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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Caracterização e composição química do material particulado grosso (MP10) no centro da cidade de São Carlos (SP)

Alexandrina, Eduardo Carlos 27 March 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Bruna Rodrigues (bruna92rodrigues@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-15T20:31:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissECA.pdf: 4704364 bytes, checksum: 1909457a146bdb29a74ad65130ca2bd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-16T19:58:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissECA.pdf: 4704364 bytes, checksum: 1909457a146bdb29a74ad65130ca2bd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-16T19:59:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissECA.pdf: 4704364 bytes, checksum: 1909457a146bdb29a74ad65130ca2bd9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-16T19:59:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissECA.pdf: 4704364 bytes, checksum: 1909457a146bdb29a74ad65130ca2bd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coarse particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10μm (PM10) have long been considered as air pollutants associated with health issues. They penetrate into the upper respiratory tract, causing respiratory problems such as worsening of asthma. The aim of this study was to determine and quantify the distribution of chemical elements in the PM10 particulate matter present in the atmosphere of the city of Sao Carlos (Sao Paulo). Samples were collected daily for a period of 23h and 30 minutes, from April 16, 2014 to April 16, 2015. A high-volume sampler (AGV-PM10) with micro quartz and fiber glass filters were used. The filters were subjected to gravimetric analysis to obtain the mass of PM10 and were then analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy to identify and quantify the chemical composition of the samples. The highest average concentration during twelve-month period was 70.41μg/m³ (August, 2014) and the smallest was 22.59μg/m³ (January, 2015). The annual arithmetic average found for the twelve months period was 42.71μg/m³. If compared with annual arithmetic average limit of 40μg/m³, established by CETESB, the value is slightly above and below 50 μg/m³ (CONAMA). If we consider the limit established by the World Health Organization (WHO), which is 20μg/m³, this value is much higher than recommended. The chemicals elements found were characteristic of urban areas / O material particulado, cujo diâmetro aerodinâmico é menor do que 10μm vem sendo considerado como poluente atmosférico muito associado a questões de saúde, uma vez que são os que penetram em vias respiratórias, agravando problemas como o da asma, por exemplo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os níveis de concentração de material particulado (MP10) e determinar a distribuição dos elementos químicos deste material particulado presente no ar atmosférico do centro da cidade de São Carlos (São Paulo). As amostras foram coletadas diariamente, por um período de 23h e 30 minutos, entre 16 de abril de 2014 a 16 de abril de 2015. Foi utilizado um amostrador de grandes volumes (AGV-MP10), submetendo os filtros, de fibra de vidro e de micro quartzo, à análise gravimétrica para obtenção de massa de MP10, Fluorescência de Raios-X de Energia Dispersiva de (EDX) e a Espectroscopia de ruptura induzida por laser (LIBS) para identificação e quantificação da composição química elementar das amostras. A maior concentração média do período de doze meses amostrado foi de 70,41μg/m³ em agosto/2014 e a menor de 22,59μg/m³ em janeiro/2015. A média aritmética anual encontrada para o período de doze meses foi de 42,71μg/m³. Se comparada com a média aritmética anual do limite estabelecido pela CETESB, de 40μg/m³, o valor está um pouco acima e um pouco abaixo de 50 μg/m³(CONAMA). Se for considerado o limite estabelecido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), que é de 20 μg/m³, este valor encontra-se muito acima do recomendado. Os elementos químicos encontrados são característicos de áreas urbanas e apresentam resultados semelhantes a estudos anteriores na cidade.
2

Pollution atmosphérique et déclenchement de poussées de sclérose en plaques, investigation au niveau individuel / Air pollution and triggering of multiple sclerosis relapses, individual level investigation

