The combination of partial nitritation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) is a composting way to remove the nitrogen in the wastewater. In this article the analysis was made to investigate how the salinity in the wastewater affects the process. Two strategies of salt concentration increase were tested in two reactors. The physical, chemical parameters and the activity of the bacteria in the reactors were monitored. The results of two strategies were compared and the reactor with less salt in each period showed higher bacteria activities and efficiency. Finally the outlook for the future research was made.

A partial nitritation-anammox continuous flow reactor (CFR) was operated for eight months demonstrating that a mixture of large anammox-supported aerobic granules (ASAGs) and small conventional aerobic granules (CAGs) can be maintained stably for extended periods of time. The influent NH4+ was kept at 50 - 60 mg N L-1 to verify that the upper range of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) for domestic wastewater can supply an inhibitory level of free ammonia (FA) for nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) suppression in CFRs at pH around 7.8. The ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB):NOB activity ratio was determined for a series of granule sizes to understand the impact of mass diffusion limitation on the FA inhibition of NOB. When dissolved oxygen (DO) limitation is the only mechanism for NOB suppression, the AOB:NOB ratio was usually found in previous studies to increase with the granule size. However, the trend is reversed when FA has an inhibitory effect on NOB, as was observed in this study. The decrease in AOB:NOB ratio indicates that the resistance to the diffusion of FA along the granule radius limited its ability to inhibit NOB. This means smaller granules, e.g. diameter < 150 microns, are preferred for nitrite accumulation when high FA is present, e.g. in the partial nitritation-anammox process. The trend was further verified by observing the increase in the apparent inhibition coefficient, KI,FAapp, as granule size increased. This study for the first time quantified the effect of diffusion limitation on the KI,FAapp of NOB in granules and biofilms. A mathematical model was then utilized to interpret the observed suppression of NOB. The model predicted that NOB suppression was only complete at the granule surface. The NOB that did survive in larger granules was forced to dwell within the granule interior, where the FA concentration was lower than that in the bulk solution. This means FA inhibition can be taken advantage of as an effective means for NOB suppression in small granules and thin biofilms. Further, FA and DO were found to be both required for the stratification of AOB and NOB in partial nitritation-anammox CFRs. The structural stratification commonly observed in granules is then concluded to be a consequence but not a cause of the NOB suppression. / MS / A partial nitritation-anammox continuous flow reactor (CFR) was operated for eight months demonstrating that granular sludge can be maintained stably for extended periods of time. In this approach, NH3 is only partially converted to NO2 - (partial nitritation), and the conversion to NO3 - is prevented by the suppression of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). NH3 and NO2 - are then utilized by anammox bacteria to create N2 gas. The influent NH4 + fed to the reactor was kept at 50 to 60 mg N L-1 to verify that the upper range of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) for domestic wastewater can supply a sufficiently high level of free ammonia (FA) to inhibit NOB growth in CFRs at a pH around 7.8. It is expected that the penetration of a substrate into granule sludge will experience diffusional resistance as it moves from water to denser solid material and is consumed by bacteria. The ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB):NOB activity ratio was determined for a series of granule sizes to understand the impact of mass diffusion limitation on the FA inhibition of NOB. When dissolved oxygen (DO) limitation is the only mechanism for NOB suppression, the AOB:NOB ratio was usually found in previous studies to increase with the granule size. However, the trend is reversed when FA has an inhibitory effect on NOB, as was observed in this study. The decrease in AOB:NOB ratio indicates that the resistance to the diffusion of FA, which increases with increasing granule size, along the granule radius limited its ability to inhibit NOB. This means smaller granules, e.g. diameter < 150 µm, are preferred for NO2 - accumulation when high FA is present. The trend was further verified by observing the increase in the apparent inhibition coefficient, KI,FAapp, as granule size increased. This coefficient quantifies the effectiveness of an inhibitor, with larger values indicating weaker inhibition. This study for the first time quantified the effect of diffusion limitation on the KI,FAapp of NOB in granules and biofilms. A mathematical model was then utilized to interpret the observed suppression of NOB. The model predicted that NOB suppression was only complete at the granule surface. The NOB that did survive in larger granules was forced to dwell within the granule interior, where the FA concentration was lower than that in the bulk solution. This means FA inhibition can be taken advantage of as an effective means for NOB suppression in small granules and thin biofilms. Further, FA and DO were found to be both required for the stratification of a layer of AOB at the surface over a layer of NOB in partial nitritation-anammox CFRs. The structural stratification commonly observed in granules is then concluded to be a consequence but not a cause of the NOB suppression.

In recent years, the use of Anammox process for wastewater treatment has been thoroughly investigated. Currently, a major challenge is to use this process for the mainstream. The aim of this study is to find factors increasing efficiency of the deammonification process for nitrogen removal from mainstream wastewater in conditions of low ammonia concentration and low temperatures. Two types of lab-scale batch tests were done and obtained results were analysed separately. In the first lab-scale batch test suspended sludge was used and series of OUR tests were carried out. Inhibitors used during experiments were: FNA, FA, NaClO3, fresh UASB effluent and formic acid. The best results, after all tests obtained for using the free nitrous acid as an inhibitor. Results shows that NOB bacterial activity was inhibited, while AOB activity was still high. The second type of lab-scale batch test was used to check interactions between factors which have impact for the NOB suppression. Selected factors were: pH, DO and TAN and these factors were used to plan a series of experiments with MODDE application. After series of 34 experiments, results showed that this method is not effective for low concentrations of TAN and another, more efficient strategy is needed. New strategy should reduce the NOB activity or increase the activity of Anammox. It is difficult to find a good strategy to carry out this process because many factors are affecting it. Using the results, it is necessary to conduct further research, which will give indications to use the deammonification process for mainstream wastewater and will let to achieve good results.

