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Svenska folket gör allt fler mobila betalningar, (Riksbanken, 2020), men trotsbeteendeförändringen som privatperson tycks situationen för svenska företag vara enannan. Näringsdepartementet (2021) konstaterar att svenska företag är kvar i analogabetalningsprocesser, en tes The World Payment Report (2020) stämmer in i samtidigt somde konstaterar att digitaliserade affärsmodeller kring B2B-betalningar förutspås ha storutvecklingspotential.Hur ser det då ut inom forskningen på mobila betalningar? I sammanställningen avDahlberg et al (2015; 2008) befaras forskningens perspektiv varit allt för fokuserat påprivatpersoner vilket skapat ett gap mellan praxis och den akademiska världen.Den här studien syftar till att belysa Svenska mikroföretagares situation genom att titta påhur Svenska mikroföretagare använder tjänster kopplade till mobila betalningar, vad derasförväntningar är och hur tjänsterna uppfyller mikroföretagens behov.Detta gjordes med utgångspunkt i ett teoretiskt ramverk utvecklat av Apanasevic et al(2016) vilket lämpar sig väl då det dels bidrar till med ett nytt perspektiv på frågor som rörmobila betalmedel samt lägger stor vikt vid respondenternas förväntningar. Med entolkande forskningsmetod genomfördes studien som kvalitativ studie där sju kvalitativa,semistrukturerade intervjuer analyserades tematiskt.Studien kom fram till att svenska mikroföretagares adoption till mobila betaltjänster skiljersig kraftigt. Från att sköta hela företagets ekonomi genom en app till att främst användamobila betalmedel i situationsanpassade händelser, eller att inte alls nyttja mobilabetalmedel. Studien visar även att förväntningen när en företagare går över till ett mobiltbetalmedel är att digitalisera en manuell tidskrävande process. Har detta gjorts helhjärtatär företagarna nöjda med den mobila tjänsten och förväntningarna infrias. Integreradesystem, framförallt med bokföringen är mycket positivt. I likhet med tidigare forskningupplevs en snabb, smidig och tydlig tjänst positivt, och dess motsatser som negativt.Företagarna resonerar kring interna affärsmöjligheter, att tjänsten sparar dem tid, då tid ärpengar. Detta skiljer sig från studier som ser till handlare och privatkund, där tidigarestudier så som Mallat (2007) och Apanasevic et al (2016) snarare fokuserar på att en mobilbetaltjänst skapar externa affärsmöjligheter som kan locka kunder eller mer försäljning.För framtida forskning föreslås fallstudier på några av de mobila tjänster som nämns idenna studie, i enlighet med att fortsatt vidga perspektivet inom mobila betalningar. / The Swedish people are making more and more mobile payments, (Riksbanken, 2020), but despite the change in behaviour as a private individual, the situation for Swedishcompanies seems to be different. The Ministry of Trade and Industry (2021) states thatSwedish companies remain in analogue payment processes, a thesis The World PaymentReport (2020) agrees with, while they state that digitized business models around B2Bpayments are predicted to have great development potential.What does it look like in research on mobile payments? In the compilation of Dahlberg etal (2015; 2008), it is feared that the research perspective has been too focused on privateindividuals, which has created a gap between practice and academia.This study aims to shed light on the situation of Swedish micro-entrepreneurs by lookingat how Swedish micro-entrepreneurs use services linked to mobile payments, what theirexpectations are and how the services meet the needs of micro-companies.This was done on the basis of a theoretical framework by Apanasevic et al (2016), whichis well suited as it partly contributes to a new perspective on issues concerning mobilepayments and attaches great importance to the respondents' expectations. Using aninterpretive research method, the study was conducted as a qualitative study in whichseven qualitative, semi-structured interviews were analysed thematically.The study concluded that Swedish micro-entrepreneurs' adoption of mobile paymentservices differs. From managing the entire company's finances through an app to mainlyusing mobile means of payment in situation-adapted events, or not using mobile means ofpayment at all. The study also shows that the expectation when an entrepreneur switchesto a mobile means of payment is to digitize a manual process. If this is done wholeheartedly, the entrepreneurs are satisfied with the mobile service and expectations are met.Integrated systems, especially with accounting, are very positive. As in previous research,a fast, smooth and clear service is perceived positively, and its opposites as negative.Entrepreneur’s reason about internal business opportunities, that the service saves themtime, as time is money. This differs from studies that look at retailers and privatecustomers, where previous studies like Mallat (2007), and Apanasevic et al (2016) ratherfocus on a mobile payment service creating external business opportunities that can attractnew customers or more sales.For future research, case studies on the mobile services mentioned in this study areproposed, in accordance with continuing to broaden the perspective in mobile payments.

