This 2 x 3 factorial study focuses on roles of different rejection types (instigating force) and lack of self-regulation (weak inhibiting force) on the commission of obsessive relational intrusion (ORI). Rejection was manipulated through vignettes depicting no rejection or one of two types of romantic rejection: an explicit rejection (rejection that makes an internal attribution to the rejected as cause of relationship ending) or a passive rejection that “lets the pursuer down easy” (external attributions for relationship demise). Self-regulation was manipulated through a thought suppression exercise (2 conditions: free writing/no suppression vs. restricted writing/thought suppression). After scenario and writing exercise, participants (N = 221) rated their likelihood of thinking or engaging in ORI. A main effect of rejection and an interaction between rejection and self-regulation were observed. Participants explicitly rejected reported higher scores for aggressive acts compared to participants passively rejected. The difference was exacerbated with depleted self-regulation.

Bakgrund I dagens samhälle förekommer det våld mot män i nära relationer. Arbetet belyser att mäns utsatthet för våld i heterosexuella och homosexuella relationer är ett otillräckligt utforskat område. Sjuksköterskans roll är att identifiera samt hjälpa de drabbade männen. Syfte Studiens syfte var att A) Undersöka hur våldet som utförs av kvinnor mot män eller mellan män i samkönade relationer beskrivs i litteraturen. B) Hur den våldsutsatta mannens möte med vården ser ut och vilka konsekvenser våldet kan ge. Samt C) Undersöka var hjälpen finns för en  våldsutsatt man i Europa och USA. Metod Studien är en litteraturstudie där  artiklar söktes med hjälp databaserna PubMed, och SCOPUS. Sökord som användes var exempelvis: “Intimatepartner violence”; among men; Gay. 33 artiklar valdes men 19 föll bort på grund av att de inte matchade inklusionkriterierna. De 14 artiklar som återstod granskades med två kvalitetsgranskningsmallar för att bedöma artiklarnas kvalitet i studien. Beauchamps och Childress teori om vårdens fyra etiska principer har används som teoretisk referensram. Resultat  Våldet som män och kvinnor utsätts för skiljer sig inte åt. Bemötande av män som lider av intimt partnervåld (IPV) är viktigt för att få män att dela med sig av sin situation. Många män i samkönade relationer önskar att vårdpersonal ställde frågan om våld. Många söker inte hjälp på grund av misstro till myndigheterna eller på grund av rädslan för diskriminering. Slutsats Hälso- och sjukvården i Sverige är idag inte tillräckligt anpassad för att kunna hjälpa de män som lider av intimt partnervåld. Mer studier och framförallt mer utbildning för sjukvårdspersonal behövs idag för att de män som söker hjälp ska kunna få den, utan rädsla för diskriminering. / Background In todays society there is an occurence of violence against men in intimate relationships. This essay focuses on mens exposure to violence in hetero- and homosexual relationships and the fact that it is an insufficiently studied area. The nurses role is to identify and help the affected men. Bakgrund I dagens samhälle förekommer det våld mot män i nära relationer. Arbetet belyser att mäns utsatthet för våld i heterosexuella och homosexuella relationer är ett otillräckligt utforskat område. Sjuksköterskans roll är att identifiera samt hjälpa de drabbade männen. Aim The aim of this study was A) to investigate how the violence perpetrated by women or between men i same-sex relationships is described in the literature. B) to inviestigate how the vulnerable mens meeting with the health care is and which consequenses the violence has.  C) to investigate where help is available for vulnerable men in Europe and the US. Method The method of the study was a literature review. Articles were searched using the databases PubMed and SCOPUS. With keywords such as; “Intimatepartner violence”; Among men; Gay. Prior to the search, 33 articles were chosen, 19 of them were excluded due to not matching the inclusioncriteria. the 14 remaining articles were quality reviewed using two templates to acess the quality of the studies. Beauchamp and Childress’  Principles for biomedical ethics were used as a theoretical referenceframe. Result The violence that men and women are subjected to is not different. Attitude of health personnel towards men suffering from intimate partner violence (IPV) is important to get men to open up about their situation, many men in same-sex relationships wish health workers would ask them about violence. Many do not seek help due to distrust of the authorities or due to fear of discrimination. Conclusion Health services in Sweden are not sufficiently adapted to help men suffering from intimate partner violence. More studies, and especially more training for health care professionals is needed. So that the men who seek help are able to get it, without fear of discrimination.

It is generally believed that a victim of an intimate partner homicide, who faced ongoing physical violence prior to the killing, would have contacted authorities for assistance or protection some time prior to their death. However, the results of this study show that this notion that a victim of ongoing abuse will, more than likely, request help is a misconception. Through qualitative and quantitative methods analysis, this study reveals the dearth of prior reporting of physical violence to law enforcement or the court when an intimate partner homicide takes place between heterosexual spouses in Florida between 2006 and 2016. Additionally, "coercive control," a term that is not nearly as recognizable as domestic violence or intimate partner violence but that should be understood and regulated, was conceptualized and operationalized using NVivo Pro 12, a qualitative social sciences software package. By constructing an original data set from secondary data from the Florida Department of Law Enforcement Uniform Crime Report Supplemental Homicide Report, multiple law enforcement agencies from throughout the state of Florida, and many Florida county courthouses, variables of intimate partner homicide were analyzed in unique quantitative models using IBM SPSS, an advanced statistical software analysis program. Also, as part of the content analysis process, Petitions for Injunction for Protection against Domestic Violence were organized, coded, and analyzed to provide insight into the role coercive control takes prior to an intimate partner homicide. This study sheds light on the fact that the emphasis on physical violence in intimate partner abuse, rather than the non-violent tactics of coercive control, for lethality risk assessments for intimate partner violence victims is misplaced and warrants reconsideration.

Ample research explores individual factors associated with sexual violence, yet individual, dyadic, and environmental influences on intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) occurring in the larger context of non-intimate partner violence (NIPSV) remain relatively unexplored. The current study aimed to determine the extent to which county-level indicators in combination with individual and dyadic factors are associated with sexual violence across relationship types. Reported IPSV and NIPSV cases were obtained from the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation’s (TBI) online incident-based reporting system. County-level variables indicative of neighborhood physical disorder, violent crime, income inequality, firearm prevalence, and community alcohol use patterns were retrieved from the online resource County Health Rankings and Roadmaps. Using a nested case–control design, we determined significant sexual violence risk within younger cohorts and across relationship types, finding three significant county-level factors: 1) income inequality, 2) rate of firearm fatalities, and 3) percentage of female residents. Suggested prevention and intervention efforts include targeting younger age groups for IPSV and NIPSV education, developing resources for a range of relational partners, improving legal access and law enforcement training for reporting, and continued examination of the role of firearms.

Bakgrund: Våld mot kvinnor är ett allvarligt samhällsproblem som beskrivs som ett globaltfolkhälsoproblem. De senaste 10 åren har antalet anmälningar i Sverige gällande kvinnovåldökat med 30 procent. Kvinnovåld omfattar fysiskt, psykiskt och sexuellt våld. Våldet leder tillkonsekvenser för kvinnan som utsätts och stora kostnader för samhället. Våld mot kvinnor avnuvarande eller före detta manlig partner är ofta det som är mest våldsamt och upprepas ihögre grad än våld av kvinnor eller inom samkönade relationer. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelse av mötet med kvinnansom blivit utsatt för våld av sin nuvarande eller tidigare manliga partner. Metod: Denna litteraturöversikt gjordes i enlighet med Fribergs metod. Underlaget förresultatet var 11 vetenskapliga artiklar som belyser sjuksköterskans upplevelse av mötet medkvinnan som blivit utsatt för våld av nuvarande eller tidigare manlig partner. Artiklarnahämtades från databaserna Pubmed och Cinahl complete. Därefter analyserades artiklarnavilket mynnade ut i teman och subteman. Resultat: Litteraturöversikten resulterade i fyra teman: Emotionella möten, Sjuksköterskansroll, Faktorer som påverkar omvårdnaden och Organisation. Subteman till Emotionella möten:Sjuksköterskans känslor och Strategier för att hantera känslorna. Subteman tillSjuksköterskans roll: Psykosocial omvårdnad och Medicinsk omvårdnad. Subteman tillFaktorer som påverkar omvårdnaden: Tidstillgång och arbetsbelastning, Sjuksköterskansattityd och Benägenhet att fråga om våld. Subteman till Organisation: Riktlinjer, Utbildningoch Samarbete. Diskussion: Resultatet har diskuterats utifrån Katie Erikssons caritativa teori som syftar tillatt lindra lidande, samt utifrån Arbetsmiljöverkets och Världshälsoorganisationensrekommendationer. Vidare har sjuksköterskans upplevelse diskuterats i förhållande till studiersom belyser den våldsutsatta kvinnans upplevelse av mötet med sjuksköterskan. / Background: Violence against women is a social problem that is described as a globalpublic health problem. The last 10 years the number of complaints regarding violence againstwomen in Sweden has increased by 30 percent. Violence against women includes physical,psychological and sexual violence. The violence has consequences for the woman who isexposed and it also means large costs for the society. Violence against women by current orformer male partner is often more violent and repeated to a greater degree than violence bywomen or in same-sex relationships. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe nurses' experience of the encounter with thewoman who has been subjected to violence by current or former male partners. Method: This literature review was made in accordance with Friberg's method. The basis ofthe result was 11 scientific studies that highlight nurses' experience of the encounter with thewoman who has been subjected to violence by current or former partners. The studiesretrieved from PubMed and CINAHL complete. The studies were analyzed and resulted inthemes and subthemes. Results: The literature review resulted in four themes: Emotional meetings, Nurse's role,Factors that affecting the care and Organization. Subthemes to Emotional meetings: Nursesemotions and Strategies to manage the emotions. Subthemes to Nurse's role: Psychosocialcare and Medical care. Subthemes to Factors that affecting the care: Time access andworkload, Nurse´s attitude, Willingness to ask about violence. Subthemes to Organization:Guidelines, Education and Cooperation. Discussion: The result has been discussed in relation to Katie Eriksson caritative theorythat aims to relieve suffering. It has also been compared to the Swedish Work Environmentand the World Health Organization recommendations. Furthermore, the result of nurse'sexperience has been discussed in relation to studies that highlight abused women's experienceof the encounter with the nurse.

Women’s use of aggression in intimate partner relationships is consistently debated by researchers of intimate partner aggression. One tenet suggests women use aggression within intimate relationships at similar rates as men. Conversely, a second tenet acknowledges women’s use of aggression but suggests that the meaning and consequences associated with women’s aggression is not coercive or severely injurious, which are typical characteristics of men’s use of aggression. The current study evaluated incarcerated women in order to build upon an integrative approach that suggests that women’s use of aggression is related to the relationship dynamics generated from variations in coercive and conflictual behaviors. Further, the current study evaluated the moderating relation of childhood abuse history and posttraumatic stress symptoms between relationship dynamics and women’s use of aggression. Ninety-six women, who participated in a larger research project that investigated incarcerated women’s life experience, reported on the dynamics of their most recent abusive heterosexual relationship, their own use of aggression (minor and severe) and childhood abuse history and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Findings suggest that incarcerated women involved in intimate relationships characterized as highly conflictual use significantly more minor and severe aggression toward their partners than women involved in relationships with low levels of conflicts. The finding is significant regardless of the level of coercion present in the relationship. Lastly, neither childhood abuse history nor posttraumatic symptoms moderated the relation between intimate partner relationship dynamics and women’s use of aggression. Various reasons for the lack of support for the moderating effect of history on women’s use of aggression are discussed.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) account for a majority of all men currently diagnosed with AIDS. MSM is also recognized as the largest risk category of all AIDS cases. Drug use has been shown to have a synergistic effect on the prevalence of HIV in the MSM population. The study aimed to examine the association between injection drug use, non-injection drug use, and non-drug use with sexual risk behaviors for HIV in men who have sex with men. Secondary, cross-sectional data procured from the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System for the Atlanta Metropolitan Survey Area were used for the study. The study population was 960 participants. Using binary logistic regression analyses, the drug use categories were studied for unprotected intercourse, unprotected receptive anal intercourse and HIV status. Strong associations were seen independently for unprotected intercourse, unprotected receptive anal intercourse, and HIV status with injection and non injection drug use, but the association weakened for drug use categories when controlled for other independent factors. Taking into account current findings and findings from previous research, the importance of clinical significance over statistical significance was considered. Racial disparities were evident, in that, although the Black participants showed no increased odds for sexual risk factors or drug use, it had a higher odds for being HIV positive compared to Whites. Combining Viagra/Levitra with drugs was significantly associated with unprotected intercourse (AOR=1.9), and each individual drug showed a different degree of association with Viagra/Levitra. Further research is recommended to identify sub-populations at risk and appropriately allocate resources and channel programs and interventions.