This thesis evaluates the performance of a deammonification system designed as a two-step tech-nology consisting of an initial partial nitritation followed by an Anammox process. Operation of a technical-scale pilot plant at the Himmerfjärden Wastewater Treatment Plant (Grödinge, Swe-den) has been assessed. Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) to evaluate the respiration activity of nitrifi-ers in the system and batch tests to assess reaction rates have also been applied in the study. It was found that the total inorganic nitrogen elimination strongly depended on the nitrite-to-ammonium ratio in the influent to the Anammox reactor, which was correlated with the per-formance of the partial nitritation phase. Therefore, a control strategy for oxidation of ammo-nium to nitrite has been proposed. Controlled oxygen supply to the partial nitritation reactor is obligatory to obtain a proper pH drop indicating oxidation of ammonia to nitrite at the adequate ratio. A very high nitrogen removal efficiency (an average of 84%) and stable operation of the system have been reached. Conductivity measurements were also used to monitor the system influent nitrogen load and the nitrogen removal in the Anammox reactor. The data gathered from the operation of the pilot plant enabled the use of multivariate data analysis to model the process behaviour and the assessment of the covariances between the process parameters. The options for full-scale implementation of the Anammox systems have been proposed as a result of the study. / QC 20101115

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor achieving partial nitritation/anammox process to treat reject water after dewatering of digested sludge. During the study period, dissolved oxygen setpoint, aeration mode and inflow loading were changed to evaluate their influence on the process performance and efficiency in the reactor. Four different values for dissolved oxygen setpoint were tested: 2.0 mg/L, 1.8 mg/L, 1.5mg/L and 1.3 mg/L. Three different aeration modes in a one-hour cycle were tested: 30 min, 35 min, 40 min. And two different inflow loadings were tested: 2 g N/m2∙d and 1.6 g N/m2∙d. Discussion and evaluation were based on laboratory analyses and online sensors. The highest achieved total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was 85.6%, at 40 min aeration per hour, 2.0 mg/L dissolved oxygen and with 2 g N/m2∙day inflow NH4-N loading. Specific anammox activity (SAA) tests were also done for the anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria in biofilm attached to the carriers in the IFAS reactor, and the results showed that the bacteria could achieve a higher nitrogen removal rate than in the pilot-scale IFAS reactor.

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<p>This thesis evaluates the performance of a deammonification system designed as a two-step tech-nology consisting of an initial partial nitritation followed by an Anammox process. Operation of a technical-scale pilot plant at the Himmerfjärden Wastewater Treatment Plant (Grödinge, Swe-den) has been assessed. Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) to evaluate the respiration activity of nitrifi-ers in the system and batch tests to assess reaction rates have also been applied in the study. It was found that the total inorganic nitrogen elimination strongly depended on the nitrite-to-ammonium ratio in the influent to the Anammox reactor, which was correlated with the per-formance of the partial nitritation phase. Therefore, a control strategy for oxidation of ammo-nium to nitrite has been proposed. Controlled oxygen supply to the partial nitritation reactor is obligatory to obtain a proper pH drop indicating oxidation of ammonia to nitrite at the adequate ratio. A very high nitrogen removal efficiency (an average of 84%) and stable operation of the system have been reached. Conductivity measurements were also used to monitor the system influent nitrogen load and the nitrogen removal in the Anammox reactor. The data gathered from the operation of the pilot plant enabled the use of multivariate data analysis to model the process behaviour and the assessment of the covariances between the process parameters. The options for full-scale implementation of the Anammox systems have been proposed as a result of the study.</p>

Partial Nitritation/Anammox process (deammonification process), by which occurs oxidation of ammonium to nitrogen gas by autotrophic bacteria in anaerobic conditions, considered to be cost-effective and environmentally friendly method of nitrogen removal. Present research work focuses on achieving a high nitrogen removal degree, thanks to Anammox bacteria, while providing the best performance of the ongoing process. Integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor was supplied with the main stream of the wastewater after UASB reactor, characterized by low concentration of nitrogen and organic matter. The bacteria ability to accommodate, were tested in the biofilm and in the activated sludge, depending on the different stages in which the process were being conducted. Batch test, such as Specific Anammox Activity (SAA), Nitrate Uptake Rate (NUR) and Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR), were used for the evaluation of activity of various groups of bacteria. On the basis of laboratory analysis verified the values obtained from the batch tests. It was determined that a high degree of nitrogen removal (92% of NH4-N) was achieved thanks to the dominant activity of the Anammox bacteria, with low participation of other groups of bacteria. It was also proved, that Anammox bacteria activity were overwhelming in the biofilm. Dominant role of Ammonium Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) was associated with high activity of Anammox bacteria, which together satisfyingly out-competed Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria (NOB) and heterotrophic bacteria. It has been shown that Anammox bacteria quickly adapt to the new conditions and they are able to assume a dominant role, even in the case of inoculation of the reactor with the sludge from SBR. This allows conclude, that in the case of operational problems, the reactor can be supplied from another source, in order not to inhibit the process.