Bakgrund: Våld i nära relationer är ett globalt problem med stora effekter på kvinnors hälsa. Tidigare forskning visar att våldsutsatta kvinnor upplever brister i det bemötande de fått av vårdpersonal. Akutmottagningen är ofta våldsutsatta kvinnors första, och ibland enda, kontakt med hälso- och sjukvård. Vårdpersonal på akutmottagning har därmed goda förutsättningar att uppmärksamma och vårda denna patientgrupp.   Syfte: Studien syftar till att beskriva vilka erfarenheter kvinnor som blivit utsatta för våld i nära relationer har av mötet med vårdpersonal på akutmottagning.   Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med kvalitativ innehållsanalys av sex kvalitativa artiklar och en artikel med mixad metod utifrån vilka tre kategorier identifierades.   Resultat: Kvinnor som blivit utsatta för våld i nära relationer har både negativa och positiva erfarenheter av mötet med vårdpersonal när de söker vård på akutmottagning. Bristande bemötande visade sig genom att kvinnorna kände sig skuldbelagda och att vårdpersonalen uppvisade bristande empati och inte såg bortom kvinnornas fysiska skador. I motsats till detta har en del kvinnor upplevt tillfredsställande bemötande som visade sig genom att vårdpersonalen upplevdes som hjälpsamma och medlidande med en attityd som var empatisk och förstående.   Slutsats: För att främja ett gott bemötande från vårdpersonal gentemot den utsatta kvinnan, visade det sig finnas ett behov av kunskap och utbildning kring våldsutsatta kvinnors situation och vilka vårdbehov de kan ha. Ett gott bemötande ökar patientens känsla av delaktighet, lindrar lidande och motverkar att lidande uppkommer till följd av vård.

A violência entre casais e o abuso sexual ocorrem cotidianamente e nos âmbitos social e familiar. É um problema relevante no Brasil, pois afeta um número significativo de pessoas, em sua grande maioria mulheres, e produz inúmeros agravos à saúde física, reprodutiva e mental. Os homens, especialmente jovens, estariam mais sujeitos que as mulheres à violência em locais públicos, especialmente ao homicídio, cometido tanto por estranhos quanto por conhecidos. Já as mulheres estão mais sujeitas a agressões perpetradas por pessoas conhecidas e íntimas. Isso pode significar violência repetida e continuada que, muitas vezes, perpetua-se cronicamente por muitos anos ou até vidas inteiras. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi analisar violência entre casais e abuso sexual (através das variáveis das seções N e O do Questionário Genacis), associadas ao padrão de consumo de álcool e dados sociodemográficos, especialmente gênero. O método foi o de um estudo transversal do tipo inquérito epidemiológico em amostra estratificada por conglomerados, sendo representativa dos níveis socioeconômicos e educacionais da população. Foi um recorte do projeto Genacis, realizado no município de São Paulo, cuja amostra totalizou 1473 pessoas de 18 anos ou mais. A coleta de dados foi realizada através da aplicação do questionário Genacis em entrevistas nos domicilios sorteados por uma equipe de entrevistadores treinados. A análise estatística univariada utilizou o teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, no programa Stata 8.0. Os resultados mostraram uma taxa de 40% de recusa, a maioria de homens e famílias de estratos socioeconômicos mais altos, e moradores de prédios e condomínios. Houve predominância de mulheres (58,6%), pessoas casadas (41,1%), e com menos de 40 anos de idade (53,2%). Em relação à escolaridade, 3,7% eram analfabetos e houve concentração nas faixas de escolaridade mais baixas. Os homens tiveram predominantemente padrões de consumo de álcool moderado e pesado, enquanto as mulheres em geral tiveram padrões mais leves ou eram abstinentes. Cerca de 8,3% da amostra relataram algum tipo de violência física nos dois anos anteriores à entrevista. Tanto ser agressor como vítima se associou a ser jovem, ter companheiro (casado ou amasiado) e ser proveniente dos estratos socioeconômicos e educacionais mais baixos. A violência doméstica esteve associada ao padrão de consumo pesado de álcool, tanto em vítimas quanto agressores. As mulheres sofreram episódios mais graves de violência. Ter sofrido abuso sexual (atual ou passado) esteve associado a ter relacionamento atual com parceiro com padrão pesado de consumo de álcool e ser agressor, para ambos os gêneros. Embora não tenham sido encontradas diferenças de gênero em relação à freqüência de ser vítima ou agressor, nos homens agressores foi encontrado consumo mais pesado de álcool associadas ao incidente. Os resultados ressaltam a importância da associação entre o uso de álcool e risco de agressão (como perpetrador ou vítima) e tem importantes implicações na elaboração de políticas publicas e programas de tratamento desses problemas. / Partner violence and sexual abuse occur in daily life in family and social relationships. It is an important problem in Brazil, involving a significant number of people, mostly women, leading to several physical, reproductive and mental health. Men, especially youngsters, would suffer more violence in public places, especially homicide, committed either by strangers or acquaintances. Women are more prone to be attacked by people they know and family members than by strangers, many times perpetuated chronically for years or during their entire lives. The objective was to evaluate violence and victimization between partners and sexual abuse (sections N and O of the Genacis questionnaire) with patterns of alcohol consumption and demographics, especially gender. This was a transversal study in an epidemiological survey and the sample was stratified by clusters representative of the socioeconomic and educational level of the population. This study is part of the Genacis project carried out in the City of São Paulo, and the final sample totalized 1473 people of 18 years or more. The data collection was carried through the application of the Genacis questionnaire in face-to-face interviews in the drafted houses by trained interviewers. The univariate statistical analysis used the qui-square or Fishers exact tests, in the Stata 8.0. The results have shown a refusal rate of 40%, mostly of men and higher socioeconomic status families living in condominiums. We had a predominance of women (58.6%), married (41.1%), and young (below 40 years of age (53.2%). Regarding education, 3.7% were illiterate, and concentrated in the lower educational stratus. Men consistently predominated in the moderate to heavy alcohol consumption, while the women kept the lightest alcohol ingestion or were abstainers. About 8.3% of the sample reported some kind of partner aggression in the last two years. Being an aggressor or a victim was associated to: younger age, married/common law and proceed from lower socioeconomic and educational levels. Domestic violence was associated with binge or heavy drinking of the involved ones, in most cases, perpetrators or victims. Moreover, women had suffered more severe episodes of violence. Sexual abuse (current or in the past) was associated to being currently aggressive and to have a partner with a heavy pattern of alcohol consumption. Although differences in gender were not found regarding being a victim or an aggressor, the aggressive men had more binge drinking associated to the violent incident. The results point out to the importance of understanding the role of alcohol use and the risk of aggression (as perpetrator or victim), and has important implications in the elaboration of public policies and programs for treating these problems.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy can lead to a myriad of poor physical and psychological outcomes for both mother and child. There is a paucity of research examining IPV risk factors for rural pregnant women and on information regarding the course of the specific types of IPV throughout pregnancy. The current project was an investigation of the prevalence of IPV and IPV risk factors for different types of IPV in an Appalachian pregnant sample that contained women from both rural and nonrural locations (Study 1), and was an examination of the occurrence of any IPV and the different types of IPV throughout the course of pregnancy (Study 2). Study 1 included 1,063 pregnant women participating in the Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers (TIPS) research project. IPV prevalence rates during pregnancy, measured using a modified HITS IPV screen, were approximately 26% for psychological violence, 2% for physical violence, and 1% for sexual violence. Chi-squared analysis indicated that rural pregnant women were not significantly more likely to experience any of the types of IPV compared to nonrural pregnant women. Additionally, logistic regression analysis supported previous literature findings that pregnant women who are unmarried, younger, have an unplanned pregnancy, have high levels of stress, and have low levels of social support are at a greater risk of experiencing any type of IPV during pregnancy compared to pregnant women not possessing those risk factors. However, rural status was not a significant predictor or modifier of IPV. Study 2 participants included a subsample of 337 pregnant women who indicated they had experienced IPV at any time during the course of their pregnancy. Generalized estimating equation logistic models indicated that women who experienced IPV at some point during pregnancy were more likely to experience IPV during the third trimester. Both studies support the importance of screening for specific types of IPV throughout pregnancy. Information obtained from the current research is valuable to health care providers because it is important they are aware of IPV risk factors and that different types of IPV, especially psychological IPV, can occur at any time during pregnancy.