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M.Comm. (Economic Development and Policy Issues) / The response of the trade balance to changes in currency movements has gained increasing interest among researchers, especially since the fall of the Bretton Woods system. Previous empirical studies that examined the response of the trade balance to exchange rate changes in South Africa employed aggregate trade data and provided mixed results. This dissertation uses disaggregated data with specific focus on the manufacturing sector. The purpose is to investigate the short and long run effects of the real exchange rate of the rand on the South African manufacturing trade balance by adopting the elasticity approach of balance of payments adjustment. Using quarterly data from 1995 to 2010, the study seeks to test the existence of the J-curve effect and to show whether the Marshal–Lerner condition holds in the manufacturing sector. Johansen cointegration and vector error correction modelling techniques are employed in attaining the objectives of this study. In addition, impulse response functions are used to determine how the manufacturing trade balance responds following shocks in its main determinants. The results show that real effective exchange rate (REER), real domestic and foreign income levels are important long run determinants of the manufacturing trade balance, and that a long run equilibrium relationship exists among these variables. A long run negative relationship was found between the trade balance and the REER and between the trade balance and real domestic income. In contrast, real foreign income was found to be positively related to the domestic manufacturing trade balance in the long run. The short run model reveals that a depreciation in the domestic currency results in a deterioration in the manufacturing trade balance. This, together with the long run findings, suggests evidence of the existence of the J-curve in the South African manufacturing trade balance. The long run dynamics suggest that the Marshal–Lerner condition holds. This dissertation found evidence that a depreciation of the rand is necessary to improve the manufacturing trade balance.

nÃo hà / A presente dissertaÃÃo tem como objetivo principal investigar uma estrutura financeira otimizada, atravÃs de suas formas de pagamentos, que amenize os efeitos decorrentes da assimetria de informaÃÃes nos custos de transaÃÃes. Reduzir custo de transaÃÃo para empresas varejista se justifica pelo fato de se estar vivendo a era da competitividade, onde empresas, cada vez mais, buscam por alternativas de alta produtividade e por novos modelos de gestÃo. Em uma economia estÃvel, onde os custos de produÃÃo nÃo oscilam a ponto de comprometer as empresas, a âguerraâ se foca para a administraÃÃo de preÃos. Assim, com polÃticas de reduÃÃo de preÃos para conquistar cada vez mais clientes, a conseqÃÃncia à inevitavelmente a perda da rentabilidade da operaÃÃo como um todo. O contra-ponto desse contexto à a reduÃÃo sistemÃtica e continuada dos custos operacionais e financeiros. à com este enfoque que serÃo abordadas as relaÃÃes entre as diversas formas de pagamentos dos clientes aos lojistas e seus impactos na estrutura de custos, assim como sobre um dos provÃveis causadores destes distÃrbios, reconhecido aqui como a assimetria de informaÃÃo entre os agentes envolvidos nas transaÃÃes varejistas. / The present dissertation has as its main objective to investigate an optimized financial structure, through its forms of payments, that softens the effects of asymmetric information on the costs of transactions. To reduce transaction costs for retailer companies is justified for the fact of todayâs era of competitiveness, where companies, more and more, look for alternatives linked to high productivity, and for new management models. In a stable economy, where production costs do not oscillate to the point of harming the companies, the âwarâ is to focus on price administration. This, with prices always in fall to more and more conquer customers, the consequence is unavoidably the loss of profitability of the firms operation. The counter-point of that context is the systematic and continuous reduction of operational and financial costs. This dissertation focus on the relationship between ways of payment and the finantial cost structure. It is recognized the importance of asymmetry information as a major factor that increass the sales cost.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 27, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

