This diploma thesis deals with GPON frame detection system. Partial problems of designing databases, optical networks and management of database system are described in theoretical parts. Practical parts this thesis are focused on design of system for detecting GPON frames and script for analysing of traffic.

The diploma thesis is focused on design of new laboratory exercises on the topic of gigabit passive optical networks. The theoretical analysis is devoted to acquaintance with basic problematics of PON and analysis of individual PON standards. Special attention, besides GPON, XG-PON and EPON standards, is devoted to security issues in PON. The goal of practical section of the thesis is the design of four laboratory exercises. Two exercises are focused on configuring GPON and XG-PON networks in a console environment with the help of exemplary console commands. The goal of the third exercise is to hook up and configure an EPON network using web configuration interface. The fourth exercise is designed for a realization of DoS attack against a fully functioning laboratory GPON network. The objective is to jam the upstream communication bandwidth with laser transmission causing a desynchronization between active network elements.

Táto práca sa zameriava na analýzu vybraných častí GPON rámca pomocou algoritmov strojového učenia implementovaných pomocou knižnice TensorFlow. Vzhľadom na to, že GPON protokol je definovaný ako sada odporúčaní, implementácia naprieč spoločnosťami sa môže líšiť od navrhnutého protokolu. Preto analýza pomocou zásobníkového automatu nie je dostatočná. Hlavnou myšlienkou je vytvoriť systém modelov za použitia knižnice TensorFlow v Python3, ktoré sú schopné detekovať abnormality v komunikácií. Tieto modely používajú viaceré architektúry neuronových sietí (napr. LSTM, autoencoder) a zameriavajú sa na rôzne typy analýzy. Tento systém sa naučí na vzorovej vzorke dát a upozorní na nájdené odlišnosti v novozachytenej komunikácií. Výstupom systému odhad podobnosti aktuálnej komunikácie v porovnaní so vzorovou komunikáciou.

Práce rozebírá současný vývoj na poli pasivních optických sítí a jednotlivé generace přenosových standardů. Podrobněji se zabývá parametry ODN, metodami jejich měření a volbou potřebných měření v praxi. Hlavní část práce je zaměřena na měření pasivního WDM prvku, kde je provedena analýza vstupů a výstupů, měření vložného útlumu a přelechů podle ORL na provozních vlnových délkách.

The aim of this thesis is to formulate the design of optical access network in designated area. The design is focused on the physical network layer and it covers optical fibers, cable protectors and links, optical hubs, racks and active components. The thesis also docu- ments network architecture, the configuration of active components and provides results from monitoring of selected network segments. The thesis consists of the theoretical part and practical part. In the theoretical part, there is an introduction to optical networks, their configurations (FTTH, FTTB, FTTC, FTTN), relevant networking standards and technologies. The practical part of the thesis covers design proposal of a network located in Slavičín. The design reuses infrastructure and technologies of existing network. The proposed design follows FTTH architecture which has benefits of low maintenance cost and it also fulfills GPON standard.

The wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) offers many advantages such as large bandwidth per user, easy management, high network security and low insertion loss enabling long-reach and/or high split-ratio. However, with the rapid development and growing interest for deployment of WDM-PON, the PON systems are becoming increasingly vulnerable to various failures. Therefore, network supervision becomes extremely important to guarantee an appropriate level of network reliability performance. The aim of PON supervision is to provide automated test and diagnostic capability without compromising the available bandwidth for services. An essential function is to detect any kind of deterioration in the network that can cause suspended services and to remotely localize these faults in order to avoid the high cost arising from troubleshooting. In this thesis, we evaluate several existing WDM PON supervision methods, based on which two simple and cost-effective new solutions are proposed to localize fiber failures in WDM PON systems. In the first solution, a conventional optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) and a switch unit are employed, while in the second method, a novel architecture based on N×N arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is proposed. Both methods are able to localize failures in feeder fiber and drop fibers without e.g. using expensive tunable OTDRs. A patent has been filed based on the second solution. The first proposed method is validated by simulations using VPI Transmission Maker. According to the results, this supervision method is able to give accurate measurement of many different types of failures that may happen in a fiber link. Furthermore, VPI is examined in terms of its future applicability in modeling complete PON supervision methods based on OTDR.