Recent national surveys in the United States estimate one in five females will experience abuse by an intimate partner during her lifetime. Previous quantitative research linked childhood victimization to repeated victimization in adult relationships. This qualitative study explored the lived experiences of childhood in eight female victims of intimate partner violence who were born and reared in southern Appalachia. Interviews were analyzed using a descriptive-interpretative phenomenological method, as described by Van Manen. The three essential themes from childhood were identified as: living 'as if' an orphan; surviving in chaos; and, manifesting a devalued self. These themes were congruent with findings from quantitative literature regarding family violence. After analyzing the data, it was found that the Neuman Systems Model provided a comprehensive perspective for linking the data to a nursing theoretical framework that is used to guide practice, education and research; thus extending nursing science. Through increased awareness of personal stories, previous negative attitudes toward victims can be altered and behaviors changed, leading to improved nursing care.

Over one million women in the United States are physically, sexually, or emotionally abused by a partner or former partner every year. Women between the ages of 18 and 34 are the most likely to experience intimate partner violence (IPV), with prevalence rates for that group double the overall national average. Although the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force has recommended universal screening for all women of child-bearing age, compliance with this recommendation remains low. The present study examined the effectiveness of an asynchronous educational intervention to increase perceived knowledge, actual knowledge, and screening behaviors among 44 college-based health care providers. Data were collected using the Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PREMIS). Results indicated that participation in the educational intervention did not have a significant effect on provider knowledge or screening behaviors. A positive trend was observed for perceived knowledge and knowledge regardless of treatment condition, but not for screening behaviors. The lack of significant findings may have been related to insufficient sample size and low power. Recruitment was challenging, despite multiple strategies and the offer of one free continuing education credit for all participants. Future research should explore how college health care providers prefer to engage in clinically informed research and whether IPV screening is viewed as an important clinical practice.