Research has consistently shown that intimate partner homicide (IPH) rates have been on a steady downward decline over the past two decades. A relatively recent movement in IPH research, however, has emphasized the need for further dissecting the aggregate trends by factors such as gender, race, and victim-offender relationship. In response to these issues, this study looks at the relationship between IPHs and factors such as gender, race, and age. The present study explores officially reported IPH cases in Dallas, Texas between the years 1990-1997. Specific attention will be paid to the victim's and suspect's age, race, and gender. The findings of the study will assist in identifying significant characteristics of these IPH incidents which may lead to a greater understanding of the types of relationships in which IPH is more likely to occur. Studying the relationship between IPHs and these factors, as this research aims to do, is important to understanding what IPH incident characteristics need more attention to help prevent future incidents from occurring. As a result of this research, a better understanding of whether IPH may occur in certain types of relationships will be reached and then can be further utilized to educate.

Att vara partner i de större revisionsbyråerna i Sverige innebär dels att en roll som delägare axlas och dels att individen fortsätter tjänstgöra i den operativa verksamheten. Medarbetarnas motivation till att ta klivet högst upp för karriärstrappan och anamma ett partnerskap har studerats. Däremot, en studie som ser till vad byrån letar efter hos den optimala partnern har tidigare inte genomförts. Syftet med studien är att utreda och skapa förståelse för den rekryteringsprocess som tillämpas när en ny partner ska väljas ut inom de större revisionsbyråerna i Sverige. Studien tillämpar en tvärsnittsdesign med en abduktiv ansats för att utreda hur rekryteringsprocessen genomförs i de fem största revisionsbyråerna i Sverige. Denna förståelse fångas genom kvalitativa intervjuer som genomförs med nuvarande partners. För att skapa förståelse för denna process ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv appliceras styrformerna; resultat-, beteende- och normativ styrning. Utifrån detta kan en teoretisk reflektion genomföras samt öppna för studiens abduktion genom en inducering av den empiriska informationen. Studien finner att revisionsbyråerna genomför både interna och externa rekryteringar, där interna rekryteringar förespråkas. Inom revisionsbyråerna finns tre olika partnertyper; omsättningspartners, ledarpartners samt specialister. Resultatet visar att en revisionsbyrå eftersöker individer med ett affärsmannaskap, genom en kommersiell attityd och entreprenöriella egenskaper. Dessutom är kandidatens förmåga att leda och utveckla medarbetare väsentligt. Trots ovan visar studiens resultat på att partnerrekryteringen är baserad på den aktuella situationen. / Being a partner in the big audit firms in Sweden means that a role as a part-owner is shouldered and that the individual continues to serve the operational activities. Employees' motivation to climb the stairs and embrace a partnership is previously studied. However, a study that observe what the accounting firm is looking for, to find the optimal partner has not been conducted before. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and create an understanding of the recruitment process that is applied when a new partner is to be selected within the big accounting firms in Sweden. The study applies a cross-sectional design with an abductive approach to investigate how the recruitment process is carried out in the five largest accounting firms in Sweden. This understanding is captured through qualitative interviews conducted with current partners. In order to create an understanding of this process from a theoretical perspective, some control forms where applied; result, behavior and normative control. Based on this, a theoretical reflection could be conducted as well as open to the study's abduction through an induction of the empirical information. The study finds that the accounting firms applies both internal and external recruitment, where internal recruitment is advocated. There are three different types of partners within the accounting firms; sales partners, management partners and specialists. The result shows that an accounting firm seeks individuals with a business acumen, in terms of a commercial attitude and entrepreneurial characteristics. In addition, the candidate's ability to lead and develop employees is essential. Despite the above, the study's results show that the recruitment is based on the current situation.