Jeanjean, Maxime 30 January 2018 (has links)
La sclérose en plaques (SEP) est une maladie neuro-inflammatoire du système nerveux central. Les causes sont multifactorielles impliquant à la fois une prédisposition génétique et l'influence de facteurs environnementaux. Dans environ 85% des cas, les patients sont atteints de poussées correspondants à la survenue de signes neurologiques, suivis d'une phase de rémission partielle ou totale. De nombreux travaux avancent l'hypothèse selon laquelle le taux de poussées varie au gré des saisons, survenant plus fréquemment au printemps et en été. Cette fluctuation temporelle a soulevé la question de l'influence de paramètres dépendants de la saison tels que l'ensoleillement et le statut en vitamine D, le niveau de mélatonine ou encore la pollution atmosphérique. Etant donné cette variation de la pollution de l'air, nous avons cherché à explorer l'impact à court terme des particules fines (PM10), benzène (C6H6), dioxyde d'azote (NO2), monoxyde de carbone (CO) et de l'ozone troposphérique (O3), sur le risque de déclenchement de poussée, indépendamment des saisons "chaude" (1er avril au 30 septembre) et "froide" (1er octobre au 31 mars). Ce travail s'est appuyé sur les données de patients issus du réseau ville-hôpital alSacEP. Nous avons sélectionné 424 patients atteints de SEP à début rémittent et ayant connu un total de 1 783 poussées (2000-2009). Les niveaux journaliers de pollution, produits grâce au modèle physique déterministe ADMS-Urban, ont été modélisés sur une base horaire pour chaque IRIS de la communauté urbaine de Strasbourg par l'actuelle AASQUA ATMO Grand Est. De plus, une enquête individuelle menée dans le cadre de cette étude auprès de l'ensemble des patients (PT) a permis de collecter (par questionnaire téléphonique ou auto-questionnaire sur internet) des informations personnelles socio-économiques (SES) et du mode de vie pour 188 d'entre eux (PS). Enfin, le niveau SES des IRIS a été estimé à l’aide d’un indice de défaveur social - construit à partir des données du recensement de l’INSEE. Nous avons observé une influence saisonnière délétère à court terme de la pollution (3 jours précédant la poussée) sur le risque de poussée en PT, notamment de l'O3 en saison "chaude" et des PM10 et NO2 en saison "froide". Nos résultats suggèrent également que le contexte SES puisse exacerber ces associations, notamment chez les patients résidant dans les quartiers défavorisés lors d'exposition aux PM10, NO2, C6H6 et CO ("froide") et ceux résidant dans les quartiers favorisés et défavorisés lors de l'exposition à l'O3 ("chaude"). Enfin, nous avons observé chez la PS que le niveau d'éducation faible, le revenu familial moyen, la consommation de cigarette et le manque d'activité physique régulière sont les catégories SES et du mode de vie les plus associées avec le risque de poussée lors de l'exposition à la pollution de l'air. Ce travail montre la nécessité d'étudier les expositions environnementales au cours de la SEP selon une approche holistique intégrant des facteurs individuels et contextuels. / Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Causes are multifactorial enrolling both genetic predisposition and influence of environmental factors. In 85% of cases, patients experience relapse corresponding to the occurrence of neurologic signs, followed by a phase of partial or total remission. Several studies put forth the hypothesis that relapses rate varies across season, mainly occurring during spring and summer. This temporal fluctuation raised the question of season-dependent parameters influence such as sunlight exposure and vitamin D, melatonin level or ambient air pollution. Considering this variation of air pollution, we explored the short-term impact of fine particles (PM10), benzene (C6H6), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone (O3), on the risk of relapse triggering, separately for "cold" (i.e., October-March) and "hot" (April-September) season. This work has drawn from data of patients provided by the alSacEP network. We included 424 patients affected with remitting MS onset who experienced 1,783 relapses over the 2000-2009 period. Daily level of air pollution was modeled through ADMS-Urban software at the census block scale of the Strasbourg metropolitan area (AASQA ATMO Grand Est). Furthermore, an individual survey was conducted among all the patients (PT) in order to collect individual socioeconomic (SES) and lifestyle features. Finally, the census block SES position was estimated using a composite deprivation index - created from the INSEE census data. A short-term (3 days preceding the relapse) seasonal adverse effect was observed in PT, in particular during exposure to O3 in "hot" season and PM10 and NO2 in "cold" season. Results also suggest that the SES context might exacerbate these associations, in particular among patients who were living in deprived neighborhood with exposure to PM10, NO2, C6H6 and CO ("cold) and those who were living in most well-of and deprived places with exposure to O3 ("hot"). Finally, we observed among Ps that low education level, average family income, smoking and lack of physical activity are more associated with the risk of relapse triggering when patients were exposed to air pollution. This work shows the need to investigate environmental exposure such as air pollution along the SEP course using a holistic approach integrating individual and contextual factors.

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