Dans ce travail de thèse, un aperçu général sur les systèmes PON est présenté et sont étudiés les mécanismes et classification PON existants. Après, nous introduisons notre première contribution qui est un algorithme d'allocation dynamique de bande passante pour EPON. Cet algorithme proposé est désigné comme «hcDBA». Par la suite, une amélioration de l'algorithme de hcDBA avec mécanisme de prédiction précoce est présentée. Notre simulation montre bien que notre algorithme hcDBA est performant comparé aux mécanismes existants en termes de taux de perte de paquets et de délai d’accès. Dans notre seconde contribution, nous sommes intéressés au problème de consommation d’énergie qui est un sujet d’actualité dans les réseaux de télécommunication. Les études montrent aujourd’hui que les réseaux d'accès constituent une partie remarquable de la consommation totale d'énergie dans les réseaux de télécommunication. Les organisations ITU-T et IEEE ont publié la recommandation pour la conversation de l'énergie pour les réseaux PONs. Bien que, la consommation totale d'énergie des nœuds ONU est plus importantes que d'autres équipements dans le réseau d'accès fixe, les normes et la plupart des travaux de recherches ont porté sur les économies d'énergie du côté de ONU. Dans cette thèse, nous sommes concentrés sur une méthode d'efficacité énergétique basée sur la conservation de l'énergie du côté de l’OLT. La méthode proposée permet d’économiser de l'énergie en déplaçant dynamiquement des cartes d’OLT en mode de sommeil profond en fonction des charges de trafic entrant et sortant / In this thesis, general overview about PON systems is presented and existing PON mechanisms and classification are investigated. After, a novel dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for EPON is introduced. This proposed algorithm is named as “Half Cycling Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation-hcDBA” by the inspiration of its half cycling processing mode. Later, an improvement of hcDBA algorithm with early prediction mechanism is presented. As a result statement of the study, hcDBA algorithm performs better than existing mechanism in terms of packet loss ratio and access delays. Beside, simulation traffic behavior of EPON’s upstream channel has been investigated in order to support the decision of selecting suitable traffic generator in further studies. Energy conversation is one of the hot topics in telecommunication networks. Access networks constitute remarkable portion of the total energy consumption in telecommunication networks. ITU-T and IEEE organizations published recommendation for energy conversation in PONs. While, total energy consumption of ONUs is more than other equipment in fix access network the standards and most of the researches focused on saving energy at ONU side. In this thesis I focused on an energy efficiency method based on energy conversation on OLT side. The proposed method save energy by dynamically moving OLT cards to deep sleep mode according to the incoming and outgoing traffic loads

Redes ópticas passivas são redes de acesso que utilizam fibras ópticas interligadas na topologia estrela e na configuração ponto-multiponto, sendo constituídas apenas por componentes ópticos passivos entre o terminal de linha óptica (optical line terminal - OLT) e a unidade de rede óptica (optical network unit - ONU). Como estratégia de evolução tecnológica, podem ser utilizadas para aproveitar a base instalada de cabos de cobre e cabos coaxiais na rede de acesso, servindo como cabo alimentador para uso das tecnologias digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modem e local multipoint distribution system (LMDS), e, no futuro, para disponibilizar a fibra óptica até às instalações do usuário. O principal mérito da arquitetura das redes ópticas passivas está na redução dos custos de implantação e de manutenção, pela ampliação da largura de banda disponível sem a necessidade de aumento no número de componentes ópticos ativos na rede, como lasers e amplificadores ópticos. Neste contexto, este trabalho define as redes ópticas passivas, apresenta o histórico de seu desenvolvimento, seu princípio de funcionamento e suas aplicações como forma de acesso a serviços de banda larga, identifica fornecedores visando à implementação de um teste de campo e discute as perspectivas para o futuro dessa tecnologia / Passive optical networks (PONs) are access networks which use interconnected optical fibers configured in a point to multipoint star topology having only passive optical components between the optical line terminal (OLT) and the optical network unit (ONU). As a strategy for technological evolution they can be used to take advantage of copper and coax base cables installed in the access network, serving as a feeder cable for the use of DSL, cable modem and LMDS technologies, in order to allow optical fibers to reach customers' facilities. The main merit of the passive optical networks architecture consists on the cost reduction involved on its implantation and maintenance, offering bandwidth enlargement without increasing the number of active optical components, such as lasers and optical amplifiers, in the network. In this context, this text defines PONs, presents its development history, operation principle and their applications as a way to provide broadband access services, identifies suppliers for field test implementation and discusses the perspectives for the future

