自從「京都議定書」在2005年2月16日經160個國家簽署生效後，為兼顧環境保護及經濟發展，各國政府便開始鼓勵其國內能源產業發展生質燃料作為替代燃料，以減少溫室氣體排放。然生質燃料產業起步階段，因技術與市場交易機制均未成熟，故有賴政府的補貼才能順利推廣。是以，目前生質燃料的補貼是否應受到WTO協定之規範仍是備受爭議，而實有討論與研究之必要。 本論文主要研究目的，遂在分析目前德國、美國、巴西等主要生質燃料生產國為鼓勵、推廣生質燃料產業之發展，其獎勵措施所涉及的補貼是否會對未受補貼的國內外競爭者形成不公平待遇，以及是否違反WTO補貼暨平衡稅措施協定及農業協定補貼規範的情形，以政策事實套法律要件的方式，深入討論現階段各國生質燃料補貼措施：市場保證、價格補貼、投資補貼、稅賦優惠四種措施態樣，在和平條款落日後，於生質燃料製程上游、中游、下游的協定管轄情形與適法性，以期對目前生質燃料補貼政策作一完整的評估與建議。 / Since the Kyoto Protocol was signed by 160 countries and entered into forced on 16 Feburauy 2005, the governments of above countries began encouraging their enery industries to develop biofuels as substitute to reduce green house gases in pursuit of environmental protection and economic development. While the technologies and trading mechanisms of biofuel industries were immature at the preliminary stage, the prevalence of the biofuels will be dependent on government subsidies. Therefore, whether biofuels subsidies shall be subject to the rules of WTO Agreements is still a controversial issue and needs to be discussed and studied. The main purpose of the thesis is to analyze the domestic policies and incentives of those key biofuel-producuing countries such as Germany, United States and Brazil, and find if such subsidizing measures constitute unfair treatments to foreign compeitiors and violate the SCM Agreement or Agriculture Agrmment under the WTO. In order to conduct a comprehensive analysis and come up with feasible suggestions, the thesis will take the four main incentives, the so-called“Market Assurance”, “Price Support”, “Investment Support”and “Tax credit”as facts to conduct legal analysis as well as discuss the applicability of agreements when Peace Clause came to an end and analyze the legality of each incentive from upstream to downstream of the biofuel production process.

No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted