologiques, comme l'EEG, permettent la mise en évidence de la dynamique neuronale grâce à son excellente résolution temporelle. Cependant, la localisation des aires corticales ayant générés les courants de scalp est un problème méthodologique très complexe. Depuis une dizaine d'année, de nombreuses avancées majeures ont été effectuées dans la localisation de source en utilisant des méthodologies nouvelles permettant ainsi de mettre en évidence à la fois les régions fonctionnelles impliquées dans le traitement cognitif ainsi que la dynamique temporelle d'intégration au sein du réseau. Par ailleurs, d'une vision localisationniste, les recherches actuelles tendent vers une vision hodotopique où la fonction d'une région dépend plus de ses connections avec les autres régions du réseau que de sa localisation précise. De nouvelles méthodologies comme les modèles causaux dynamiques permettent de mettre en évidence la structure du réseau et de son fonctionnement. L'objectif de cette thèse a été d'utiliser les derniers outils méthodologiques mis au point afin non seulement de mettre en évidence le réseau de la reconnaissance visuelle des mots mais aussi de proposer un modèle théorique de l'intégration fonctionnelle. En particulier, nous avons mis en évidence l'importance des connexions feedback sur le traitement bottom up de la reconnaissance visuelle des mots à l'instar des objets. Par ailleurs, nous avons appliqué ces méthodologies chez le patient épileptique afin de mettre en évidence les réorganisations fonctionnelles induites par la présence d'un foyer au niveau des régions temporales gauche. / Writing and then a fortiori reading is a too recent invention for evolution to develop a specialized neuronal substrate sustaining the visual word form recognition. Thereby functional region underlying reading process rest on cortical area dedicate to language and visual recognition of objects. However, complete identification of a word requires beyond the orthographic decryption, phonological decoding and semantic recovery. Numerous neuroimaging studies and in particular with fMRI have tried to localize the functional regions sustaining these different cognitive processes. Nonetheless, the weak temporal resolution of fMRI do not allowed revealing the dynamic of integration within the reading network. Electrophysiological recording as EEG permit to show the neuronal dynamic thanks to its excellent temporal resolution. However, localization of the cortical area having generate the scalp electrical field is a complex methodological issue. Since a decade, numerous breakthroughs in methodology allow not only to localize functional region but also the temporal dynamic of their interaction. Moreover, from a localisationnist point of view, current research have adopted an hodotopic vision supposing that the function of a region is more depend of its connectivity with the other region of the network than of its precise location. New methodologies as dynamic causal modeling permit to show the network structure and its dynamic integration. The goal of this thesis has been to use latest methodological development to reveal not only the network of the word recognition, but also to propose a functional model of the integration of the visual stimuli within this network. In particular, we have shown the importance of feedback connection on bottom up processing in word recognition as it has been shown for objects recognition. In addition, we have applied those methodologies to epileptic patients to reveal the influence of a left temporal lesion on the functional reorganization of the reading network.

Biological processes have been proven to be economical and effective for control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with concentration of <1,000 mg C/m3 and VOCs such as toluene, xylenes, and dichloromethane(DCM) have been shown to be biodegradable. An activated sludge tank can be used as a bioscrubber for the purpose. Into the tank, an air stream is introduced through the spargers originally for aeration. Water-soluble contaminants in the air stream are absorbed into the mixed liquid and, subsequently, degraded by the microorganisms in the aeration tank. In this study, a pilot-scale activated-sludge tank (0.4 m¡Ñ0.4 m in cross-sectional area and 3 m in water depth) was used as a bioscrubber to study the treatability of gas-borne toluene, xylenes, and DCM. Synthetic gases with the three VOCs with concentrations in the rang of 250-1000 ppm (measured as methane) were used as the test gases. Effects of volumetric aeration rate (Q/V), influent VOC concentration, and submerged liquid depth on the removal efficiency of the influent VOCs were tested. Results show that with Q/V = 3.75-11.25 m3/m2.h, pH = 6-8, MLSS (mixed liquor suspended soilds concentration) = 1600-2800 mg/L, and submerged liquid depth D = 1.1 m, removal efficiencies were 93.1, 93.9, and 98.8%, respectively, for toluene, xylenes, and DCM. The removal efficiencies were nearly independent of the operating conditions.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate a family of Great Danes with known dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) using serial echocardiographic evaluation. Animals, Materials, and Methods: Twenty-two dogs were included in this study. They were split into two groups, clinically normal and those with DCM. The dogs were scanned using 2D and M-mode echocardiography every thirty to sixty days beginning at approximately14-20 days of age. Data were collected and analyzed using generalized additive mixed regression, linear regression, and non-linear regression. Results: All dogs demonstrated progressive echocardiographic changes. The Great Danes with DCM showed several echocardiographic differences when compared to the normal dogs. They included differences in left ventricular diameter, left atrial diameter, interventricular septal thickness, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening. Conclusions: The present study shows that progressive echocardiographic changes occur in both clinically normal Great Danes and those with DCM as they mature. Additionally, the two groups differed with regards to left ventricular diameter, left atrial diameter, interventricular septal thickness, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening.

In this study, a pilot-scale regenerative thermal oxidizer (RTO) was used to test its performance for volatile organic compound (VOC) destruction and degree of thermal energy recovery. The purposes were to improve its performance and establish its operation conditions. The RTO is electrically heated and contains two 0.5 m ¡Ñ 0.5 m ¡Ñ 2.0 m (L ¡Ñ W ¡Ñ H) beds both packed with gravel particles of around 1.16 cm in average diameter to a height of 1.48 m. The bed has a void fraction of 0.405. Experiments include two phases: (1) tests to find the degree of energy conservation and the pressure drop for the air stream with no VOC in the influent air stream, and (2) tests to find the degree of VOC destruction with influent air streams containing one of the three VOCs: trichloroethylene, dichloromethane, and dibutyl ether. Intermediates in the course of VOC destruction were also detected in the second phase experiment. Phase one experiment was conducted for the following conditions: superficial gas velocity (evaluated at ambient temperatures of 26-29oC) Ug = 10-20 m/min, bed shift time ts = 1.5 min, and maximum gravel temperature Tmax = 474-778oC. Results show that the RTO has a thermal recovery efficiency R of over 85% and Ug is the main affecting factor. R is inversely proportional to Ug. Gas pressure drop over the bed height is proportional to the average temperature of the bed gravels. In the phase two experiments, Ug of 10-20 m/min, ts of 1.5 min, and Tmax of 475-487 and 758-778oC were used. Results show that over 90% of the influent VOCs were destructed when Tmax was set in the higher range. However, in the lower Tmax, over 80% destruction was obtained only for dibutyl ether and the VOC destruction was not closely related to Ug. For Tmax = 475-487oC and Ug = 10-20 m/min, complete oxidation products of trichloroethylene and dichloromethane are HCl, CO2, and H2O, and the main intermediates are CO, COCl2, and C2Cl4 (detected only for trichloroethylene). For dibutyl ether, complete oxidation products are CO2, and H2O, and the main intermediates are CO, alkenes, alcohol, alkenes, and acetic acid. For Tmax = 758-778oC and Ug = 10-14.5 m/min, complete oxidation products of trichloroethylene and dichloromethane are HCl, CO2, and H2O, and the main intermediates are CO and COCl2. No acetic acid was detected for dibutyl ether in the higher temperature range. An operation cost of US$ 3.33/(1,000 m3 waste gas) was estimated with the RTO operated in the higher temperatures and a flowrate of 2.5 m3/min (Ug = 10 m/min).

Longitudinale Untersuchungen der kardialen Morphologie von knockin-Mäusen mit humanen Myosinmutationen / Longitudinal analyses of cardiac morphology in knockin mice carrying human myosin mutations

Diese Arbeit untersucht die Relevanz des Transkriptionskofaktors Eya4 in der Entstehung und Entwicklung von Herzkrankheiten. Hierzu wurde, neben adenoviralen Transfektionsarbeiten in neonatalen Rattenkardiomyozyten, ein transgenes Mausmodell etabliert, wodurch die Identifikation von Downstreamtargets des Transkriptionskofaktors Eya4 im Sinne eines Signalweges ermöglicht wurde. Der Transkriptionskofaktor Eya4 wirkt als Suppressor des cyclinabhängigen Kinaseinhibitors p27, während die trunkierende Mutante des wildtypischen Proteins (E193) die Suppression auf p27 aufhebt.Phänotypisch entwickeln E193-überexprimierende Mäuse eine altersabhängig einsetzende DCM während die Eya4-überexprimierenden Tiere eine konzentrische Myokardhypertrophie entwickeln. / This work researches the significance of the transcriptional coactivator Eya4 and its involvement in cardiac disease. By adenoviral transfection of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes as well as creation of a transgenic mouse model, different downstream targets of Eya4 could be identified working in a complex signaling cascade to regulate development of myocardial hypertrophy. Consecutively Eya4-transgenic animals developed a cardiac phenotype with concentric hypertrophy while E193-overexpressing mice developed a DCM-phenotype, mimicing the human disease known in E193-affected humans.

Cardiac diseases associated with mutations in Tn subunits include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). Altered calcium handling in these diseases is evidenced by changes in the Ca2+ sensitivity of contraction. Mutations were generated to increase/ decrease the Ca2+ sensitivity of skinned fibers, and create the classified effects of DCM, HCM and RCM. This study mimicked the changes in Ca2+ sensitivity and relaxation properties of the muscle to determine if this was sufficient to recreate the disease. Four mutants (A23Q, S37G, V44Q, L48Q) were identified with RCM-like properties; a large increase in Ca2+ sensitivity, increased basal force and loss of ATPase inhibition. Two mutations were identified (E40A, I61Q) with DCM properties; decreased Ca2+ sensitivity in skinned fibers, decreased force recovery (%), and decreased activation of the ATPase at high Ca2+ levels (pCa 6-4). Also, the functional effects of four newly identified cTnC mutations associated with HCM were reported. Three of these HCM mutations A8V, C84Y, and D145E displayed HCM characteristics, increased Ca2+ sensitivity in skinned fibers and ATPase and A8V and D145E increased the force recovery. Only, D145E significantly increased the ATPase activation of the reconstituted thin filament. Also, Ca2+ affinity measurements using IAANS fluorescence were performed. No significant changes were found for E134D. The C84Y IAANS fluorescence measurements revealed that cTnC Ca2+ affinity of the cTn complex was unaltered. The Ca2+ affinity increased for D145E in isolated cTnC and the cTn complex, however in the regulated thin filament (RTF) with myosin subfragment-1 (S1) and rigor crossbridges the Ca2+ affinity values were similar to the fiber Ca2+ sensitivity. For A8V, the RTF significantly increased the Ca2+ affinity, and addition of S1 and rigor crossbridges caused the values to parallel the Ca2+ sensitivity values. In conclusion, direct and indirect protein-protein interactions contribute to the enhanced Ca2+ sensitivity of the HCM mutants. The cTnC mutant screen allowed selection of mutations that mimic the disease states: S37G (RCM) and, E40A (DCM); A8V (HCM) from the patient study for analysis in knock-in mice for futures studies to determine if these disease states can be recapitulated in vivo.

In the rate of changes condition of the market in shape of increasing competitiveness situation, local as global, this leads to that logistics has to be developed in the same rate. Logistics has been developed from the military and after the war, logistics was figurative to the companies transport- and store problems. After this, logistics had been divided up into four different time phases (the seventies to the 21:th century). All these time phases have together develop the spectacle and focus of the logistics today. Afterward further developing of the logistics approach to Supply Chain Management (SCM) and afterward SCM, Demand Chain Management (DCM) was developed in aim to secure that the right products were manufactured on the basis of the end customers real requirement and wishes. This paper is taking the aim and problem formulation as a starting point. The problem formulation that I will answer is:  DCM, a new concept or the Emperor New Clothes? The aim with this paper is that I will examine how the historical developing has lead to the spectacle and application of logistics today. Further is the aim to see which difference and likeness the concept SCM and DCM has, in order to see if there is a further time phase of the logistics development that is in approaching. The aim is also to see how DCM practically can be applying. To be able to reach the aim of this paper, a qualitative procedure has been applied. Further I have done literary studies of theory around chosen problem area and I have done an interview. Empirical information has been collected by Electrolux AB, which are a world’s leader within manufacturing domestic appliance and corresponding equipment for professional user. The reason why Electrolux were chosen was because they were an early adopter of DCM. On the basis of the theory that was studyed around chosen problems area and the empirical information that has analysed, I have draught some conclusion to be able to answer the papers problem area and aim. Some of the conclusion I draught is that the historical development and the four time phrases that it includes, is that the four time phrases successive has formed the methods and tools that SCM constitute of. This developing has taken place under the years of the forties century until today, which makes SCM the result of a historical development rather then as a result of new revelationary ideas. Further I draught the conclusion that SCM should be implemented before DCM. I draught the conclusions that Electrolux apply DCM in a way that they has succeed too apply the theory that is described about DCM, but Electrolux has made an own interpretation of the concept. Via implement the analysis around the papers problem area and aim I consider that DCM is a variant of SCM, where the tool consumer insight is applying. On the basis of this I draught the conclusion that there isn’t sufficient that separate DCM from SCM to be able to approaching that DCM is a new time phrase in the logistical development. / Ändrade förhållanden på marknaden i form av ökande konkurrens har lett till att logistiken måste utvecklas i samma takt. Logistik utvecklades från det militära och har efter andra världskriget överförts och börjat tillämpas på företagens transport- och lagringsproblem. Logistik har därefter delats in i fyra olika tidsfaser (1960-2000-talet) och det är dessa tidsfaser som sedan har utvecklats till dagens synsätt och fokus inom logistik. Därefter utvecklades Supply Chain Management (SCM) och på senare tid även Demand Chain Management (DCM). Denna uppsats tar sin utgångspunkt i uppsatsens syfte och problemformulering. Den problemformulering som jag vill besvara med denna uppsats är: DCM, nytt koncept eller Kejsarens Nya Kläder? Syftet med denna uppsats är att jag vill undersöka hur den historiska utvecklingen lett fram till dagens syn och tillämpning av logistik. Vidare är syftet att se vilka skillnader och likheter koncepten SCM och DCM har för att därigenom kunna se om ytterligare en fas i logistikens utveckling är i antågande samt se hur DCM praktiskt kan tillämpas. För att uppnå syftet med uppsatsen har ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt tillämpats. Litterära studier har genomförts av teori kring valt problemområde samt en intervju. Empiriska data har samlats in på Electrolux AB som är en världsledande tillverkare av hushållsmaskiner och motsvarande utrustning för professionell användning. Anledningen till att Electrolux valdes för att göra empiriska studier på, var för att de i ett tidigt skede tillämpade DCM. Utifrån den teori som studerats kring valt problemområde samt utifrån de empiriska data som samlats in och analyserats har även ett antal slutsatser kunnat dras för att kunna besvara uppsatsens problemformulering och syfte. Jag har bland annat dragit slutsatsen att det är logistikens utveckling och dess tidsfaser, som successivt format de metoder och verktyg som SCM utgörs av. Denna utveckling har skett under åren från 1940-talet fram till idag, vilket gör att SCM är resultatet av en successiv utveckling snarare än resultatet av nya revolutionerande idéer. Vidare drar jag slutsatsen att DCM bör föregås av SCM. Slutsatser kring hur Electrolux tillämpar DCM är att de lyckats med att tillämpa den teori som finns beskrivet om DCM, fastän företaget har gjort en egen version av konceptet. Via genomförd analys kring uppsatsens problemformulering och syfte anser jag att DCM är en variant av SCM, där verktyget consumer insight tillämpas. Utifrån detta drar jag slutsatsen att DCM inte skiljer sig tillräckligt mycket från SCM för att kunna utgöra en ny fas i den logistiska utvecklingen.

Im Rahmen der Diplomarbeit wurde das Bleichverhalten der organischen Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe Rhodamin 6G und DCM untersucht. Dazu wurden Absorptionsmessungen sowie spektroskopische und mirkoskopische Verfahren angewandt. Es konnte auf Ensembleebene sowie durch Statistiken für einzelne Moleküle gezeigt werden, dass ein reversibler und eine irreversibler Anteil des Bleichens existieren und sich diese Experimentell voneinander trennen lassen.

<p>In the rate of changes condition of the market in shape of increasing competitiveness situation, local as global, this leads to that logistics has to be developed in the same rate. Logistics has been developed from the military and after the war, logistics was figurative to the companies transport- and store problems. After this, logistics had been divided up into four different time phases (the seventies to the 21:th century). All these time phases have together develop the spectacle and focus of the logistics today. Afterward further developing of the logistics approach to Supply Chain Management (SCM) and afterward SCM, Demand Chain Management (DCM) was developed in aim to secure that the right products were manufactured on the basis of the end customers real requirement and wishes.</p><p>This paper is taking the aim and problem formulation as a starting point. The problem formulation that I will answer is:</p><p> DCM, a new concept or the Emperor New Clothes?</p><p>The aim with this paper is that I will examine how the historical developing has lead to the spectacle and application of logistics today. Further is the aim to see which difference and likeness the concept SCM and DCM has, in order to see if there is a further time phase of the logistics development that is in approaching. The aim is also to see how DCM practically can be applying. To be able to reach the aim of this paper, a qualitative procedure has been applied. Further I have done literary studies of theory around chosen problem area and I have done an interview.</p><p>Empirical information has been collected by Electrolux AB, which are a world’s leader within manufacturing domestic appliance and corresponding equipment for professional user. The reason why Electrolux were chosen was because they were an early adopter of DCM.</p><p>On the basis of the theory that was studyed around chosen problems area and the empirical information that has analysed, I have draught some conclusion to be able to answer the papers problem area and aim. Some of the conclusion I draught is that the historical development and the four time phrases that it includes, is that the four time phrases successive has formed the methods and tools that SCM constitute of. This developing has taken place under the years of the forties century until today, which makes SCM the result of a historical development rather then as a result of new revelationary ideas. Further I draught the conclusion that SCM should be implemented before DCM. I draught the conclusions that Electrolux apply DCM in a way that they has succeed too apply the theory that is described about DCM, but Electrolux has made an own interpretation of the concept. Via implement the analysis around the papers problem area and aim I consider that DCM is a variant of SCM, where the tool consumer insight is applying. On the basis of this I draught the conclusion that there isn’t sufficient that separate DCM from SCM to be able to approaching that DCM is a new time phrase in the logistical development.</p> / <p>Ändrade förhållanden på marknaden i form av ökande konkurrens har lett till att logistiken måste utvecklas i samma takt. Logistik utvecklades från det militära och har efter andra världskriget överförts och börjat tillämpas på företagens transport- och lagringsproblem. Logistik har därefter delats in i fyra olika tidsfaser (1960-2000-talet) och det är dessa tidsfaser som sedan har utvecklats till dagens synsätt och fokus inom logistik. Därefter utvecklades Supply Chain Management (SCM) och på senare tid även Demand Chain Management (DCM).</p><p>Denna uppsats tar sin utgångspunkt i uppsatsens syfte och problemformulering. Den problemformulering som jag vill besvara med denna uppsats är:</p><p>DCM, nytt koncept eller Kejsarens Nya Kläder?</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att jag vill undersöka hur den historiska utvecklingen lett fram till dagens syn och tillämpning av logistik. Vidare är syftet att se vilka skillnader och likheter koncepten SCM och DCM har för att därigenom kunna se om ytterligare en fas i logistikens utveckling är i antågande samt se hur DCM praktiskt kan tillämpas. För att uppnå syftet med uppsatsen har ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt tillämpats. Litterära studier har genomförts av teori kring valt problemområde samt en intervju. Empiriska data har samlats in på Electrolux AB som är en världsledande tillverkare av hushållsmaskiner och motsvarande utrustning för professionell användning. Anledningen till att Electrolux valdes för att göra empiriska studier på, var för att de i ett tidigt skede tillämpade DCM. Utifrån den teori som studerats kring valt problemområde samt utifrån de empiriska data som samlats in och analyserats har även ett antal slutsatser kunnat dras för att kunna besvara uppsatsens problemformulering och syfte. Jag har bland annat dragit slutsatsen att det är logistikens utveckling och dess tidsfaser, som successivt format de metoder och verktyg som SCM utgörs av. Denna utveckling har skett under åren från 1940-talet fram till idag, vilket gör att SCM är resultatet av en successiv utveckling snarare än resultatet av nya revolutionerande idéer. Vidare drar jag slutsatsen att DCM bör föregås av SCM. Slutsatser kring hur Electrolux tillämpar DCM är att de lyckats med att tillämpa den teori som finns beskrivet om DCM, fastän företaget har gjort en egen version av konceptet. Via genomförd analys kring uppsatsens problemformulering och syfte anser jag att DCM är en variant av SCM, där verktyget consumer insight tillämpas. Utifrån detta drar jag slutsatsen att DCM inte skiljer sig tillräckligt mycket från SCM för att kunna utgöra en ny fas i den logistiska utvecklingen.</p>