From the point of view of world, the positive results of the economic globalization are: more frequent scientific and technological exchange, more obvious international division, resource reach supreme utility. But, global economy integration, the abolition of the trade barrier, and improvement of capital mobility, have produced the serious economic problem in several areas. That is to say that this kind of laissez faire causes the international economic growth rate to be slow and large quantities of unemployment. Above-mentioned problems are very apt to happen in developing countries. A lot of economic construction of most developing countries has not been ripe yet .If they open trade and capital inflow rashly, in a situation that there is not any supplementary measure effectively, the economic development of this area is hindered because of being unable to bear the strong external pressure with assault probably .If more serious, it will also cause the terrible financial crisis. From 1964 to 1988, Brazil implemented 20 several years governance of military affairs. During 20 several years governance of military affairs, Brazil had gone through the high economic growth rate. However, since 1974, the inflation of Brazil began to be accumulating constantly, the finance and account deficit frequently were serious day by day. The Brazilian government, in order to solve the problem, since 1980, limited the capital inflow. This policy made the development in economy slower, and the inflation problem was more serious. During elected president Fernando Collor de Mello was in power, from 1990, Brazilian government determined to return to the international capital market, and then economic became better. The open policy let the exchange rate appreciate, trade that accumulate, and lasting in debt of external and account deficit frequently. Brazil faced external pressure and impact once again. From 1994, Brazil was in power by new president Fernando Henrique Cardoso. In 1999, Brazilian government canceled the fixed exchange rate system of staring at U.S. dollar, and changed to adopt the floating exchange rate system. The exchange rate of Brazil was decided by market from then on. Brazil faces the huge external pressure for a long time because of the impact of the economic globalization. A lot of countries have an optimistic view of the economic development in the future of Brazil very much. The reasons are: First, natural resources of Brazil are very abundant and enough to supply with the demand of the world; Second, Brazilian population reaches 180 millions, the huge market attracts various countries to be engaged in all kinds of trade and conduct of business. No matter from the past economic development or to the economic forecasting in the future, the economy of Brazil is closely linked with open economic policy. In other words, the imports, exports and capital mobility of Brazil have dominated the development in economy of Brazil. So, I use Balance-of-payments constrained growth rate model (BPCG model) of Thirlwall (1979) to analyze Brazilian economy. I set up adjusted BPCG model according to actual state of Brazil. I use cointegration test and estimate out the Brazilian imports and exports behavior equation, and then calculate primitive BPCG model and adjusted BPCG model. Pointed out finally, the economic growth rate estimated out from the adjusted BPCG model is closer to Brazil's actual economic growth rate than the economic growth rate estimated out from the primitive BPCG model. This shows that some assumptions of primitive BPCG model do not accord with the real state of Brazil. Such as on long terms, comparative purchasing power parity is not to be hold. Imports and exports will correspond to out different price elasticity or substitution elasticity, if face different products or the price from the different areas. Thus, in the case of Brazil, the assumption of single price and single elasticity is not to be hold. In general, the long-term economic growth rate estimated out in BPCG model roughly keeps the same with long-term real economic growth rate of Brazil. This result demonstrates that BPCG model is useful for analyzing export-led economic, and the result also supports Brazil to be an export-led economic growth country.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1977. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 210-212).

published_or_final_version / Statistics / Master / Master of Social Sciences