This research looks into the ways society, the media, and the criminal justice system influence the sexual values of individuals in the United States. These separate, yet interdependent, institutions have profound impacts on the attitudes individuals have towards sexual violence. The research explores the ways we are consciously and subconsciously consumers of messages that influence how we view a myriad of issues related to sexual expression. Additionally, this research highlights how various factors contribute to the rape culture prevalent in contemporary American society. Specifically, the research explores theories rooted in the psychopathology model and argues that while some perpetrators of sexual violence are mentally ill, this model and the treatment model which are often applied by society may inadvertently provide perpetrators of sexual violence a scapegoat. Additionally, the nature of the biological theory, often referred to as the “impulse” model, is another way American society permits perpetrators of sexual violence to blame their behavior on evolution and genetic predispositions (Levay & Baldwin, 2012). Also discussed is the advancements in technology and the media’s methods of portraying sexual violence in the news and how it profoundly impacts the sexual values of Americans (Waechter & Ma, 2015). In summation, this review of the literature, will investigate how the values of sexual violence also impacts the criminal justice system, the results of sexual violence trials, and how victims are treated in the system (Moylan, 2017). The impact of sexual violence does not just affect the survivors themselves. However, there are few studies on the impact of sexual violence on secondary victims, such as family members. The majority of the literature focuses on how to help the survivor through abuse, without attention to how family members work through their own trauma. There is literature that states, following the sexual assault of a family or loved one, family and friends often experience considerable emotional distress and physical and psychological symptoms that can disrupt their lifestyles and family structures (Cwik, 1996). Responses of family members to the assault, including shock, helplessness, rage and so on, which can "parallel the affective responses of the victim" in the acute post-traumatic period (Silverman, 1978, p. 169). Undoubtedly, the impact of sexual violence is significant for the entire family, and the experience of each survivor will vary.

abstract: In spite of numerous legal interventions and a fairly strong legal capacity compared to other neighboring countries, Zimbabwean law enforcement and judiciary have failed to overcome Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). This research examines the role of customary law in the continued prevalence of IPV among Zimbabwean women, particularly, the subtle ways in which customary law legitimates the ideals of patriarchal domination in the communal and legal handling of IPV cases. The study utilized qualitative methodology in the form of structured interviews as well as pre-interview questionnaires. Eighteen women who identified as IPV survivors or victims were recruited using snowball sampling method whereby each person interviewed was asked to suggest additional people who were either present victims or survivors of IPV. Five lawyers from Chinhoyi, ten lawyers from Harare, ten police officers from Chinhoyi and ten police officers from Harare were identified using judgement or purposive sampling where subjects are chosen due to availability. The research established that IPV is a way in which abusers exercise their assumed patriarchal rights over women. Likewise, police officers are also influenced by attitudes and mentalities acquired from customary law in the way they handle IPV cases which resultantly leads to secondary victimization of IPV victims. The research concluded that much work still needs to be done by the judiciary, law enforcement and the community to combat the prevalence of IPV in Zimbabwe. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Social Justice and Human Rights 2019

We examined an additive and interactive model involving domestic partner violence (DPV) and hope in accounting for suicidal behaviors in a sample of 98 community adults. Results showed that DPV accounted for a significant amount of variance in suicidal behaviors. Hope further augmented the prediction model and accounted for suicidal behaviors beyond DPV. Finally, we found that DPV significantly interacted with both dimensions of hope to further account for additional variance in suicidal behaviors above and beyond the independent effects of DPV and hope. Implications for the role of hope in the relationship between DPV and suicidal behaviors are discussed.

This study sought to examine the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and intimate partner violence in adult committed, monogamous, same sex female relationships. Participants included lesbian or queer cisgender women, age 18 or over, who were in a current committed relationship of at least six months. Partnerships with local and national lesbian advocacy groups allowed electronic access to participants. A total of 87 participants completed the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire and the Abusive Behaviors Inventory. All participants were anonymous. The three examined variables included emotional/psychological abuse, sexual abuse, and physical abuse. These variables were entered into the Software Program for Statistical Analysis (SPSS) using correlational matrices, hierarchical regression, and one-way ANOVA analyses. Results from the data analysis will provide insight into the relationship of each variable on the presence of intimate partner violence in adult committed, monogamous, lesbian or queer cisgender relationships.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem that affects approximately 2.4 million individuals in the United States each year. Race, age, gender, and household income are established correlates of criminal victimization and diverge across various victimization experiences for these individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between IPV victimization and the demographic variables of race, age, gender, and household income using race, class, and gender theory as a framework. Logistic regression analyses on data from 3,492 adult male and 3,637 adult female IPV victims obtained from the 2013 National Crime Victimization Survey showed that race was not significantly associated with IPV, while age, gender, and household income were significantly associated. Respondents 65 years or older reported less victimization and men were 2.09 times at lower odds to experience IPV than women. Respondents in the household income category of less than $7,500 were 1.62 times at higher odds to experience IPV than were those in the $75,000 or greater income category. Positive social change could result from an increased awareness of circumstances related to IPV victimization so public health practitioners can work to reduce its incidence impacting individuals, families, and communities.