Bakgrund: Våld i nära relationer är ett brott mot mänskliga rättigheter och har en lång historia över århundraden. Det drabbar var tredje kvinna världen över och tar sig uttryck i många olika våldstyper, där den yttersta konsekvensen av våldet är att kvinnor mister livet. Män brukar oftast våld för att åstadkomma makt och kontroll över kvinnor. Våldet kan normaliseras och uppfattas vara normalt i relationen. Det finns en osäkerhet kring arbetet med våld i nära relationer hos sjuksköterskor oavsett tid inom yrket. Hälso- och sjukvårdens ansvar gällande våld i nära relationer innefattar att riktlinjer ska finnas för agerande vid misstänkt och bekräftad våldsutsatthet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att vara utsatta för våld i nära relationer av manlig partner. Metod: Den strukturerade litteraturöversikten baserades på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ och mixad metod. Sökning genomfördes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed, där de vetenskapliga artiklarna inhämtades. Artiklarna genomgick en kvalitetsgranskning och sedan analyseras enligt Fribergs femstegsmodell. Resultat: I resultatet framkom det att våld inte förekom till en början, för att sedan debutera och uppkomma vid olika tidpunkter och händelser i relationen. Kvinnorna utsattes för fysiskt och psykiskt våld där även sexuellt våld samt ekonomiska och digitala dimensioner ingick. Deras psykiska hälsa, självbild och känsloliv blev negativt påverkade. Männen upplevdes vara våldsamma och passiva i relationen, och kvinnorna anpassade sig efter männens våldsutövande. Slutsats: Våld utövas på många sätt och det finns inte en viss typ av kvinna som drabbas. De våldsutsatta kvinnorna utsätts för ett stort lidande som kan yttra sig på olika sätt och som orsakar fysiska och psykiska konsekvenser. Då lidandet är omfattande och våldsutsatthet är svårt att se utifrån är det viktigt som sjuksköterska att fråga om våld. / Background: Intimate partner violence is a violation of human rights and has a long history throughout decades. It affects every third woman across the world and takes many forms, with the utmost consequence being that women lose their lives due to violence. Men use violence to achieve power and control over women. Violence becomes normalized and such is perceived as a normal part of the relationship. Nurses experience insecurity when working with intimate partner violence regardless of the length of time spent in the profession. Healthcare’s responsibility regarding intimate partner violence includes establishing guidelines for actions when violence is either suspected or confirmed. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe women’s experiences of being a victim of intimate partner violence committed by a male partner. Method: The structured literature review was based on 15 scientific articles with a qualitative or mixed method. The search for articles was done in the databases CINAHL and PubMed to later undergo review of quality and analysis using Fribergs five-step model. Results: The result shows that violence does not occur during the beginning of the relationship but debuts and arises during different times and events. Women were subjected to psychical and psychological violence, where sexual violence as well as economic and digital dimensions were included. Their mental health, self-image and emotions became negatively affected. The men were perceived as violent and passive in the relationship, and the women adapted themselves to the men’s violence. Conclusions: The violence is executed in many ways and there is not a certain type of woman who is affected. The abused women are subjected to an immense suffering which can present in different ways and cause physical and psychological consequences. Due to the tremendous suffering and violence being hard to detect, it is important for nurses to ask questions regarding violence.