Due to the tremendous growth of traffic volume caused by both exponential increase of number of Internet users and continual emergence of new bandwidth demanding applications, high capacity networks are required in order to satisfactorily handle the extremely large amount of traffic. Hence, optical fiber communication is the key technology for the network infrastructure. This thesis addresses design, analysis and simulation of access and core networks targeting important research problems, which need to be tackled for the effective realization of next generation optical networks. Among different fiber access architectures, passive optical network (PON) is considered as the most promising alternative for the last mile connection due to its relatively low cost and resource efficiency. The inherent bursty nature of the user generated traffic results in dynamically changing bandwidth demand on per subscriber basis. In addition, access networks are required to support differentiated quality of service and accommodate multiple service providers. To address these problems we proposed three novel scheduling algorithms to efficiently realize dynamic bandwidth allocation in PON, along with guaranteeing both the priority and fairness of the differentiated services among multiple users and/or service providers. Meanwhile, because of the increasing significance of reliable access to network services, an efficient fault management mechanism needs to be provided in PON. In addition, access networks are very cost sensitive and the cost of protection should be kept as low as possible. Therefore, we proposed three novel cost-effective protection architectures keeping in mind that reliability requirement in access networks should be satisfied at the minimal cost. Regarding the optical core networks, replacing electronic routers with all-optical switching nodes can offer significant advantages in realizing high capacity networks. Because of the technological limitations for realizing all-optical nodes, the focus is put on the ingenious architecture design. Therefore, we contributed on novel switching node architectures for optical circuit and packet switching networks. Furthermore, we addressed different aspects of routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem, which is an important and hard task to be solved in wavelength routed networks. First, we proposed an approach based on the information summary protocol to reduce the large amount of control overhead needed for dissemination of the link state information in the case of adaptive routing. In addition, transparency in optical networks may cause vulnerability to physical layer attacks. To target this critical security related issue, we proposed an RWA solution to minimize the possible reachability of a jamming attack. Finally, in order to evaluate our ideas we developed two tailor-made simulators based on discrete event driven system for the detailed studies of PON and switched optical networks. Moreover, the proposed tabu search heuristic for our RWA solution was implemented in C++. / QC 20100707

abstract: The integration of passive optical networks (PONs) and wireless mesh networks (WMNs) into Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) networks has recently emerged as a promising strategy for providing flexible network services at relative high transmission rates. This work investigates the effectiveness of localized routing that prioritizes transmissions over the local gateway to the optical network and avoids wireless packet transmissions in radio zones that do not contain the packet source or destination. Existing routing schemes for FiWi networks consider mainly hop-count and delay metrics over a flat WMN node topology and do not specifically prioritize the local network structure. The combination of clustered and localized routing (CluLoR) performs better in terms of throughput-delay compared to routing schemes that are based on minimum hop-count which do not consider traffic localization. Subsequently, this work also investigates the packet delays when relatively low-rate traffic that has traversed a wireless network is mixed with conventional high-rate PON-only traffic. A range of different FiWi network architectures with different dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) mechanisms is considered. The grouping of the optical network units (ONUs) in the double-phase polling (DPP) DBA mechanism in long-range (order of 100~Km) FiWi networks is closely examined, and a novel grouping by cycle length (GCL) strategy that achieves favorable packet delay performance is introduced. At the end, this work proposes a novel backhaul network architecture based on a Smart Gateway (Sm-GW) between the small cell base stations (e.g., LTE eNBs) and the conventional backhaul gateways, e.g., LTE Servicing/Packet Gateway (S/P-GW). The Sm-GW accommodates flexible number of small cells while reducing the infrastructure requirements at the S-GW of LTE backhaul. In contrast to existing methods, the proposed Sm-GW incorporates the scheduling mechanisms to achieve the network fairness while sharing the resources among all the connected small cells base stations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2016